Territorial dynamics of highly complex health services in the Belém Metropolitan Region, Brazil: is specialized health care subsidized by the SUS? / A territorialidade da alta complexidade na Região Metropolitana de Belém, Brasil: a saúde especializada é subsidiada pelo SUS?

This article presents an analysis of the territorial dynamics of the specialized healthcare network, focusing on medium and high complexity care in hospitals in the municipalities that make up the Belém Metropolitan Region. The analysis is based on secondary data from DATASUS available on the National Health Facility Registry (CNES) up to January 2022. The findings show that the private network accounts for the largest proportion of services in the region; however, the service capacity of the SUS is greater than that of the private sector due to the large volume of services outsourced to private facilities via public-private partnerships, with philanthropic hospitals allocating the largest proportion of services to public patients. This should not be confused with universal coverage, as public patient access to private services may be restricted by legal and institutional barriers depending on the form of access (open-door or closed-door).

O artigo apresenta uma análise sobre a atuação da rede de atenção especializada do SUS, com a delimitação dos serviços de média e de alta complexidade da rede hospitalar dos municípios que compõem a Região Metropolitana de Belém. A discussão se fundamenta na revisão dos dados secundários captados na plataforma do DATASUS e disponibilizados no Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde do Brasil (CNES) até janeiro de 2022. Constatou-se que a territorialidade da alta complexidade é formada majoritariamente pela rede privada, contudo a capacidade de atendimento da rede SUS sobrepôs à oferta direcionada ao atendimento não universal, em razão da ampla reserva de serviços privados ao convênio SUS, na qual os hospitais filantrópicos apresentaram maior disposição à demanda universal. Em contrapartida, a ampla presença do Estado nos serviços de alta complexidade não deve ser pensada como uma cobertura universal, devido ao fato de as formas de acesso a esses serviços apresentarem filtros de natureza jurídico-institucional, ou, em outras palavras, o que o SUS denomina de hospitais de portas abertas ou fechadas.

The Diaspora Human Genomics Institute Launches the Together for Change Initiative: A Transformative, Historic Partnership to Ensure Health Equity in a Time of Unprecedented Technological Advancements.

Human subjects research and drug and device development currently base their findings largely on the genetic data of the non-Hispanic White population, excluding People of Color. This practice puts People of Color at a distinct and potentially deadly disadvantage in being treated for sickness, disability, and disease, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. Major disparities exist in all chronic health conditions, including cancer. Data show that less than 2% of genetic information being studied today originates from people of African ancestry. If genomic datasets do not adequately represent People of Color, new drugs and genetic therapies may not work as well as for people of European descent. Addressing the urgent concern that historically marginalized people may again be excluded from the next technological leap affecting human health and the benefits it will bring will requires a paradigm shift. Thus, on behalf of underserved and marginalized people, we developed the Together for CHANGE (T4C) initiative as a unique collaborative public-private partnership to address the concern. The comprehensive programs designed in the T4C initiative, governed by the Diaspora Human Genomics Institute founded by Meharry Medical College, will transform the landscape of education and health care and positively affect global Black communities for decades to come.

Public-Private engagement and health systems resilience in times of health worker strikes: a Ghanaian case study.

In low and middle-income countries like Ghana, private providers, particularly the grouping of faith-based non-profit health providers networked by the Christian Health Association of Ghana (CHAG), play a crucial role in maintaining service continuity during health worker strikes. Poor engagement with the private sector during such strikes could compromise care quality and impose financial hardships on populations, especially the impoverished. This study delves into the engagement between CHAG and the Government of Ghana (GoG) during health worker strikes from 2010 to 2016, employing a qualitative descriptive and exploratory case study approach. By analysing evidence from peer-reviewed literature, media archives, grey literature and interview transcripts from a related study using a qualitative thematic analysis approach, this study identifies health worker strikes as a persistent chronic stressor in Ghana. Findings highlight some system-level interactions between CHAG and GoG, fostering adaptive and absorptive resilience strategies, influenced by CHAG's non-striking ethos, unique secondment policy between the two actors and the presence of a National Health Insurance System. However, limited support from the government to CHAG member facilities during strikes and systemic challenges with the National Health Insurance System pose threats to CHAG's ability to provide quality, affordable care. This study underscores private providers' pivotal role in enhancing health system resilience during strikes in Ghana, advocating for proactive governmental partnerships with private providers and joint efforts to address human-resource-related challenges ahead of strikes. It also recommends further research to devise and evaluate effective strategies for nations to respond to strikes, ensuring preparedness and sustained quality healthcare delivery during such crises.

Working with Industry.

In 1992, I completed a 9-year dual-degree program where I received both my DPM degree and a PhD in Bioengineering. Upon my graduation, it was apparent that "Industry" had an interest in me. Sponsored research and consulting opportunities where readily available, and I had to learn very quickly to sort the scientific from the sham, and the clinically worthwhile from the worthless. Partnering with Industry has provided me with another avenue to advance my profession, while helping to develop new treatment options that can potentially help many more patients then just the ones I see in my office.

Novel Approach to Accelerate Lung Cancer Research: Lung-MAP and the Potential of Public-Private Partnerships.

The National Cancer Institute recently found that death rates for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been reduced by over 6% overall in recent years. This reduction in mortality has been accompanied by an average increase in overall survival and largely credited to the therapeutic advancements for the effective treatment of NSCLC. Numerous molecular alterations have been identified in NSCLC that have enabled the development of new drugs capable of targeting these changes and efficiently kill cancerous cells. New treatments to modulate patients' immune systems have been shown to be effective in stimulating natural immune cells to have an improved anti-cancer effect. While these types of approaches to treat cancer are providing new options for patients, leadership from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognized that the expansion of targeted therapy in NSCLC presented significant promise, but evaluation of the safety and efficacy of these new drugs would be slowed if new models for conducting clinical studies were not identified. Specifically, the FDA recommended that a comprehensive approach be implemented to identify the patients that are the best candidates for these, and other new treatments based upon the molecular characteristics of their tumors, and more efficiently conduct the clinical studies necessary to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new drugs. To address this growing challenge, leading lung cancer experts and stakeholders across academia, government, industry, and patient advocacy came together to design a clinical research approach that could serve as a sustainable infrastructure for new lung cancer treatments called the Lung Cancer Master Protocol.

Constructing public-private partnerships to undermine the public interest: critical discourse analysis of Working Together published by the International Alliance for Responsible Drinking.

BACKGROUND: The global burden of alcohol harm has increased and is forecast to grow further without effective policy implementation. Public-private partnerships aiming to address global health, and other societal challenges, are a burgeoning feature of neoliberal governance. Rhetorically distancing themselves from tobacco, the major alcohol companies are committed to tackling 'harmful drinking' and have created a distinct type of public relations organization for this purpose. The activities of such organizations are increasingly recognized as an impediment to the implementation of policies to reduce alcohol harm, including in low- and middle-income countries where markets are expanding. METHODS: The approach of critical discourse analysis is used to examine the discursive tactics and strategies used in Working Together; a 'toolkit' published by the key global level alcohol industry public relations organization, the International Alliance for Responsible Drinking (IARD). This study considers how it works discursively to set the terms of, and overcome skepticism about partnerships, to define aims and position various actors by constructing their roles. The construction of prospective partners provides insights into the alcohol industry itself. RESULTS: The toolkit operates as an ideological resource for forming public-private partnerships across the world based on the accumulated know-how of the major companies through IARD. This allows the largest alcohol companies to exercise leadership of the industry, while remaining off-stage. The toolkit relies on a form of rhetorical work which creates distance from obvious corporate interests and the harms caused to population health and society. This is accomplished by working against evidence-informed population level approaches, and thus avoiding policies that will make any significant difference to overall alcohol harm. Unspecific "complexity" affords opportunity for preferred types of "actions", and "partnership" provides opportunity to gain credibility by association, further minimizing the likelihood of any material harm being reduced. CONCLUSIONS: The toolkit is designed to not only legitimate the inclusion of alcohol industry actors as initiating 'partners', but also assigns them roles as managers of a set of carefully constructed relationships. This vision of public-private partnership reproduces the hegemonic narrative that has successfully blocked policy advances for decades and led to growing alcohol harm globally.

CONCEPTUAL, FUNCTIONAL-ORGANISATIONAL MODEL OF THE REGIONAL CENTRE FOR CARDIOLOGY AND CARDIAC SURGERY BASED ON PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To substantiate the model of the Regional Center for Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery (RCCCS) based on the principles of public-private partnership (PPP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: A systematic approach and analysis, medical-statistical and sociological method, expert assessment and method of conceptual modelling. RESULTS: Results: A comprehensive medical and social study of the morbidity rate of the population of the Kyiv region (Ukraine) with circulatory system diseases (CSD), as well as an analysis of the activities of the cardiological service of the Kyiv region in 2010-2019, have been made. Deficiencies in the organisation of medical care were identified, and strategic directions for its improvement were substantiated. The results of a sociological survey of CSD patients, cardiologists and experts - health care organisers have been analysed. According to the results of the expert assessment, health care institutions (HCI) providing cardiac care to the population in the Kyiv region are not ready to work under the conditions of the market economy; there is no appropriate regulatory framework, economic and legal independence of HCI, there is no market strategy for the development of HCI. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The model of RCCCS, based on the principles of PPP being a medical institution of a new organisational and legal form, is capable of providing high-quality and affordable highly specialised medical care of the third level to the population with diseases of the circulatory system at the regional level.

Battling chronic myeloid leukemia in a resource-constrained country: A case of public-private partnerships.

Pakistan, where chronic myeloid leukemia constitutes around 80% of all myeloproliferative disorders, has been exploring multiple avenues in order to ensure the accessibility and affordability of imatinib and nilotinib. While most provinces of the country have joined hands with a pharmaceutical company to dispense free anti-CML medicines as part of a public-private partnership, the patients are still facing numerous challenges in the form of geographical disparity in the availability of these medicines, other out-of-pocket expenditures and most importantly, the uncertainty associated with the long-term continuation of this public-private endeavor due to procedural delays. In light of these predicaments, channeling resources towards research and development, fostering partnerships between government and NGOs and tapping into the domain of compulsory licensing appear to be the most sustainable solutions.

Proadi-SUS: analysis of financial resources in the three-year periods 2009-2011, 2012-2014 and 2015-2017 / Proadi-SUS: análise dos recursos financeiros nos triênios 2009-2011, 2012-2014 e 2015-2017

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the tax exemption resources used in the Support Program for Institutional Development of the Unified Health System (Proadi-SUS) in the 3-year periods 2009-2011, 2012-2014, 2015-2017, considering the total volume of resources linked to the debate on tax expenditures on health and the constitution of a "new form of philanthropy" in the sector. METHODS To understand the philanthropic sector, tax expenditures between 2001 and 2017 were analyzed. To evaluate the resources used in the program, the values of projects and areas of activity were examined. RESULTS A real increase in the values of general tax expenses and tax expenses referring to the philanthropic sector was found. There was also a real increase in the program's resources. A total of 407 projects were carried out, amounting to R$ 3.4 billion for the period. An analysis of the average value of the projects shows an increase in values for all hospitals included in the program, with the exception of one of the institutions. In the 2009-2011 and 2012-2014 periods, the area with the highest number of projects and the most resources was "Management techniques and operation in health services". In the 3-year period 2015-2017, however, the sector that received the most investments and the largest number of projects developed was "Human Resources Training". CONCLUSION The program characterizes a different expression of the public-private partnership in the health sector linked to the principles of the new public management. As a development for future investigations, a qualitative characterization of the projects developed and the actions' impact on the public sector demands is necessary.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Caracterizar os recursos de isenção fiscal usufruídos no Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Institucional do Sistema Único de Saúde (Proadi-SUS) nos triênios 2009-2011, 2012-2014, 2015-2017, considerando o volume total dos recursos atrelado ao debate dos gastos tributários em saúde e a constituição de uma "nova modalidade de filantropia" no setor. MÉTODOS Para compreender o setor filantrópico, analisaram-se os gastos tributários no período de 2001 e 2017. Para avaliar os recursos utilizados no programa, foram examinados os valores dos projetos e das áreas de atuação. RESULTADOS Foi constatado um crescimento real dos valores dos gastos tributários gerais e dos gastos tributários referentes ao setor filantrópico. Constatou-se, também, um aumento real dos recursos do programa. Foram realizados 407 projetos, totalizando um valor de R$ 3,4 bilhões para o período. Ao se analisar o valor médio dos projetos, explicita-se ampliação dos valores para todos os hospitais inseridos no programa, com exceção de uma das instituições. Nos triênios 2009-2011 e 2012-2014, a área de atuação com maior número de projetos e mais recursos foi a "Área de técnicas e operação de gestão em serviços de saúde". Já no triênio 2015-2017, o setor que contou com mais investimentos e maior número de projetos desenvolvidos foi o de "Capacitação de recursos humanos". CONCLUSÃO O programa caracteriza outro patamar na relação do setor público com o setor privado/empresariado da saúde, atrelado aos princípios da nova gestão pública. Faz-se necessária, como desdobramento para futuras investigações, uma caracterização qualitativa dos projetos desenvolvidos e do impacto das ações diante das demandas do setor público.

Atenção primária e a privatização dos serviços de saúde / Primary health care and privatization of health services

O presente artigo investigou a hipótese de privatização dos serviços de atenção primária da saúde, a partir da análise da natureza desses serviços no Sistema Único de Saúde e dos regimes de privatização/terceirização dos serviços de saúde, a exemplo, o da complementaridade e o das parcerias. Buscou-se compreender se a natureza pública é atributo especial desse serviço ou se ele está compreendido no âmbito da assistência à saúde, de prestação concorrencial (pública e privada), destituído de qualquer especificidade que interdite seu transpasse ao setor privado. Analisaram-se conceitos doutrinários e regramentos da atenção primária, o conceito de serviço público e as diversas formas de terceirização/privatização para examinar se os serviços de atenção primária têm gênese de serviço público exclusivo (que não permite terceirização lato sensu) ou se se trata de serviço público obrigatório, mas sem exclusividade, concorrendo, pois, com a iniciativa privada, e ficando abertos à possibilidade de ser objeto de complementaridade, parcerias e colaboração.

This article discussed the hypothesis related to privatization of primary health care services. The discussion is made from the analysis of their public nature in the Brazilian National Public Health System and from the privatization/outsourcing of health services, taking complementary and partnerships as an example. The aim was to understand whether the public nature is a special attribute of this service or whether it is a service included in the scope of health care, devoid of any specificity that prevents its transfer to the private sector. The work analyzes doctrinal concepts and rules of primary health care, the various forms of outsourcing/privatization, and the concept of public service to understand whether primary health care has its genesis in an exclusively public service (that does not allow lato sensu outsourcing) or whether it should be classified as a mandatory public service, but without exclusivity, thus competing with the private sector, which opens the possibility of being the object of complementarity, partnerships, collaboration.

Applying a Commercial Determinants of Health Lens to Understand, Expose and Counter Industry Co-option, Appeasement and Partnership Comment on "'Part of the Solution': Food Corporation Strategies for Regulatory Capture and Legitimacy".

Lacy-Nichols and Williams' examination of the food industry illustrates how it altered its approach from mostly oppositional to regulation to one of appeasement and co-option. This reflection builds upon this by using a commercial determinants of health (CDoH) lens to understand, expose and counter industry co-option, appeasement and partnership strategies that impact public health. Lessons learned from tobacco reveal how tobacco companies maintained public credibility by recruiting scientists to produce industry biased data, co-opting public health groups, gaining access to policy elites and sitting on important government regulatory bodies. Potential counter solutions to food industry appeasement and co-option include (i) understanding corporate actions of health harming industries, (ii) applying mechanisms to minimize industry engagement, (iii) dissecting industry relationship building, and (iv) exposing the negative effects of public private partnerships (PPPs). Such counter-solutions might help to neutralise harmful industry practices, products and policies which currently threaten to undermine healthy food policies.

Desafios e soluções na gestão do Núcleo de Inovação Tecnológica do Instituto Adolfo Lutz (NIT-IAL) / Challenges and solutions in the management in the Technological Innovation Center of the Adolfo Lutz Institute, NIT-IAL

O Núcleo de Inovação Tecnológica do Instituto Adolfo Lutz (NIT-IAL), foi criado em dezembro de 2013 com o objetivo de estimular a inovação dentro do instituto, bem como administrar a propriedade intelectual gerada na instituição e providenciar meios para promover a transferência de conhecimento científico, tecnológico e cultural ao setor produtivo público e privado. Após o mapeamento das áreas técnicas, foram identificados obstáculos não previstos na Lei de Inovação, os quais o NIT-IAL conseguiu superar, permitindo parcerias técnico-científicas com instituições públicas e privadas, e gerenciamento dos recursos financeiros (AU).

The Technological Innovation Center of the Adolfo Lutz Institute (NIT-IAL) was created in December 2013 with the objective of stimulating innovation within the IAL, as well as managing the intellectual property generated at the institute and providing means to promote the transfer of scientific, technological and cultural knowledge to the public and private productive sector. After mapping the technical areas, situations not covered by the Innovation Law were identified. The NIT-IAL managed to overcome these challenges and allowing technical-scientific partnerships with public and private institutions and financial resources management (AU).

Stakeholders, fatores críticos de sucesso e geração de valor em parcerias público-privadas / Stakeholders, factores críticos de éxito y generación de valor en alianzas público-privadas / Stakeholders, critical success factors, and value creation in public-private partnerships

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o papel dos stakeholders na geração de valor em parcerias público-privadas no Brasil, considerando suas motivações e os fatores críticos que determinam o sucesso desse tipo de colaboração. Para tanto, foram analisadas parcerias dos governos federal, estaduais e municipais por meio da análise de conteúdo de documentos e entrevistas com representantes dos setores público e privado envolvidos. A identificação dos stakeholders foi feita mediante a utilização simultânea de modelos que permitem demonstrar os múltiplos papéis desempenhados pelos atores na formulação e na implementação de políticas públicas (R. C. Gomes et al., 2010), seu potencial de ameaça ou de cooperação (Savage et al., 1991) e seu grau de saliência (Mitchell et al., 1997). Além disso, foram identificados os fatores críticos de sucesso, os elementos de valor e os fatores determinantes para a cooperação mais recorrentes nessas parcerias. Ademais, foi proposto um modelo de análise que permite a identificação de tais elementos, a fim de possibilitar que o tomador de decisão trace uma estratégia para lidar com eles.

Resumen Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el papel de los stakeholders en la generación de valor en las alianzas público-privadas en Brasil, considerando sus motivaciones y los factores críticos que determinan el éxito de este tipo de colaboración. Con este fin, se analizaron las asociaciones entre los gobiernos federal, estatales y municipales, a través del análisis de contenido de documentos y entrevistas con representantes de los sectores público y privado involucrados en tales asociaciones. La identificación de los stakeholders se realizó mediante el uso simultáneo de modelos que permiten demostrar los múltiples roles que desempeñan los actores en la formulación e implementación de políticas públicas (R. C. Gomes et al., 2010), su potencial de amenaza o de cooperación (Savage et al., 1991) y su grado de notoriedad (Mitchell et al., 1997). Además, se identificaron los factores críticos de éxito más frecuentes, los elementos de valor y los factores determinantes para la cooperación en tales alianzas. Asimismo, se propone un modelo de análisis que permite la identificación de dichos elementos para que el tomador de decisiones pueda diseñar una estrategia para tratar con ellos.

Abstract This study analyzes the role of stakeholders in the value creation in public-private partnerships in Brazil, considering their motivations and the critical factors that determine the success of this type of collaboration. We analyzed partnerships between federal, state, and local governments through content analysis of documents and interviews with representatives of the public and private sectors involved in such partnerships. Stakeholders identification was conducted through the simultaneous use of models that allow demonstrating the multiple roles played by the actors, i.e. the role in public policies formulation and implementation (R. C. Gomes et al., 2010), their potential for threat or cooperation (Savage et al., 1991), and salience degree (Mitchell et al., 1997). In addition, the most recurrent critical success factors, value elements, and determining factors for cooperation in such partnerships were identified. Furthermore, an analytical model is proposed to identify such elements so that decision-makers can devise a strategy to deal with them.

Censo das organizações sociais de saúde brasileiras: levantamento e caracterização / Census of Brazilian social health organizations: survey and characterization

Objetivo: Identificar e caracterizar os estabelecimentos geridos por Organizações Sociais de Saúde (OSSs) no Brasil. Métodos: A identificação desses estabelecimentos foi realizada mediante quatro procedimentos de busca por meio de pesquisa primária nos sítios das secretarias de saúde dos estados e dos municípios e consulta nos sítios das OSS e na Pesquisa de Informações Básicas Municipais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), em 2018. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos estabelecimentos geridos por OSS comparando com as Administrações Diretas (ADs) segundo indicadores hospitalares. Resultados: Os estabelecimentos geridos por OSSs estão concentrados principalmente no Sudeste e no Sul do país, e 69% desses estabelecimentos são geridos por 20 OSSs. As OSSs estão mais presentes em hospitais-dia, seguidos de prontos atendimentos e de hospitais. A caracterização dos hospitais mostrou que aqueles administrados por OSSs apresentam melhor desempenho; contudo as diferenças diminuem à medida que se aumenta o porte do serviço. Os hospitais de maior porte apresentaram melhor desempenho em relação aos demais e é onde está concentrada a maior proporção de OSSs entre os hospitais. Conclusão: Este é o primeiro trabalho que faz uma identificação das OSSs em nível nacional. Essa listagem das OSSs é um instrumento importante de planejamento, monitoramento e organização da estrutura de oferta de serviços no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os resultados encontrados demonstram a necessidade de organização de uma base de dados administrativa que permita um acompanhamento do desempenho dos estabelecimentos no tempo.

Objective: To identify and characterize the Brazilians' establishments managed by the Social Health Organizations (OSS). Methods: The identification of these establishments was carried out through primary research on four search procedures on the websites of the health departments of the states and municipalities, and consultation on the websites of the OSS and in the Survey of Basic Municipal Information of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2018. A descriptive analysis of the establishments managed by OSS was carried out comparing with the AD according to hospital indicators. Results: The OSS are concentrated mainly in the Southeast and South of the country, with 69% of these establishments are being managed by 20 social responsibility organizations. The establishments managed by OSS are concentrated mainly in the Southeast and South of the country, with 69% of these establishments managed by 20 OSS. The characterization of the hospitals shows that the OSS has a better performance than DA; however, the difference decreases as the size increases. Larger hospitals performed better than other sizes, and this is where the highest proportion of OSS is concentrated among hospitals. Conclusion: This is the first work that surveys the OSS at the national level. This list of OSS is an important tool for planning, monitoring, and organizing the structure of service provision in public health in Brazil. The results found demonstrate the need to organize an administrative database that allows a temporal monitoring of the establishments.

Equitable Access to State-of-the-Art Medical Technology-a Malaysian Mini-Public-Private Partnership Case Study.

BACKGROUND: The provision of equitable and affordable health care has become increasingly challenging as advanced technology is introduced, particularly in developing countries. We explored the hypothesis that focused, small-scale mini-public-private partnerships have a potential role in providing equitable and affordable access to advanced technology for the benefit of all patients in developing nations, particularly middle-income countries. METHODS: A clinician-led financial plan was developed at the University of Malaya to create the Centre for Image Guidance and Minimally Invasive Therapy (CIGMIT) to provide an integrated platform for high-end care for Malaysian patients of all ages, both public and private, requiring complex neurosurgical and spinal procedures and stereotactic and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. The challenges faced during development of the plan were documented together with an audit of patient throughput and analyses of financial risk and return. RESULTS: CIGMIT opened in 2015. Patient throughput, both public and private, progressively increased in all facilities. In 2015-2019, 37,724 patients used the Centre's facilities. CIGMIT has become progressively more profitable for the University of Malaya, the public and private hospitals, and the investor. CIGMIT has weathered the challenges posed by coronavirus disease 19. CONCLUSIONS: Focused, small-scale mini-public-private partnerships have a potential role in providing advanced technology for the benefit of patients in developing nations, particularly middle-income countries, subject to an approach that balances equity of access between public and private health care systems with fair reward.

Parceria público-privada na gestão hospitalar no Sistema Único de Saúde da Bahia, Brasil / Public-private partnerships in hospital administration in the Brazilian Unified National Health System in Bahia State, Brazil / Colaboración público-privada en la gestión hospitalaria en el Sistema Único de Salud de Bahía, Brasil

Resumo: O processo de construção do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) tem sido, desde o início, espaço de disputa entre as forças políticas que defendem a ampliação da participação do setor privado na assistência e gestão dos serviços, e os defensores do fortalecimento da gestão pública. No contexto do subfinanciamento do SUS, associado às restrições impostas pela Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, novos modelos de gestão têm sido adotados, especialmente na área de gestão hospitalar, a exemplo da parceria público-privada (PPP). Considerando a relevância de investigar os processos de decisão relativos à adoção desses modelos pelas Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os processos de tomada de decisão e incorporação desse modelo de gestão hospitalar no Estado da Bahia, Brasil, primeira concessão administrativa no setor de saúde do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que tomou como referencial teórico a teoria do jogo social, elaborada por Carlos Matus, articulada ao modelo analítico do Ciclo de Políticas Públicas. Os dados foram produzidos a partir de pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com informantes-chave que participaram dos momentos de pré-decisão e decisão acerca do modelo PPP. O artigo apresenta o jogo político em torno da escolha dessa alternativa entre outros modelos para gestão hospitalar, além de debater vantagens e desvantagens dos modelos segundo atores-chave entrevistados, e conclui que determinantes não apenas financeiros, mas também políticos e ideológicos marcaram o processo de decisão pelo modelo PPP na Bahia, que teve como fomentador e consultor o braço direito do Banco Mundial, a Corporação Financeira Internacional.

Abstract: The process of building Brazil´s Unified Health System has always been a space of dispute between the political forces that defend greater private sector participation in patient care and administration of services and those who defend strengthening public administration. In the context of underfinancing of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), associated with the restrictions imposed by the so-called Fiscal Responsibility Law, new management models have been adopted in hospital administration, including public-private partnerships (PPPs). Considering the relevance of investigating decision-making processes pertaining to the adoption of these models by State Health Departments, this study aims to analyze the decision-making processes and incorporation of this hospital administration model in the State of Bahia, Brazil, the first administrative concession in Brazil´s health sector. This is a case study in which the theoretical reference was Social Game Theory elaborated by Carlos Matus, linked to the Public Policy Cycle analytical model. The data were produced with document research and semi-structured interviews with key informants who participated in the pre-decision and decision-making stages of the PPP model. The article presents the political game involved in the choice of this alternative among other hospital administration models, besides debating the models´ advantages and disadvantages according to the key actors and concludes that determinants (not only financial, but also political and ideological) marked the decision-making process for the PPP model in Bahia, in which the driving factor and source of consultancy was the International Finance Corporation, an arm of the World Bank.

Resumen: El proceso de construcción del Sistema Único de Salud ha sido, desde el comienzo, un espacio de disputa entre las fuerzas políticas que defienden la ampliación de la participación del sector privado en la asistencia y gestión de los servicios, y los defensores del fortalecimiento de la gestión pública. En el contexto de la subfinanciación del SUS, asociado a las restricciones impuestas por la Ley de responsabilidad fiscal, se han adoptado nuevos modelos de gestión, especialmente en el área de gestión hospitalaria, como por ejemplo la colaboración público-privada (PPP por sus siglas en portugués). Considerando la relevancia de investigar los procesos de decisión, relativos a la adopción de esos modelos por parte de las Secretarías Estatales de Salud, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los procesos de toma de decisión e incorporación de este modelo de gestión hospitalaria en el Estado de Bahía, Brasil, primera concesión administrativa en el sector de salud de Brasil. Se trata de un estudio de caso, que tomó como marco de referencia teórico la Teoría de Juego Social, elaborada por Carlos Matus, coordinada con el modelo analítico del Ciclo de Políticas Públicas. Los datos fueron producidos a partir de una investigación documental y entrevistas semiestructuradas con informantes-clave que participaron en los momentos de pre-decisión y decisión acerca del modelo PPP. El artículo presenta el juego político en torno de la elección de esa alternativa entre otros modelos para gestión hospitalaria, además de debatir ventajas y desventajas de los modelos, según actores-claves entrevistados, y concluye que determinantes no solo financieros, sino políticos e ideológicos marcaron el proceso de decisión del modelo PPP en Bahía, que tuvo como fomentador y consultor al brazo derecho del Banco Mundial, la Corporación Financiera Internacional.