Implementation of Digital Pathology and Artificial Intelligence in Routine Pathology Practice.

The advent of affordable technology has significantly influenced the practice of digital pathology, leading to its growing adoption within the pathology community. This review article aimed to outline the latest developments in digital pathology, the cutting-edge advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) applications within this field, and the pertinent United States regulatory frameworks. The content is based on a thorough analysis of original research articles and official United States Federal guidelines. Findings from our review indicate that several Food and Drug Administration-approved digital scanners and image management systems are establishing a solid foundation for the seamless integration of advanced technologies into everyday pathology workflows, which may reduce device and operational costs in the future. AI is particularly transforming the way morphologic diagnoses are automated, notably in cancers like prostate and colorectal, within screening initiatives, albeit challenges such as data privacy issues and algorithmic biases remain. The regulatory environment, shaped by standards from the Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services/Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, and College of American Pathologists, is evolving to accommodate these innovations while ensuring safety and reliability. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services/Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments have issued policies to allow pathologists to review and render diagnoses using digital pathology remotely. Moreover, the introduction of new digital pathology Current Procedural Terminology codes designed to complement existing pathology Current Procedural Terminology codes is facilitating reimbursement processes. Overall, these advancements are heralding a new era in pathology that promises enhanced diagnostic precision and efficiency through digital and AI technologies, potentially improving patient care as well as bolstering educational and research activities.

"Apologies" from pathologists: why, when, and how to say "sorry" after committing a medical error.

How pathologists communicate an error is complicated by the absence of a direct physician-patient relationship. Using 2 examples, we elaborate on how other physician colleagues routinely play an intermediary role in our day-to-day transactions and in the communication of a pathologist error to the patient. The concept of a "dual-hybrid" mind-set in the intermediary physician and its role in representing the pathologists' viewpoint adequately is considered. In a dual-hybrid mind-set, the intermediary physician can align with the patients' philosophy and like the patient, consider the smallest deviation from norm to be an error. Alternatively, they might embrace the traditional physician philosophy and communicate only those errors that resulted in a clinically inappropriate outcome. Neither may effectively reflect the pathologists' interests. We propose that pathologists develop strategies to communicate errors that include considerations of meeting with the patients directly. Such interactions promote healing for the patient and are relieving to the well-intentioned pathologist.

[Current medicolegal and ethical issues in pathology]. / Aktuelle medizinrechtliche und -ethische Herausforderungen der Pathologie.

The increase in density of information available in relation to patients and research participants, in particular in the context of genetic diagnostics and analysis, results in an increased potential for uncovering details which were unexpected but are of particular significance for the patient. Deciding how this information is dealt with and who is entitled to receive this information, is a medicolegal and ethical balancing act. Incidental findings and the challenges posed by the advent of personalised medicine are but two areas which increasingly impact medical disciplines that do not conventionally work directly with patients. Both areas raise questions of what is legally required and morally necessary. The authors briefly sketch these two areas and the medicolegal and ethical implications for diagnostics and research in pathology.

Ethical issues in dermatopathology.

Some of the most contentious and relevant ethical issues in dermatopathology include client billing, the practice of dermatopathology by physicians without board certification in dermatopathology, and the practice of including recommendations regarding further surgery in dermatopathology reports. Client billing is a system in which clinicians directly compensate laboratories for pathology services and directly bill patients and/or third-party payers. Although proponents argue that this system can reduce health care costs and increase efficiency, others have argued that it creates an environment that fosters unethical, and potentially illegal, behavior. The development of various types of laboratory models, commonly referred to as "contractual joint ventures," has served to expand client billing. Although the field of dermatopathology is considered a subspecialty of both clinical dermatology and anatomic pathology, dermatopathology is commonly practiced by clinical dermatologists and general anatomic pathologists who are not board certified in dermatopathology. Although these physicians are legally entitled to practice dermatopathology, some have questioned the ethics of this situation, especially when board-certified dermatopathologists are available. Finally, dermatopathology reports, on occasion, include suggestions regarding the need for additional surgery or other clinical courses of action. Although established guidelines do not fully endorse or discourage this practice, various opinions exist regarding its affect on patient care.

La ludopatía y lo empleados en la universidad de san buenaventura, seccional de Medellín, Colombia-2010 / Ludopathy and the employees at saint bonaventure university, Medellin branch, Colombia, 2010

El presente estudio consiste en una descripción del uso de los juegos de azar y vídeo juegos en los estudiantes, docentes y empleados de la Universidad de San Buenaventura, seccional de Medellín, y su relación con las dimensiones médica y psicológica con variables como son: dificultades de concentración, cambio del estado de ánimo, las molestias físicas, preferir el juego a las prácticas deportivas y la distensión que produce el juego; en este tercer momento se presentan los resultados con empleados. Para esto, se aplicó en un cuestionario a una muestra de 158 empleados, de una población de 250 de ellos, para el año 2010; se aplicó en el primer semestre de 2010, para un 95 de validez y un margen de error del 5.

This current article consists of a description of the use of game of chance and videogames, by the students, instructors, and employees at saint Bonaventure University, Medellin Branch and its relationship with both medical and psychological dimensions, which include variables like the following: concentration difficulties, change of mood, physical discomfort, preference of games to sports, and relaxed atmosphere as it is produced by games. In this second stage, the results with employees are shown. For such a purpose, a questionnaire, to a sample of 135 employees out of a population of 250 individuals, was given, corresponding to the year 2010. It was given during the first quarter of the same year, yielding a result of 95 validity and an error margin of 5.