Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis Caused by Pasteurella dagmatis, Germany.

An 81-year-old male patient in Germany had prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Pasteurella dagmatis after a domestic cat bite. We surgically treated a paravalvular abscess and administered definitive antibiotic therapy consisting of penicillin G and levofloxacin. The patient was discharged from the intensive care unit in good condition 21 days after the surgery.

Polymicrobial abscess following ovariectomy in a mouse.

BACKGROUND: Ovariectomy is a common procedure in laboratory rodents used to create a post-menopausal state. Complications including post-surgical abscess are rarely reported, but merit consideration for the health and safety of experimental animals. CASE PRESENTATION: A female C57/black6 mouse was ovariectomized as part of a cohort study. At Day 14 post-surgery, she developed a visible swelling on the right side, which 7 days later increased in size over 24 h, leading to euthanasia of the animal. Gross pathology was consistent with abscess. A core of necrotic tissue was present in the uterine horn. Abscess fluid and affected tissue were collected for Gram stain and bacteriological culture. The abscess core and fluid yielded three distinct types of bacterial colonies identified by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing as Streptococcus acidominimus, Pasteurella caecimuris, and a novel species in the genus Gemella. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of polymicrobial abscess in a rodent as a complication of ovariectomy, and the first description of a novel Gemella species for which we have proposed the epithet Gemella muriseptica. This presentation represents a potential complication of ovariectomy in laboratory animals.

Bacteria isolated from the lower respiratory tract of sheep and their relationship to clinical signs of sheep respiratory disease / Bactérias detectadas no trato respiratório inferior de ovinos e a relação com as manifestações clínicas da doença respiratória ovina

Respiratory diseases are among the most important diseases in sheep flocks. Herein was studied the bacterial etiology of respiratory disease and the clinical signs of 99 female and male sheep breed in the states of São Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. After physical examination of animals, tracheobronchial flushing samples were obtained. The usual bacteria and Mycoplasma spp. were searched, as well as their association with the clinical status and clinical signs of sheep with respiratory disease. The main observed signs were: tachypnea (75%), increase of rectal temperature (09.4%), mucopurulent/purulent nasal discharge (21.9%), cough (25%), dyspnea (31.2%), changes of lung sounds at auscultation (87.5%) and chest percussion (28.1%) in pneumonic sheep. Non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria and Bacillus sp. were the most isolated bacteria. Microorganisms of the Mollicutes class were molecularly (PCR) detected in 33.3% of the animals. In addition, the specific detection of M. mycoides subsp. capri was described for the first time in sheep from the state of São Paulo, Brazil.(AU)

A doença respiratória é uma das doenças mais importantes em rebanhos ovinos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar a etiologia bacteriana da doença respiratória e sua relação com sinais clínicos em ovinos criados nos estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Noventa e nove ovelhas machos e fêmeas dos Estados de São Paulo (SP) e Rio de Janeiro (RJ) foram estudadas. Após o exame físico, amostras de lavagem traqueobrônquica foram obtidas. A presença de bactérias aeróbias e Mycoplasmaspp. foram estudados, assim como a associação entre os microrganismos e estado clínico e sinais clínicos de doença respiratória em ovinos. As principais manifestações clínicas observadas foram: taquipneia (75%), alta temperatura retal (09,4%), secreção nasal mucopurulenta/purulenta (21,9%), tosse (25%), dispneia (31,2%), sons pulmonares alterados na ausculta (87,5%) e na percussão torácica (28,1%) em ovelhas pneumônicas. Bactérias gram-negativas não fermentadoras e Bacillus sp. foram as bactérias mais isoladas. Microrganismos da classe Mollicutes foram detectados molecularmente (PCR) em 33,3% dos ovinos. Além disso, descreve-se pela primeira vez no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a detecção do M. mycoides subsp. capri na espécie ovina utilizando a reação de polimerase em cadeia.(AU)

Cat bite: an injury not to underestimate.

Domestic cat bites are common and are often treated by simple wound care with good outcome. However, delayed presentation may lead to significant morbidity or even mortality. Twenty cases of cat bites to the hand and wrist were retrospectively reviewed between 2014 and 2018. Data included patient demographics, anatomical site of injury, microbiology results, method of treatment and surgical outcome. The subjects were 18 females and two males aged 27-86 years (mean age of 58 years). Eleven patients (Group A) were presented within 48 hours of their injury. Nine patients (Group B) presented later than 48 hours. Of these, 78% (n = 7) underwent multiple operations secondary to septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, necrotising fasciitis and deep collection. Mean length of hospital stay was 3.4 days in Group A, and 9.2 days in Group B, (p < .01). Four patients underwent digital or ray amputations. The index finger was the most common site of injury (45%). Almost 40% of cases had flexor tendon sheath infection of the fingers. Pasteurella species was isolated from 35% of infected wounds. Mean duration of antibiotic treatment and length of hospital stay were significantly longer in Group B (p < .05). Delayed presentation of infected cat bites increased the likelihood of more complicated surgeries such as amputation. Diabetic fingers with established peripheral neuropathy were more likely to undergo amputation. We recommend that any symptomatic cat bites to the upper limb, especially hand and wrist, must be treated promptly, essentially within 48 hours of injury, particularly in immunocompromised population.

Septicemia hemorrágica y empiema pleural por Pasteurella canis / Pasteurella canis hemorragic sepsis and empyema

We report the case of a 56-year-old female patient, with a three-day history of hematemesis, melena, abdominal wall hematoma and epistaxis associated with thrombocytopenia and anemia. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was diagnosed and she was treated with dexamethasone for four days. The patient developed acute respiratory failure with signs of systemic inflammatory response. Blood and pleural fluid cultures grew Pasteurella canis. This is the first case, to our knowledge, of P. canis empyema associated with hemorrhagic septicemia without epidemiological background and the third case of septicemia caused by P. canis reported in the literature.

Comunicamos el caso de una mujer de 56 años de edad, con un cuadro clínico de tres días de evolución caracterizado por hematemesis, melena, hematoma en la pared abdominal y epistaxis, asociado a trombocitopenia y anemia. Con un probable diagnóstico de un púrpura trombocitopénico idiopático, se trató con dexametasona por cuatro días. Evolucionó con una insuficiencia respiratoria aguda con signos de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, por un empiema pleural izquierdo con aislamiento de Pasteurella canis en hemocultivos y líquido pleural. Este es el primer caso, según nuestro conocimiento, de un empiema por P. canis asociado a una septicemia hemorrágica, sin antecedentes epidemiológicos; y tercero de una sepsis por P. canis publicado en el mundo.

American kestrel (Falco spaverius) fledgling with severe bilateral periorbital swelling and infection with Mycoplasma buteonis, Avibacterium (Pasteurella) gallinarum, and Staphylococcus pasteuri.

Abstract: A female American kestrel (Falco spaverius) fledgling was found on the ground with a suspected trauma to the right eye and open-mouth breathing. During the first 2 days of hospitalization, the bird developed severe bilateral periorbital cellulitis, blepharoedema, and sinusitis. The periocular tissues of the right globe were devitalized and communicated with a fistula at the commissure of the right side of the beak. The blepharoedema of the left eye was aspirated and yielded a dark colored malodorous fluid, which was submitted for aerobic bacterial and Mycoplasma cultures. Results showed a mixed infection with Mycoplasma buteonis, Avibacterium gallinarum, and Staphylococcus pasteuri, all of which are not commonly isolated from birds of prey. With antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and surgical debridement of the right periocular necrotic tissues and adhesed phthisical globe, the kestrel recovered from this severe mixed upper respiratory infection.

Epidural abscess caused by Haemophilus aphrophilus misidentified as Pasteurella species.

Haemophilus aphrophilus is one of the normal oropharyngeal flora and rarely implicated as a pathogen of spinal infection. A case of H. aphrophilus bacteremia complicated with epidural abscess, psoas muscle abscess, and spondylodiscitis is described in this report. The pathogen was mis-identified as Pasteurella spp. at the very start, and was confirmed by the molecular method. He was successfully treated with adequate antibiotics and surgery. The clinical features of sixteen previously reported cases of spinal infection caused by H. aphrophilus are reviewed.

Variation in Pasteurella (Bibersteinia) and Mannheimia spp. following transport and antibiotic treatment in free-ranging and captive Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis).

Morbidity and mortality associated with respiratory disease following capture and translocation of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) is a significant concern, particularly when establishing new or augmenting existing bighorn populations. Administration of prophylactic antibiotics at the time of capture is often done to minimize the risk of respiratory disease, but the efficacy of this practice is unknown. The effects of oxytetracycline and florfenicol on the Pasteurella (Bibersteinia) and Mannheimia spp. isolated from samples collected from the oropharynx at the time of capture and 3 or 42 day later were evaluated in two groups of bighorn sheep. The most evident change in the isolation rates or types of Pasteurella (Bibersteinia) spp., Mannheimia spp., or both was an increase of beta-hemolytic strains isolated from bighorn sheep 3 day following oxytetracycline treatment. Both groups of bighorn sheep carried Pasteurella (Bibersteinia) trehalosi identified as the same biovariants, but they did not share biovariants of Mannheimia spp. No animals had signs of respiratory disease. Isolates representative of all biovariants present in cultures from the two bighorn sheep groups were sensitive to in vitro tests to both oxytetracycline and florfenicol and the majority were also sensitive to seven other antibiotics tested. The administration of neither oxytetracycline nor florfenicol eliminated Pasteurella (Bibersteinia) or Mannheimia from the oropharyngeal mucosa. Resistance to either antibiotic used in these animals was not noted. Although the prophylactic benefits of these drugs in preventing disease are uncertain, therapeutic levels of antibiotics in lung tissue during times of stress may reduce the risk of disease. Representative sampling of the oropharyngeal microflora of bighorn sheep source and recipient populations prior to being intermingled should be considered as one of the tools to minimize exposure of naive populations to potentially pathogenic bacteria.

Fatal pneumonia epizootic in musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) in a period of extraordinary weather conditions.

The musk ox is adapted to extreme cold and regarded as vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Population decline is proposed to occur due to changes in forage availability, insect harassment, parasite load, and habitat availability, while the possible role of infectious diseases has not been emphasized. The goal of the present article is to describe an outbreak of fatal pasteurellosis that occurred in the introduced musk ox population of Dovrefjell, Norway in 2006, causing the death of a large proportion of the animals. The epizootic coincided with extraordinary warm and humid weather, conditions that often are associated with outbreaks of pasteurellosis. The description is based on long series of data from the surveillance of the musk ox population, weather data from a closely located meteorological station, and pathoanatomical investigation of the diseased animals. It is concluded that the weather conditions likely were the decisive factors for the outbreak. It is suggested that such epizootics may occur increasingly among cold-adapted animals if global warming results in increased occurrence of heat waves and associated extreme weather events, thereby causing population declines and possibly extinctions.

[Pasteurella dagmatis spondylodiscitis in a diabetic patient]. / Spondylodiscite à Pasteurella dagmatis chez un diabétique.

INTRODUCTION: Healthy pets contact are able to induce unusual and severe diseases. CLINICAL CASE: This case reports the medical history of a dorsal spondylodiscitis in a diabetic patient admitted for a chronic wound of his toes. He had a long-standing history of regular consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Blood bottles and biopsy of intervertebral disc infected discovered Pasteurella dagmatis, commonly colonizing the oropharynx of healthy dogs and cats. In this case, licking of his injured toe by his dog was the likely source of entry of the organism. DISCUSSION: We found no identical cases in the medical literature. Diabetes mellitus and other immunocompromised disorders justify to change behaviours toward domestic animals.

Variability in acquired resistance of Pasteurella and Mannheimia isolates from the nasopharynx of calves, with particular reference to different herd types.

To measure the level of antimicrobial resistance in potential bovine respiratory pathogens at different production types, nasal swabs were collected from 57 calves of 13 dairy herds, 150 calves of 9 beef cattle herds, and 289 calves of 5 high-density veal calf herds and investigated for the presence of Pasteurellaceae. All calves were less than 6 months old. Susceptibilities of the Pasteurella and Mannheimia isolates to eight antimicrobials were determined using an agar dilution method. P. multocida (37.3%) and hemolytic Mannheimia organisms (M. haemolytica sensu lato) (6.3%) were the most frequently detected organisms. The overall prevalence of isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial from the dairy, beef, and veal calves were 17.6% (6/34), 21.9% (14/64), and 71.9% (64/89), respectively. In isolates obtained on the veal calf herds, acquired resistance to ampicillin, oxytetracycline, potentiated sulfonamides, gentamicin, tilmicosin, and enrofloxacin was frequently present, and 32.6% of these isolates were resistant to more than two of the tested antimicrobials. Resistance to ceftiofur and florfenicol was not detected. A substantial within-herd variability of species diversity and resistance profiles among isolates belonging to the genera Pasteurella and Mannheimia was found among the isolates of the veal calf farms.

Diabetes in patients with pasteurellosis.

From 1991 to 2003, 20 patients with pasteurellosis were admitted to our unit, of whom 2 died. They presented with cellulitis (n = 14), arthritis (n = 6), pneumonia (n = 3), subcutaneous abscess (n = 3), bursitis (n = 2), meningitis, otitis, sinusitis and uveitis. Underlying diseases included diabetes (n = 6) and malignancy (n = 5). Diabetes could be a predisposing condition for pasteurellosis.

Long-term respiratory tract infection with canine-associated Pasteurella dagmatis and Neisseria canis in a patient with chronic bronchiectasis.

Pasteurella dagmatis and Neisseria canis were repeatedly isolated from the sputum of a poodle-owning patient with chronic bronchiectasis. Commercially available systems failed to identify these unusual organisms: identification was made by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Difficulties identifying these and five other canine-associated isolates (P. dagmatis [n = 2], Pasteurella canis [n = 2], and N. canis [n = 1]) are discussed.

tet(L)-mediated tetracycline resistance in bovine Mannheimia and Pasteurella isolates.

OBJECTIVES: Tetracycline-resistant Mannheimia and Pasteurella isolates, which were negative for the tetracycline resistance genes (tet) commonly detected among these bacteria, were investigated for other tet genes present and their location. METHODS: Mannheimia and Pasteurella isolates were investigated for their MICs of tetracycline and their plasmid content. Identification of tet genes was achieved by PCR. Plasmids mediating tetracycline resistance were identified by transformation and hybridization experiments. Plasmid pCCK3259 from Mannheimia haemolytica was sequenced completely and analysed for its structure and organization. RESULTS: All tetracycline-resistant isolates carried the gene tet(L) either on plasmids or on the chromosome. Two M. haemolytica isolates and one Mannheimia glucosida isolate harboured a common 5.3 kb tet(L) plasmid, designated pCCK3259. This plasmid was similar to the tet(B)-carrying tetracycline resistance plasmid pHS-Tet from Haemophilus parasuis and the streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance plasmid pCCK647 from Pasteurella multocida in the parts coding for mobilization functions. The tet(L) gene was closely related to that of the Geobacillus stearothermophilus plasmid pTB19. However, the translational attenuator responsible for the tetracycline-inducible expression of tet(L) was missing in plasmid pCCK3259. A recombination site was identified downstream of tet(L), which might explain the integration of the tet(L) gene region into a basic pCCK3259 replicon. CONCLUSION: A tet(L) gene was shown for the first time to be responsible for tetracycline resistance in Mannheimia and Pasteurella isolates. This report demonstrates a lateral transfer of a tetracycline efflux gene in Gram-negative bovine respiratory tract pathogens, probably originating from Gram-positive bacteria.

tRNA-intergenic spacer PCR for the identification of Pasteurella and Mannheimia spp.

tRNA-intergenic spacer PCR (tDNA-PCR) was evaluated for its effectiveness in differentiating Pasteurella and Mannheimia (sub)species predominantly of ruminant origin. For this purpose, 38 reference strains and 13 field isolates belonging to both genera were investigated. tDNA-PCR enabled discrimination of all Pasteurella species tested (Pasteurella (P.) aerogenes, P. avium, P. canis, P. lymphangitidis, P. multocida, P. trehalosi). For the differentiation of the subspecies of P. multocida, an additional dulcitol reaction was required. Two of the five so far-defined Mannheimia species, M. granulomatis and M. varigena, had a distinct fingerprinting profile. The remaining three phylogenetically highly related species (M. haemolytica, M. glucosida, and M. ruminalis) clustered together. Nevertheless, M. ruminalis is non-haemolytic, and M. haemolytica and M. glucosida can be differentiated on the basis of two additional phenotypic characteristics (beta-glucosidase and aesculin hydrolysis). In conclusion, tDNA-PCR is a useful tool in differentiating organisms belonging to the genera Pasteurella and Mannheimia.

Effects of aerosolized dust in goats on lung clearance of Pasteurella and Mannheimia species.

The objective was to determine whether the inhalation of large quantities of feedyard dust predisposed the animals to pulmonary bacterial proliferation. Two control groups, C1 and C2, did not receive dust treatments, and two principal groups (P1 and P2) received a total of 14 dust treatments each. The C1 and P1 groups of goats each received a transthoracic challenge of live Mannheimia haemolytica (4 x 10(6) colony forming units, CFU) The C2 and P2 groups of goats each received a transthoracic challenge of live Pasteurella multocida (1.0 x 10(6) CFU/goat). The results showed that dusted animals had fever when compared with non-dusted controls. In addition, dusted animals demonstrated a leukocytosis with neutrophilia after the first dust treatment that was not sustainable. Finally, dusted animals demonstrated pulmonary clearance of two potential bacterial pathogens that was not significantly different from that shown by control (not dusted) animals.

Arthroscopic management of septic polyarthritis in a dog.

A 4 1/2-month-old male Neapolitan Mastiff was presented with a history of severe non weight-bearing lameness, depression and anorexia, following 6 weeks of intermittent thoracic limb lameness that had deteriorated in the previous 72 hours. Haematogenous septic polyarthritis involving the right elbow joint and left glenohumeral joint was diagnosed, with blood and joint cultures revealing a Pasteurella species. Arthroscopy was utilised to facilitate joint evaluation and effect drainage of both joints. Clinical remission was achieved within 48 hours. Arthroscopy provided a minimally invasive yet thorough joint examination, lavage, and drainage of fibrinopurulent debris, thereby allowing early postoperative mobility and minimal morbidity.