Racial/ethnic disparities in weight or BMI change in adulthood and pancreatic cancer incidence: The multiethnic cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, Japanese Americans, Native Hawaiians, and African Americans have higher incidences of pancreatic cancer (PCa) that are not entirely explained by rates of obesity but may be explained by weight changes throughout adulthood. METHODS: The multiethnic cohort is a population-based prospective cohort study that has followed 155,308 participants since its establishment between 1993 and 1996. A total of 1,328 incident cases with invasive PCa were identified through 2015. We conducted separate multivariable Cox proportional hazards models for self-reported weight-change and BMI-change (age 21 to cohort entry) to determine the association with PCa risk, adjusting for potential confounders including weight or BMI at age 21. RESULTS: The mean age at cohort entry was 59.3 years (SD 8.9). An increased risk of PCa was associated with: 1) weight (HR per10 lbs = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03-1.09) or BMI (HR per kg/m2  = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.02-1.05) at age 21; and 2) weight (HR per 10 lbs = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01-1.05) or BMI (HR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.00-1.03) at cohort entry. We found increased risk of PCa between weight (HR per 10 lbs = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01-1.05) and BMI (HR per 5 kg/m2  = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.01-1.15) change from age 21 to baseline. There were significant interactions between race/ethnicity and weight (p = 0.008) or BMI (p = 0.03) at baseline, and weight (p = 0.02) or BMI (p = 0.02) change. Weight and BMI change through adulthood significantly increased the risk of PCa for Japanese Americans and Latinos, but not for African American, White, or Hawaiian participants. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that weight or BMI gain has a significant and independent impact on PCa risk, specifically among Latinos and Japanese Americans.

[Estimation of weight based on age in Ecuadorian boys and girls: a validation of the APLS formula]. / Estimación del peso conforme a la edad en niños y niñas ecuatorianos: validación de la ecuación APLS.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: in children the use of therapeutic interventions, which includes the administration of medications, is based on body weight. Objective: to validate the equations proposed by "Advanced Pediatric Life Support - APLS" in 2011 (APLS 1) and 2001 (APLS 2) to estimate weight in Ecuadorian girls and boys, considering their ethnic diversity and age groups. Methods: a cross-sectional study which included 21,735 girls and boys belonging to three ethnic groups: mestizo, indigenous, and other (white, black, and mulatto), with ages between 0 and 12 years, who participated in the ENSANUT-ECU study. Differences, Spearman's correlation, Bland-Altman graphs, and percentage error (PE) were calculated. Data were processed and analyzed using R. Results: APLS 1 tends to overestimate weight whereas APLS 2 underestimates it. The estimated weight bias was greater for the classical equation. The indigenous and "other" ethnic groups presented the highest differences with respect to measured weight. The differences between estimated weight and measured weight increased progressively with age. With APLS 1, the percentage of individuals with a PE > 10 % was greater than with APLS 2. Conclusions: APLS does not accurately estimate weight in the Ecuadorian pediatric population. The difference between estimated weight and measured weight is sensitive to ethnic and age differences.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: en niños y niñas, la aplicación de intervenciones terapéuticas, lo que incluye la administración de medicamentos, se basa en el peso corporal. Objetivo: validar las ecuaciones propuestas por "Advanced Pediatric Life Support ­ APLS" en 2011 (APLS 1) y 2001 (APLS 2) para estimar el peso de las niñas y niños ecuatorianos, considerando la diversidad étnica y los grupos de edad. Métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó 21.735 niñas y niños pertenecientes a tres grupos étnicos ­mestizo, indígena y otro (blancos, negros y mulatos)­ con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 12 años y que habían participado en el estudio ENSANUT-ECU. Se calcularon las diferencias, la correlación de Spearman, los gráficos de Bland-Altman y el porcentaje error (PE). Los datos se procesaron y analizaron usando R. Resultados: la APLS 1 tiende a sobrestimar el peso mientras que la APLS 2 lo subestima. El sesgo del peso estimado fue mayor para la ecuación clásica. Los grupos étnicos indígena y otro presentaron las diferencias más altas con respecto al peso medido. Las diferencias de peso estimado con respecto al medido aumentaron progresivamente con la edad. Con la APLS 1, el porcentaje de individuos con un PE > 10 % fue mayor que con la APLS 2. Conclusiones: la APLS no estima con exactitud el peso en la población pediátrica ecuatoriana. La diferencia entre el peso estimado y el peso medido es sensible a las diferencias étnicas y de edad.

Analysis of Health-Related Behaviors of Adult Korean Women at Normal BMI with Different Body Image Perceptions: Results from the 2013-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES).

The tendency of misperceiving one's body image was found to be higher among those at normal body mass index (BMI). Thus, the present study aims to provide basic data to seek solutions for ideal physical activities and right body image perception by comparing health-related behaviors of women at normal BMI. Among the 39,225 respondents from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) conducted from 2013 to 2017, 10,798 adult women with World Health Organization (WHO) BMI Classifications of 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 (Asia-Pacific) were considered, from which pregnant and breast-feeding women and women whose body image perception was not identified were excluded, leading to a total of 9288 women. Data were analyzed utilizing SAS ver. 9.4 for frequency analysis, cross tabulation, GLM (generalized linear model), and logistic regression analysis with complex samples design, in conformity with the guidelines of the KNHNES. The results showed that approximately most (87.6%) of adult Korean women misperceived their body image. Misperception of body image was related to inappropriate health-related behaviors such as smoking, insufficient sleeping, and excessive body weight management; those who had underestimated their body image (≤64 odds ratio (OR) (0.718 (confidence interval (C.I.) 0.594-0.866))) carried out fewer health-related behaviors, while women aged 65 or above engaged in more health-related behaviors when they perceived themselves as obese (OR 1.683 (C.I. 1.260-2.248; overestimation)). To sum up, it was found that lack of health management, inappropriate body weight control, and health-related behaviors are related to body image misperception compared with real BMI. As such, it is necessary to have educational programs to encourage building proper perception of one's body image and body weight, and to carry out health-related behaviors.

Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Type 2 Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SUSTAIN Trials.

CONTEXT: Variations in the prevalence and etiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) across race and ethnicity may affect treatment responses. Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 analog approved for once-weekly, subcutaneous treatment of T2D. OBJECTIVE: To compare semaglutide efficacy and safety in race and ethnicity subgroups across the SUSTAIN trials. DESIGN: Post hoc analysis of data from phase 3 randomized SUSTAIN 1-5 and 7 (pooled), and SUSTAIN 6 trials. PARTICIPANTS: 3074 subjects (SUSTAIN 1-5 and 7) and 1648 subjects (SUSTAIN 6). INTERVENTIONS: Semaglutide 0.5 or 1.0 mg, placebo, or active comparator (sitagliptin 100 mg, exenatide extended release 2.0 mg, insulin glargine 100IU/ml and dulaglutide 0.75 or 1.5 mg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) and body weight from baseline to weeks 30, 40 and 104, and other efficacy and safety endpoints. RESULTS: HbA1c was reduced from baseline by 1.0 to 1.5 percentage points and 1.3 to 2.0 percentage points, and body weight was reduced by 2.3 to 4.7 kg and 3.6 to 6.1 kg with semaglutide 0.5 and 1.0 mg, respectively, across race and ethnicity subgroups. Minor changes in blood pressure and lipid profiles were observed. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in similar proportions of subjects across trials. More Asian versus other race subgroups discontinued treatment prematurely due to AEs. The most commonly reported AEs were gastrointestinal disorders. CONCLUSIONS: In this SUSTAIN trials post hoc analysis, semaglutide was associated with consistent and clinically relevant reductions in HbA1c and body weight in subjects with T2D, with minor variations in efficacy and safety outcomes associated with race or ethnicity.

Comparison of Dietary Micronutrient Intakes by Body Weight Status among Mexican-American and Non-Hispanic Black Women Aged 19-39 Years: An Analysis of NHANES 2003-2014.

The objective of the current study was to examine micronutrient intake from foods in women of childbearing age and to better understand potential nutritional problems varied by body weight status in minority women. A sample of women aged 19-39 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2003-2014 was analyzed. Dietary intakes of 13 micronutrients were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. Mexican-American and non-Hispanic Black women were categorized into normal/under-weight, overweight, or obese groups according to their body mass index (BMI). Mexican-American and non-Hispanic Black women had lower dietary intakes for vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, and D, folate, calcium, and magnesium than non-Hispanic Whites. Among Mexican-Americans, obese women had the lowest dietary intake of vitamins A, B2, C and D. Obese non-Hispanic Black women had significantly lower dietary intakes of iron and zinc than their normal/under-weight counterparts. Comparable percentages (>30%) of Mexican-American and non-Hispanic Black women had dietary intake less than the Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) for several key nutrients including vitamin A, C and D, folate, calcium and magnesium, and the percentages varied by body weight status. These results indicate micronutrient inadequacies persist among and within racial/ethnic and body weight groups.

Ethnic differences in metabolic cardiovascular risk among normal weight individuals: Implications for cardiovascular risk screening. The HELIUS study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors may occur among a substantial proportion of normal weight individuals, particularly among some ethnic minorities. It is unknown how many of these individuals would be missed by commonly applied eligibility criteria for cardiovascular risk screening. Thus, we aim to determine cardiovascular risk and eligibility for cardiovascular risk screening among normal weight individuals of different ethnic backgrounds. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the HELIUS study (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), we determined cardiovascular risk among 6910 normal weight individuals of Dutch, South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Moroccan and Turkish background. High cardiovascular risk was approximated by high metabolic risk based on blood pressure, HDL, triglycerides and fasting glucose. Eligibility criteria for screening were derived from Dutch CVD prevention guidelines and include age ≥ 50 y, family history of CVD, or current smoking. Ethnic group comparisons were made using logistic regression. Age-adjusted proportions of high metabolic risk ranged from 12.6% to 38.4% (men) and from 2.7% to 11.5% (women). This prevalence was higher among most ethnic minorities than the Dutch, especially among women. For most ethnic groups, 79.9%-86.7% of individuals with high metabolic risk were eligible for cardiovascular risk screening. Exceptions were Ghanaian women (58.8%), Moroccan men (70.9%) and Moroccan women (45.0%), although age-adjusted proportions did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION: Even among normal weight individuals, high cardiovascular metabolic risk is more common among ethnic minorities than among the majority population. Regardless of ethnicity, most normal weight individuals with increased risk are eligible for cardiovascular risk screening.

Salud y nutrición del niño indígena chileno (Mapuche) / The health and nutrition of indigenous children in Chile (Mapuche) / Saúde e nutrição da criança indígena chilena (Mapuche)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión de la situación de salud y nutrición del niño indígena chileno, específicamente del Mapuche, en lo publicado en las bases de datos de referencias bibliográficas y en investigaciones específicas que tienen base poblacional. Para este trabajo se buscó lo publicado en PubMed, LILACS, organismos nacionales e internacionales, durante los últimos 15 años. Desde el 2006 hasta el 2015 la proporción de pobres era mayor en los indígenas, con disminución de la brecha de 16% el 2006 a 7,7% el 2015 (p < 0,001). En la primera década de este siglo la mortalidad infantil en los niños indígenas tenía una tasa de 17,1/1.000 nacidos vivos, mientras en los no indígenas era de de 8,8/1.000 y, en el seguimiento de cinco años, la brecha se mantuvo (p < 0,001). Los recién nacidos con peso < 2,500g el año 2000 no superaban el 6% (5,6% en no indígenas y 5,2% en los indígenas). La talla baja al ingreso a la escuela era 8,4% en los escolares indígenas y 3,1% en los no indígenas, disminuyendo a 3,7 en los indígenas y 2,6% en los no indígenas el 2004, la obesidad en cambio aumentó más en los indígenas, llegando a 24,2 y 25,3% en los no indígenas (p < 0,001). La menarquia se presentó cuatro meses más tarde en las indígenas (12,7 años) y el índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura y el porcentaje de grasa, fueron significativamente mayores en las indígenas en el momento de la telarquia, así como la frecuencia de exceso de peso (55% vs. 42% en las no indígenas). Los niños Mapuche presentan una condición de salud y nutrición favorable, comparada con los indígenas de otros países del continente, sin embargo, aun existe una brecha adversa -comparada con los no indígenas-, en que la desigualdad desfavorece al niño indígena y esta debe ser reconocida y corregida.

The aim of this study was to conduct a review of the health and nutritional status of Chilean indigenous children, specifically Mapuche children, as published in the literature and specific population-based studies. The searches were conducted in PubMed and LILACS in the last 15 years. From 2006 to 2015, the poverty rate was higher in the indigenous population, with a decrease in the gap from 16% in 2006 to 7.7% in 2015 (p < 0.001). In the first decade of this century, infant mortality in indigenous children was 17.1/1,000 live births, while in non-indigenous children it was 8.8/1,000, and the gap was maintained in the five-year follow-up (p < 0.001). Newborns with birthweight < 2,500g in the year 2000 did not reach 6% (5.6% in non-indigenous and 5.2% in indigenous children). Low height at first school enrollment was 8.4% in indigenous schoolchildren and 3.1% in non-indigenous children, decreasing to 3.7% in indigenous children and 2.6% in non-indigenous children in 2004, while obesity increased more in indigenous children, reaching 24.2% in indigenous and 25.3% in non-indigenous children (p < 0.001). Menarche appeared four months later on average in indigenous girls (12.7 years), and body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass were significantly greater in indigenous girls at the time of thelarche, as was the overweight rate (55%, vs. 42% in non-indigenous). Mapuche children show favorable health and nutritional status compared to indigenous children elsewhere in Latin America, but there is still an adverse gap compared to non-indigenous Chilean children. This inequality affecting indigenous Chilean children should be acknowledged and corrected.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar una revisão da situação da saúde e nutrição da criança indígena chilena, especificamente da Mapuche, nas publicações relacionadas em bases de dados de referências bibliográficas e em pesquisas específicas que têm base populacional. A pesquisa foi realizada em publicações relacionadas: PubMed, LILACS, organismos nacionais e internacionais, nos últimos 15 anos. Desde 2006 até 2015 a proporção de pobres era maior nos indígenas, com diminuição de uma diferença de 16% em 2006 a 7,7% em 2015 (p < 0.001). Na primeira década de este século a mortalidade infantil nas crianças indígenas teve una taxa de 17,1/1.000 nascidas vivas, enquanto nos não indígenas era de 8,8/1.000 e, em um acompanhamento de cinco anos, a diferença se manteve (p < 0,001). Os recém-nascidos com peso < 2.500g no ano de 2000 não superavam 6% (5,6% em não indígenas e 5,2% nos indígenas). A baixa estatura ao momento do ingresso na escola era 8,4% nos escolares indígenas e 3,1% nos não indígenas, diminuindo a 3,7 nos indígenas e 2,6% nos não indígenas em 2004, a obesidade pelo contrário teve um aumento maior nos indígenas, chegando a 24,2 e 25,3% nos não indígenas (p < 0,001). A menarca ocorreu quatro meses mais tarde nas indígenas (12,7 anos) e o índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura e a porcentagem da gordura, foram significativamente maiores nas indígenas no período da telarca, à semelhança da frequência do sobrepeso (55% vs. 42% nas não indígenas). As crianças Mapuche apresentam uma condição de saúde e nutrição favorável, comparada com os indígenas de outros países do continente, no entanto, ainda existe uma brecha adversa - comparada com os não indígenas - , onde a desigualdade desfavorece a criança indígena e por isso deve ser reconhecida e corrigida.

Race/Ethnicity-Specific Associations between Smoking, Serum Leptin, and Abdominal Fat: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Objective: Smoking is a well-known cardiovascular risk factor associated with weight loss. We aimed to evaluate the association between smoking, serum leptin levels, and abdominal fat. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Data from examinations 2 or 3 (2002-2005) of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Participants: 1,875 asymptomatic, community-dwelling adults. Main Outcome Measures: We used multivariable linear regression models to assess the race/ethnicity-specific associations between smoking, serum logeleptin levels, and computed tomography ascertained abdominal fat. Results were adjusted for demographic and relevantclinical covariates. Results: Participants (mean age 64.5±9.6 years; 50.6% women; 42.2% former, 11.4% current smokers) were White (40.1%), Hispanic (25.8%), African American (21.1%), and Chinese (13.0%). Overall, median (25th - 75th percentile) leptin levels were significantly lower among current (11.14 ng/mL; 4.13 - 26.18) and former smokers (11.68 ng/mL; 4.72 - 27.57), as compared with never smokers (15.61 ng/mL; 3.05 - 30.12) (P<.001). The difference in median leptin levels between current and never smokers were significantly higher for Hispanics (Δ9.64 ng/mL) and African Americans (Δ8.81 ng/mL) than Whites (Δ2.10 ng/mL) and Chinese (Δ4.70 ng/mL) (P<.001). After adjustment for total abdominal fat, loge-leptin levels remained lower for former (-.14 [-.22 - -.07]) and current (-.17 [-.28 - -.05]) smokers, compared with never smokers. Results differed by race/ethnicity, with significantly lower loge-leptin levels observed only among current and former African Americans and Hispanic smokers, compared with their never smoker counterparts. (Ps for interaction <.05). Conclusions: Among smokers, leptin levels significantly vary by race/ethnicity. Former and current smoking are associated with lower leptin levels, although this may be restricted to Hispanics and African Americans.

BMI 35 kg/m2 does not fit everyone: a modified STOP-Bang questionnaire for sleep apnea screening in the Chinese population.

PURPOSE: The STOP-Bang questionnaire is the most widely used to detect surgical patients at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the body mass index (BMI) cutoff value in the original STOP-Bang questionnaire is 35 kg/m2; the BMI in the Chinese population is lower than that. We aimed to establish a more appropriate BMI cutoff value in the STOP-Bang questionnaire for Chinese patients. METHODS: A total of 790 consecutive patients scheduled to undergo surgery at our hospital were included in this prospective study. All patients were asked to complete the STOP-Bang questionnaire and undergo a 7-h overnight polysomnography (PSG). The ability of STOP-Bang questionnaire to detect moderate to severe OSA (AHI ≥ 15 events/h) was assessed. RESULTS: When the BMI cutoff value was set at 28 kg/m2, the questionnaire had the highest Youden index, although no significant differences were found in the sensitivity of the test compared with the original BMI cutoff in total and in male patients. In females, changing the BMI cutoff value from 35 to 28 kg/m2 resulted in the sensitivity of the test significantly increasing from 79.2% (74.9-83.5) to 89.3% (84.4-94.1), while the decrease in specificity was minor (from 43.6% [41.2-46.0] to 38.2% [36.1-40.3]), and the Youden index was highest (0.27) at this cutoff value. When the STOP-Bang questionnaire score was 4, the highest Youden index was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend using a BMI cutoff value (28 kg/m2), and a STOP-Bang score ≥ 4 allows the anesthetist to identify patients with high risk of OSA.

Weight change in older adults and mortality: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between weight change in older adults and mortality in a multiethnic population. METHODS: We performed a prospective analysis using data on weight change between the baseline (1993-1996) and the 10-year follow-up (2003-2007) surveys in relation to subsequent mortality among 63 040 participants in the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and California. The participants were African American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese American, Latino and white, aged 45-75 years at baseline, and did not report heart disease or cancer at either survey. RESULTS: During an average of 7.3 years of follow-up after the 10-year survey, 6623 deaths were identified. Compared with individuals whose weight remained stable (±2.5 kg), those who lost weight and those with the highest weight gain (>10 kg) were at increased risk of all-cause mortality, with the risks greater for the weight loss (hazard ratios (HR): 2.86; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.62-3.11 for >10 kg) than the weight-gain group (HR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.11-1.41 for >10 kg), thus resulting in a reverse J-shaped curve. Japanese Americans and Latinos had stronger associations of weight loss >10 kg with mortality than did African Americans, Native Hawaiians and whites. The increase in risk with weight gain >10 kg was greater for older (⩾55 years at baseline) than younger individuals, whereas the increase in mortality associated with weight loss was greater for the normal weight (<25 kg m-2 at baseline) participants and never smokers, compared with overweight/obese persons and current smokers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the association between weight change and a higher mortality in a healthy, multiethnic population, with higher risks for weight loss than weight gain. On the basis of these observations, public health recommendation should focus on the prevention of weight loss, as well as weight stability within the non-obese range, for middle-aged and older adults.

Combination Therapy of PEG-HM-3 and Methotrexate Retards Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis.

At present, the early phenomenon of inflammatory angiogenesis is rarely studied in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previous research found that PEG-HM-3, an integrin inhibitor, possessed anti-angiogenesis and anti-rheumatic activity. In this study, the advantages of inhibiting angiogenesis and immune cell adhesion and migration, as well as the benefits of anti-arthritis effects, were evaluated using a combination of PEG-HM-3 and methotrexate (MTX). In vitro, spleen cell proliferation and the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in macrophage supernatant were assessed. Hind paw edema, arthritis index, clinical score, body weight and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the spleen, thymus, and joint cavity were evaluated in vivo in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats. Joints of the left hind paws were imaged by X-ray. The expression of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) protein was assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced synoviocytes. PEG-HM-3 combined with MTX significantly reduced primary and secondary swelling of the hind paws, the arthritis index, the clinical score and bone erosion. The results of IHC showed that the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in spleens and the levels of TNF-α, CD31 (cluster of differentiation 31), and CD105 in the joint cavity were decreased. The body weight of rats was maintained during combination therapy. Ankle cavity integrity, and bone erosion and deformity were improved in combination treatment. The expression of TLR-4 was significantly reduced with combination treatment in rat synoviocytes. Co-suppression of both inflammation and angiogenesis in arthritis was achieved in this design with combination therapy. The activity of nuclear transcription factor (NF-κB) and the expression of inflammatory factors were down regulated via integrin αvß3 and TLR-4 signaling pathways. In the future, the application of this combination can be a candidate in early and mid-term RA therapy.

Physical Activity of Malaysian Primary School Children: Comparison by Sociodemographic Variables and Activity Domains.

This study describes the physical activity of primary school children according to sociodemographic characteristics and activity domains. Using the Malaysian South East Asian Nutrition Surveys data, 1702 children aged 7 to 12 years were included in the analysis. Physical activity was reported as a total score and categorized into low, medium, and high levels based on Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Higher overall activity scores were found in boys, younger age, non-Chinese ethnicity, and normal body mass index category. Sex, age, and ethnicity differences were found in structured or organized, physical education, and outside-of-school domain scores. Transport-related scores differed by age group, ethnicity, household income, and residential areas but not among the three physical activity levels. Participation of girls, Chinese, and older children were low in overall and almost all activity domains. Sociodemographic characteristics are important factors to consider in increasing the different domains of physical activity among Malaysian children.

Changes in Body Weight Among People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the United States, NHANES 2005-2012.

PURPOSE: To understand weight loss strategies, weight changes, goals, and behaviors in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and whether these differ by ethnicity. METHODS: T2DM was identified by self-reported diagnosis using the NHANES 2005-2012 data, which also included measured and self-reported current body weight and height, self-reported weight the prior year, and self-reported aspired weight. Nineteen weight loss strategies were evaluated for association with ≥5% weight loss or weight gain versus <5% weight change. RESULTS: Among people with T2DM, 88.0% were overweight/obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m(2)) in the prior year and 86.1% the current year. About 60% of the overweight/obese took weight loss actions, mostly using diet-related methods with average weight lost <5%. Two most "effective" methods reported (smoking, taking laxatives/vomiting) are also potentially most harmful. Similar BMI distributions but different goals and behaviors about weight and weight loss were observed across ethnicity. Only physical activity meeting the recommended level and changing eating habits were consistently associated with favorable and statistically significant weight change. CONCLUSIONS: Weight management in T2DM is an ongoing challenge, regardless of ethnicity/race. Among overweight/obese T2DM subjects, recommended level of physical activity and changing eating habits were associated with statistically significant favorable weight change.

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of single, oral doses of GSK1278863, a novel HIF-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects.

This study was performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and safety of GSK1278863, a novel prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, following a single oral administration of GSK1278863 from 10 to 100 mg or placebo in Japanese (n = 19), and 10, 25 and 100 mg in Caucasians (n = 14). Dose-proportional increases were observed in AUCinf of GSK1278863 in both ethnic groups, with a 1.3-1.5-fold higher exposure seen in Japanese relative to Caucasians for all doses. This difference in exposure can be mainly explained by the observed differences in body weights between the two groups. Statistically significant increases in erythropoietin (EPO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and reticulocyte counts were observed in Japanese subjects after the 50 and 100 mg dose as compared to placebo. In Caucasians, similar to Japanese, EPO and VEGF levels were observed to be increased in response to the 100 mg dose. Drug-related adverse events, including headache and abdominal pain were reported in 3 Japanese subjects, while headache was reported in 3 Caucasians. In conclusion, GSK1278863 was well tolerated, with dose-proportional increases in exposure observed in both groups. There was no evidence of ethnic differences between Japanese and Caucasian with regard to PK or PD.

Post-cessation weight concerns among women calling a state tobacco quitline.

BACKGROUND: Obese and overweight women who smoke are more likely to be concerned about weight gain following cessation, impacting ability to quit and relapse. PURPOSE: To determine differences in weight concerns for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese female smokers by race/ethnicity. METHODS: From March to November 2008, female adult tobacco users calling the Oklahoma Tobacco Helpline were asked questions to determine the prevalence of obesity and concern for cessation-related weight gain. A score of 50 or greater, where 0=not at all concerned and 100=very concerned, on one of two weight concerns questions defined the outcome. BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight. For the current analyses in 2013, race, ethnicity, age, education, marital status, and tobacco use history were examined as covariates. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate ORs and 95% CIs. RESULTS: A significant interaction between race and BMI was observed; thus, separate models were created for white (n=3,579); black (n=330); American Indian (n=441); and Hispanic (n=125) women. BMI was independently associated with weight concerns among all racial/ethnic groups, but the strength of the association varied. For black and Hispanic women, there was a particularly strong association between BMI and weight concerns among obese women (OR=9.55, 95% CI=5.05, 18.07, and OR=8.46, 95% CI=2.57, 27.83, respectively), although sample sizes were small. CONCLUSIONS: State quitlines should consider tailoring promotional efforts and treatment protocols to include concerns about weight gain, especially for obese African American and Hispanic smokers.

Residency and racial/ethnic differences in weight status and lifestyle behaviors among US youth.

PURPOSE: Elevated risk for obesity is found in rural environments and in some minority populations. It is unclear whether living in rural or nonmetropolitan areas and being a minority compound the risk of obesity beyond that of either factor acting alone. Our purpose was to examine adolescent obesity in light of the potential concomitant influences of race/ethnicity, residency, and obesity-related lifestyle behaviors. METHODS: We assessed obesity prevalence, physical activity, consumption of fatty snack foods, and screen time in 8,363 US adolescents based on variation in race/ethnicity and residency. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistics were used to: (1) calculate race- and residency-based rates of obesity and obesity-related lifestyle behaviors and (2) generate race- and residency-based obesity odds ratios as a function of those same behaviors. FINDINGS: The results indicated that nonmetropolitan black youth had the highest risk of obesity (26%), rate of consuming fatty snack foods on more than 2 days/week (86%), and rate of spending more than 2 hours/day in screen time (91%) compared to white metropolitan youth. Compared to their metropolitan counterparts, black nonmetropolitan youth had greater odds of being obese if they exercised less than daily (1.71 times), ate fatty snack foods on more than 2 days/week (1.65 times), or spent more than 2 hours/day in screen time (1.64 times). CONCLUSIONS: Race/ethnicity and residency may have a compounding effect on the risk of obesity. Prevention and intervention must be viewed in a socioecological framework that recognizes the importance of culture and community on obesity-related behaviors.

Predictors of body dissatisfaction in a Hispanic college student sample.

This study assessed the impact of demographic, mood, acculturation, weight, and accurate weight feedback on body dissatisfaction and satisfaction. One hundred and sixty Hispanic college students completed measures assessing depressive symptoms, acculturation, affect, and body image. Participants were randomized to receive immediate or delayed weight feedback. Three multiple regression analyses assessed predictors of body dissatisfaction, body weight and fitness happiness, and perceived attractiveness. A hierarchical regression model assessed body dissatisfaction after receiving feedback. Results indicate that greater body dissatisfaction was associated with females, greater depressive symptomatology, and higher weight. Body weight and fitness happiness was associated with males and greater positive affect. Perceived attractiveness was related to smoking, greater positive affect, and greater importance placed on weight. Body dissatisfaction was not impacted by accurate weight feedback. Studies assessing the impact of these predictors in weight loss and/or body acceptance interventions are warranted, particularly in Hispanic college students.

Weight-related teasing, emotional eating, and weight control behaviors in Hispanic and African American girls.

PURPOSE: To assess the association among parent and peer weight-related teasing, emotional eating, and weight control behaviors in minority girls. METHODS: 141 Hispanic and African American preadolescent girls (mean age = 11.1 years, SD = 1.5 years) participated. Most of the participants were of Hispanic origin, had a bicultural orientation, and were obese. Participants completed surveys assessing weight-related teasing, emotional eating, weight control behaviors, demographic, and acculturation characteristics. Body weight and height were also assessed. Hierarchical regression analyses were run to determine the associations among study variables. RESULTS: Fifty-nine percent of participants reported being weight-related teased by peers and 42% participants reported weight-related teasing by parents. Weight-related teasing by parent was associated with emotional eating and binge eating, whereas peer weight-related teasing was only associated with emotional eating. CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrated the differential association of weight-related teasing from peers and parents to emotional and binge eating in minority girls.

Time use clusters of New Zealand adolescents are associated with weight status, diet and ethnicity.

OBJECTIVE: To describe New Zealand adolescent time use clusters and correlate cluster profiles. METHODS: Data were from the cross-sectional 2008/2009 National Survey of Children and Young People's Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviours, which surveyed a random sample of 10-16 year-old New Zealanders (study subset n=679). Time use data were collected using the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults, and collapsed into 17 age-adjusted variables for sex-specific cluster analysis. Cluster associations with socio-demographic, anthropometric, physical activity and dietary variables were analysed. RESULTS: Three time use clusters were discovered for both boys and girls. For boys, the Techno-active cluster was characterised by high levels of team sports and TV; the Quiet movers cluster by transport (active and passive) and quiet time; and the Social studious cluster by reading, study activities and social interaction. The boys' clusters were associated with ethnicity. The girls'Social sporty cluster was characterised by sports and social interaction; the Screenie tasker cluster by TV, computer, chores and work; and the Super studious cluster by reading, study and school-based activities. The girls' time use cluster membership was associated with weight status and serves of extra foods. CONCLUSIONS: Distinct sex-specific time use clusters and correlate profiles exist among NZ adolescents. IMPLICATIONS: These findings may assist the development of targeted time use interventions to improve adolescent health and well-being.

Short and long-term outcomes from a multisession diabetes education program targeting low-income minority patients: a six-month follow up.

BACKGROUND: A diabetes self-management education (DSME) program was offered to patients at a primary care clinic serving low-income people. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the analyses presented here was to understand the feasibility of the program and effectiveness of the intervention. METHODS: The program was facilitated by a nurse and licensed dietician. Data were collected at baseline, after each class, and after 6 months. Patients were interviewed to identify diabetes self-care behaviors before the first class, after the fourth class, and at 6 months. Knowledge related to content areas was measured before and after each class. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), blood pressure, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were collected at baseline and after 6 months. Medical records were reviewed for LDL levels, co-morbidity, and diabetes management. Frequencies, χ(2) and t tests, and repeated measures t tests were used to analyze data. RESULTS: Patients were mostly non-Hispanic black or Hispanic (93.1%); mean BMI was 34.89 kg/m(2). About one-half (41.95%) completed the program. Significant improvements were observed for knowledge related to each of the 4 content areas: diet (P < 0.001), diabetes management (P = 0.003), monitoring blood glucose (P < 0.001), and preventing complications (P = 0.001). Among long-term outcomes, mean HbA(1c) was significantly reduced (0.82%), from 8.60% to 7.78% (P = 0.007), with 26.67% of patients reducing HbA(1c) from ≥7.0% at baseline to <7% at follow up (P < 0.001). Patients demonstrated a significant improvement in readiness to improve dietary behaviors (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes suggested that minority patients with a high risk for poor diabetes outcomes might be retained in a multisession DSME program and benefit from increasing knowledge of diabetes content. Further evaluation is necessary to determine the cost-effectiveness of this intervention.