Evaluation of maternal serum VEGF, TNF-alpha, IL-4, and IL-10 levels in differentiating placenta accreta spectrum from isolated placenta previa.

OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to differentiate patients with placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) from those with placenta previa (PP) using maternal serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10. METHODS: The case group consisted of 77 patients with placenta previa, and the control group consisted of 90 non-previa pregnant women. Of the pregnant women in the case group, 40 were diagnosed with PAS in addition to placenta previa and 37 had placenta previa with no invasion. The maternal serum VEGF, TNF-alpha, IL-4, and IL-10 levels were compared between the case and control groups. Then the success of these markers in differentiating between PP and PAS was evaluated. RESULTS: We found the VEGF, TNF-alpha, and IL-4 levels to be higher and the IL-10 level to be lower in the case group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). We observed a statistically significantly lower IL-10 level in the patients with PAS than those with PP (p = 0.029). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the optimal cut-off of IL-10 in the detection of PAS was 0.42 ng/mL). In multivariate analysis, the risk of PAS was significant for IL-10 (odds ratio (OR) 0.45, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.79, p = 0.006) and previous cesarean section (OR 2.50, 95 % Cl 1.34-4.66, p = 0.004). The model's diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, including previous cesarean section, preoperative hemoglobin (Hb), TNF-alpha, and IL-10 were 75 % and 72.9 %, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study showed that the IL-10 level was lower in patients with PAS than in those with PP. A statistical model combining risk factors including previous cesarean section, preoperative Hb, TNF-alpha, and IL-10 may improve clinical diagnosis of PAS in placenta previa cases. Cytokines may be used as additional biomarkers to the clinical risk factors in the diagnosis of PAS.

Peripartum hysterectomy clinical characteristics and outcomes- a hospital based retrospective audit study.

INTRODUCTION: The study aims to evaluate and report on the clinical characteristics, incidence, risk factors and associated complications of emergency and planned peripartum hysterectomy in a single training and research tertiary health care centre in Malaysia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a 6-year retrospective cross-sectional study from the 1st January 2016 until 31st December 2021. Clinical, demographic characteristics, perioperative parameters, operative indications, blood loss, maternal/neonatal outcomes and complications were analysed. Patients were subdivided, analysed and studied in two subgroups- emergency hysterectomy (EH) and planned hysterectomy (PH). RESULTS: There were 65 cases of peripartum hysterectomy out of total 100,567 deliveries, with a prevalence rate of 0.06%. Overall, the majority of patients were multiparous (96.9%), having previous caesarean scar (73.8%) or diagnosed with placenta praevia (75.4%). More than half of the total patients (61.5%) have both previous caesarean scar and concomitant placenta praevia. EH was carried out in 39(60%) patients while 26(40%) patients underwent PH. The only indication for surgery in the PH group (100%) was abnormal placentation while the most common indication for surgery in the EH group (53.8%) was postpartum haemorrhage related to abnormal placentation. Patients who underwent EH were more likely to have massive blood loss (p=0.001), require ICU admissions (p=0.001), have DIVC cycles transfused (mean [SD] regime: 1.35 [0.95] vs 0.54 [0.99]; p=0.002), have lower postoperative haemoglobin level (mean [standard deviation, SD] haemoglobin: 9.23g/l [SD1.8] vs. 10.8 g/l [SD1.86]; p=0.001) and have higher difference between pre/post operative haemoglobin level (mean [SD] haemoglobin difference: 1.78g/l [SD6.34] vs 0.32g/l [SD1.7]; p=0.008) compared to patients with PH. Red blood cell transfusion, operating time, length of stay, weight of babies and Apgar score between two groups showed no significant differences. A significant reduction of blood loss between the first and the second half duration of the study (mean [SD] blood loss: 6978 ml [SD 4999.45] vs. 4100ml [SD2569.48]; p=0.004) was also observed. In the emergency group, 'non-placental cause' EH required significantly more red blood cell transfusion than 'placental cause' (p<0.05) while in the PH group, no significant difference was observed between the occlusive internal iliac artery 'balloon' and 'no balloon' subgroup in terms of operating time, total blood loss or blood transfusion. Overall complications showed more cases of post operative fever and relaparotomy in the EH group (18.4% vs. 7.6%) while urinary tract injuries including injuries to bladder and ureter occurred only in the PH group (9.4% vs. 0%). CONCLUSION: The majority of peripartum hysterectomy cases are due to placenta accreta spectrum disorders. Planned peripartum hysterectomies have a lower morbidity rate compared to emergency hysterectomies. Therefore, early identification of placenta accreta spectrum disorders and timely planning for elective procedures are crucial to minimise the need for emergency surgery.

Placenta prévia: um estudo baseado nas teorias de enfermagem / Placenta previa: a study based on nursing theories / Placenta previa: un estudio basado en las teorías de enfermería

Introdução: A gestação, apesar de ser um processo fisiológico na saúde da mulher, é uma etapa complexa que exige atenção diferenciada na assistência à saúde. Outrossim, existem algumas condições que provocam danos durante essa fase, como a placenta prévia. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como escopo evidenciar o processo de enfermagem frente à assistência à gestante com tal diagnóstico. Metodologia: A pesquisa tem caráter qualitativo, teórico com subsídio na bibliografia científica, envolvendo a compreensão holística e integral da paciente para a implementação de estratégia para o processo de enfermagem. A partir do estudo das teorias e da fisiopatologia e impactos clínicos, empregou-se as taxonomias do NANDA-I para traçar os diagnósticos de enfermagens mais condizentes. Resultados: Foram identificados 15 diagnósticos que contemplaram os dez domínios encontrados no NANDA. Considerações Finais: Os dados eleitos e o confronto com a literatura enfatizam a relevância positiva na prescrição de diagnósticos de enfermagem na escolha dos cuidados prestados e as teorias subsidiam a assistência materno-fetal.

Introduction: Pregnancy, despite being a physiological process in women's health, is a complex stage that requires special attention in health care. Also, there are some conditions that cause damage during this phase, such as placenta previa. Objective: The purpose of this study is to highlight the nursing process regarding care for pregnant women with such a diagnosis. Methodology: The research is qualitative, theoretical with support in the scientific bibliography, involving the patients holistic and integral understanding for the implementation of a strategy for the nursing process. Based on the study of theories and pathophysiology and clinical impacts, the NANDA-I taxonomies were used to outline the most consistent nursing diagnoses. Results: 15 diagnoses were identified that included the ten domains found in NANDA. Final Considerations: The chosen data and the confrontation with the literature emphasize the positive relevance in the prescription of nursing diagnoses in the choice of care provided and the theories subsidize maternal-fetal assistance.

Introducción: El embarazo, a pesar de ser un proceso fisiológico en la salud de la mujer, es una etapa compleja que requiere especial atención en el cuidado de la salud. Además, existen algunas condiciones que causan daños durante esta fase, como la placenta previa. Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio es resaltar el proceso de enfermería en relación con la atención a las gestantes con dicho diagnóstico. Metodología: La investigación es cualitativa, teórica con apoyo en la bibliografía científica, involucrando la comprensión holística e integral de las pacientes para la implementación de una estrategia para el proceso de enfermería. Con base en el estudio de teorías y fisiopatología e impactos clínicos, se utilizaron las taxonomías NANDA-I para delinear los diagnósticos de enfermería más consistentes. Resultados: Se identificaron 15 diagnósticos que incluían los diez dominios encontrados en la NANDA. Consideraciones finales: Los datos escogidos y la confrontación con la literatura enfatizan la relevancia positiva en la prescripción de los diagnósticos de enfermería en la elección de los cuidados prestados y las teorías subsidian la asistencia materno-fetal.

Mode of conception in patients with endometriosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between endometriosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. DESIGN: Population-based retrospective cohort study using linked universal health databases through ICES Ontario. PATIENT(S): All singleton pregnancies with an estimated date of confinement between October 2006 and February 2014. INTERVENTION(S): Endometriosis was determined based on a surgical and/or medical diagnosis (defined as an in-hospital admission or surgery with a diagnosis code of International Classification of Diseases [ICD]9-617 or ICD10-N80 and/or 2 medical consults billed as ICD9-617). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The association between endometriosis and pregnancy outcomes was quantified by relative risks, derived using modified Poisson regression, and adjusted for maternal age, income quintiles, and history of fibroids (aRR). Mediation analysis was conducted to estimate direct effects of endometriosis diagnosis and indirect effects through mode of conception, namely: infertility without fertility treatment (known infertility but conceived without assistance), ovulation induction or intrauterine insemination, and in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection, relative to unassisted conception. RESULT(S): A total of 19,099 pregnancies had an antecedent diagnosis of endometriosis, while 768,350 did not. Mean time (standard deviation) from endometriosis diagnosis to the index pregnancy was 5.6 (4.3) years. Endometriosis was associated with an increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (aRR, 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.16), preterm birth <37 weeks (aRR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.20-1.33), early preterm birth <34 weeks (aRR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.17-1.50), placenta previa (aRR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.84-2.33), placenta abruption (aRR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.31-1.83), other placental disorders (aRR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.36-2.30), cesarean delivery (aRR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.16-1.21), and stillbirth (aRR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.09-1.59). Mediation analysis suggests that endometriosis directly affects most adverse pregnancy outcomes studied, except for stillbirth where infertility diagnosis or fertility treatment indirectly accounted for part of the increased risk. CONCLUSION(S): Endometriosis was associated with adverse pregnancy, independent of infertility diagnosis, or fertility treatment. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms of action and potential interventions.

Distinguishing placenta accreta from placenta previa via maternal plasma levels of sFlt-1 and PLGF and the sFlt-1/PLGF ratio.

INTRODUCTION: Our study aimed to distinguish patients with placenta accreta (crete, increta, and percreta) from those with placenta previa using maternal plasma levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PLGF) and the sFlt-1/PLGF ratio. METHODS: We obtained maternal plasma from 185 women in late pregnancy and sorted them into three groups: 72 women with normal placental imaging results (control group), 50 women with placenta previa alone (PP group), and 63 women with placenta previa and placenta accreta (PAS group). The concentrations of sFlt-1 and PLGF in the maternal plasma were measured using ELISA kits and the sFlt-1/PLGF ratio was calculated. RESULT: The median (min-max) sFlt-1 levels and the sFlt-1/PLGF ratio in the PAS group (12.8 ng/ml, 3.8-34.2 ng/ml) (133, 14-361) were lower than in the PP group (28.7 ng/ml, 13.1-60.3 ng/ml) (621, 156-2013) (p < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The median (min-max) PLGF levels in the PAS group (108 pg/ml, 38-679 pg/ml) was higher than that in the PP group (43 pg/ml, 12-111 pg/ml) (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). The area under the ROC of the sFlt-1 levels, PLGF levels, and sFlt-1/PLGF ratio were 0.91, 0.90, and 0.99, respectively; the cut-off values were 18.9 ng/ml, 75.9 pg/ml, and 229.5, respectively. The concentration of sFlt-1 and sFlt-1/PLGF ratio were associated with the volume of blood loss (-.288*, -.301*). DISCUSSION: The concentrations of sFlt-1 and PLGF and ratio of plasma sFlt-1/PLGF may distinguish patients with placenta accreta from those with placenta previa.

Systemic immune-inflammation index to predict placenta accreta spectrum and its histological subtypes.

AIM: In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and other inflammatory parameters in the diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) and its histological subtypes. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study included patients who underwent surgery for placenta previa (PP). Case group (patients with PAS) included pregnant women diagnosed with histologically confirmed PAS, whereas control group (patients with PP) included pregnant women who underwent cesarean section with a PP diagnosis, required no additional intervention during the operation. Both groups were compared with respect to their demographic data, clinical characteristics, SII, and other laboratory parameters. Cut-off values that can predict PAS were calculated. The PAS group was separated into subgroups based on histology findings, and inflammatory parameters were compared between subgroups. RESULTS: In this study, data of 273 patients were analyzed. Of these, 68 (24.9%) were included in the PAS group and 205 (75.1%) patients were included in the PP group. Significant differences were observed in SII, platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.000, p = 0.006, p = 0.002, p = 0.000, and p = 0.000, respectively). The best SII cut-off value was 985.02109/L (57.4% sensitivity and 72.2% specificity). There was no significant association between the histologic subtypes of PAS and inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSION: SII can be used to predict PAS in pregnant women with PP. The relationship between the histologic subtypes of PAS and inflammatory parameters should be investigated in more comprehensive studies.

Predictive value of vascular endothelial growth factor and placenta growth factor for placenta accreta spectrum.

This study aimed to assess the maternal features, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Placenta Growth Factor (PLGF) in the Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS); then, to determine a predictive value of VEGF and PLGF in the PAS. This prospective case-control study was conducted on 90 pregnant women including 45 PAS, and 45 Normal Placenta (NP). Maternal age, gravidity, C/S, and serum levels of VEGF and PLGF were assessed between NP and PAS, and among NP and PAS sub-groups, including Placenta Accreta (PA), Placenta Increta (PI), and Placenta Percreta (PP). The Multi-gravidity, previous C/S, maternal age, and serum level of PLGF were significantly higher in the PAS group compared to the NP group OR = 42, 8.1, 1.17, and 1.002 (p-value <.05 for all); however, there was no difference regarding serum level of VEGF (p-value >.05). The same differences were seen among NP with PA, PI, and PP sub-groups (p-value <.05 for all, but p-value >.05 for VEGF). Placenta Previa was uniformly distributed across the PAS sub-groups (p-value >.05), also the VEGF and PLGF serum levels did not differ between PAS with Previa and PAS without Previa groups (p-value >.05). A valid cut-off point for PLGF was reported at 63.55. A predictive value of PLGF for the PAS patients is presented enjoying high accuracy and generalisability for the study population.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? The Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS), in which the placenta grows too deep in the uterine wall, is responsible for maternal-foetal morbidity and mortality worldwide; so, the antenatal diagnosis of PAS is an important key to improve maternal-foetal health. Normal placental implantation requires a fine balance among the levels of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, such as the Placenta Growth Factor (PLGF), the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1. However, there is still controversy regarding The PLGF and VEGF level changes in PAS patients.What do the results of this study add? Despite traditional measuring the levels of PLGF and VEGF from the placenta at the time of delivery; in this study including 90 participants (28-34 weeks of gestation) the maternal serum levels of PLGF and VEGF were measured in advance (temporality causation), resulted in presenting a more valid cut-off point for PLGF in PAS group. In addition, the serum level of PLGF was significantly higher in the PAS and PAS sub-groups compared to the Normal Placenta group. Also, the Previa status of PAS patients did not affect the VEGF and PLGF serum levels.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? PLGF cut-off point derived from the maternal serum level could predict PAS validly and, if used as a screening test in an earlier pregnancy, the maternal-foetal morbidity and mortality would decrease.

Can the Cell-free DNA Test Predict Placenta Accreta Spectrum or Placenta Previa Totalis?

BACKGROUND: Following the discovery that fetal DNA originates from the trophoblastic cells of the placenta, the contribution of the cell-free DNA test in placenta-related obstetric complications has begun to be investigated. Compared to uncomplicated pregnancies, higher fetal fractions were detected in placenta accreta spectrum and placenta previa, which are among placenta-related obstetric complications. However, this data applies only to advanced gestational weeks. AIM: To investigate the possible predictive value of fetal fraction in cell-free DNA tests in pregnancies with placenta previa and placenta accreta spectrum in early gestational ages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in women who were screened via cell-free DNA tests for common aneuploidies in the first and second trimester and subsequently diagnosed with placenta previa or placenta accreta spectrum. After the diagnosis was confirmed with a C-section, fetal fractions were retrospectively compared to a control group with a history of an uncomplicated C-section who were also previously screened by cell-free DNA test. RESULTS: The median and interquartile range (IQR) of fetal fractions for placenta previa (n=19), placenta accreta spectrum (n=7), and control groups (n=85) were 8.1 (6-10), 6.8 (6.7-10.7), and 7.1 (4.7-9.65), respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed among the three groups in terms of fetal fractions (p=0.587). CONCLUSIONS: According to our data, we did not observe any relationship between placental invasion abnormalities vs. control group or placenta previa vs. control group using the fetal fractions of the cell-free DNA test. Furthermore, we could not confirm a predictive role and/or any additional clinical contribution. We believe that future studies focusing on placental mRNA might be more helpful than cell-free fetal DNA testing.

Clinical value of serum VEGF and sFlt-1 in pernicious placenta previa.

This study was designed to explore the expression and the diagnostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) in pernicious placenta previa (PPP) combined placental accreta/increta. A total of 140 PPP patients were enrolled and divided into two groups: 56 patients with placenta accreta/increta (PA group), and 84 patients without placenta accreta/increta (non-PA group). In the same period, 46 pregnant women without PPP who had undergone caesarean section were selected as controls. The levels of VEGF and sFlt-1 in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Diagnostic efficiency of VEGF and sFlt-1 in serum were evaluated by receiver operating characteristics curve. It was found that both VEGF and sFlt-1 had diagnostic value for PPP and placenta accreta/increta combined PPP. In addition, the levels of VEGF and sFlt-1 could be used to distinguish placenta accreta from placenta increta. VEGF was negatively correlated with sFlt-1 in PPP patients. In summary, the levels of VEGF and sFlt-1 could be used as auxiliary indicators to diagnose PPP and distinguish between placenta accreta and increta.KEY POINTSThe levels of VEGF and sFlt-1 could be used to distinguish placenta accreta from placenta increta.VEGF is negatively correlated with sFlt-1 in PPP patients.The levels of VEGF and sFlt-1 could be used as auxiliary indicators to diagnose PPP and distinguish between placenta accreta and increta.

Analysis of clinical features of 231 cases with pernicious placenta previa: A retrospective cohort study.

ABSTRACT: Pernicious placenta previa (PEPP) is a severe complication of late pregnancy, which might result in adverse maternal-fetal outcome. To explore the application value of placenta accreta score (PAS) for PEPP and its association with maternal-fetal outcome.In this retrospective cohort study, the clinical data of PEPP patients were analyzed. According to the ultrasonic PAS, patients were grouped into 3 groups: scores ≤5, a scores between 6 and 9, and scores ≥10. The clinical data, intraoperative and postoperative outcomes were collected. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the performance of PAS in disease severity evaluation. Multivariate logistic and linear regression analysis were performed to assess associations of PAS with intraoperative and postoperative outcomes.A total of 231 patients were enrolled. There were significant differences in intraoperative, postoperative and neonatal outcomes, such as operation time, bladder repair, ICU admission, postoperative hospitalization days, operation complications, Apgar score of newborns in 1 minute and premature delivery among the 3 groups (all P < .05), while the worst outcomes were found in those with a score ≥ 10 (all P < .05). According to ROC curves, scores <5.5, between 5.5 and 7.5, and >7.5 indicated placenta accreta, placenta increta and placenta percreta, respectively. PAS was independently associated with longer time of operation, surgical complications, intraoperative bleeding volume, and postoperative hospitalization days (all P < .05).Placenta accreta score might help with PEPP subtype diagnosis and predict the maternal-fetal outcome of PEPP patients.

[IPartial molar pregnancy with liveborn diploid fetus: case study and literature review]. / Grossesse molaire partielle avec fœtus diploïde vivant: à propos d'un cas et revue de la littérature.

Partial hydatiform mole (MHP) represents a spectrum of trophoblastic-related disorders occurring during pregnancy. Also known as embryonal mole, it is characterized by a recognizable ovum abnormality with vesicular transformation of villi but with recognizable placental appearance and amniotic cavity containing the fetus. First-trimester spontaneous abortion most commonly suggests the diagnosis. Partial moles rarely persist beyond the first trimester and are then a cause of maternal and fetal complications and diagnostic confusion. MHP of genetic origin is triploid with extra chromosome of paternal origin. The coexistence of normal fetal karyotype and MHP is exceptional. We report a rare case of partial molar pregnancy with liveborn diploid fetus in a 36-year-old woman diagnosed with threat of premature labour associated with placenta previa at 27 weeks of amenorrhea (WA).

Safety and Efficacy of Aortic Vs Internal Iliac Balloon Occlusion for Cesarean Delivery in Coexisting Placenta Accreta and Placenta Previa.

PURPOSE: To investigate safety and efficacy of intra-aortic balloon occlusion (IABO) versus internal iliac artery balloon occlusion (IIABO) for cesarean delivery in coexisting placenta accreta and placenta previa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2006 to 2019, 60 pregnant women who had undergone preoperative IABO (n = 28) and IIABO (n = 32) for cesarean delivery in coexisting placenta accreta and placenta previa were retrospectively identified, and their medical records and relevant imaging were reviewed. RESULTS: Maternal characteristics (age, gravidity, previous cesarean delivery, gestational age, and neonatal weight) were similar in both groups. Estimated blood loss, volume of blood transfusion, length of hospitalization, and rate of hysterectomy were not significantly different between the groups. Operation time (the duration of cesarean delivery and hysterectomy, p < 0.05), total time of balloon occlusion (p < 0.01), and fetal radiation dose (p < 0.001) in the IABO group were less than in the IIABO group. No severe complications related to the balloon occlusion procedure were noted in either group. CONCLUSION: IABO and IIABO are safe and effective options for cesarean delivery in patients with combined placenta accreta and placenta previa. The average operation time, balloon occlusion time, and fetal radiation dose in patients with IABO are less than in patients with IIABO. There were no complications related to balloon occlusion of the aorta or internal iliac artery.

Perinatal and maternal outcome after vitrification of blastocysts: a Nordic study in singletons from the CoNARTaS group.

STUDY QUESTION: Is transfer of vitrified blastocysts associated with higher perinatal and maternal risks compared with slow-frozen cleavage stage embryos and fresh blastocysts? SUMMARY ANSWER: Transfer of vitrified blastocysts is associated with a higher risk of preterm birth (PTB) when compared with slow-frozen cleavage stage embryos and with a higher risk of a large baby, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDPs) and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) but a lower risk of placenta previa when compared with fresh blastocysts. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Transfer of frozen-thawed embryos (FETs) plays a central role in modern fertility treatment, limiting the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and multiple pregnancies. Following FET, several studies report a lower risk of PTB, low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) yet a higher risk of fetal macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA) compared with fresh embryos. In recent years, the introduction of new freezing techniques has increased treatment success. The slow-freeze technique combined with cleavage stage transfer has been replaced by vitrification and blastocyst transfer. Only few studies have compared perinatal and maternal outcomes after vitrification and slow-freeze and mainly in cleavage stage embryos, with most studies indicating similar outcomes in the two groups. Studies on perinatal and maternal outcomes following vitrified blastocysts are limited. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This registry-based cohort study includes singletons born after frozen-thawed and fresh transfers following the introduction of vitrification in Sweden and Denmark, in 2002 and 2009, respectively. The study includes 3650 children born after transfer of vitrified blastocysts, 8123 children born after transfer of slow-frozen cleavage stage embryos and 4469 children born after transfer of fresh blastocysts during 2002-2015. Perinatal and maternal outcomes in singletons born after vitrified blastocyst transfer were compared with singletons born after slow-frozen cleavage stage transfer and singletons born after fresh blastocyst transfer. Main outcomes included PTB, LBW, macrosomia, HDP and placenta previa. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Data were obtained from the CoNARTaS (Committee of Nordic ART and Safety) group. Based on national registries in Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway, the CoNARTaS cohort includes all children born after ART treatment in public and private clinics 1984-2015. Outcomes were assessed with logistic multivariable regression analysis, adjusting for the country and year of birth, maternal age, body mass index, parity, smoking, parental educational level, fertilisation method (IVF/ICSI), single embryo transfer, number of gestational sacs and the child's sex. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: A higher risk of PTB (<37 weeks) was noted in the vitrified blastocyst group compared with the slow-frozen cleavage stage group (adjusted odds ratio, aOR [95% CI], 1.33 [1.09-1.62]). No significant differences were observed for LBW (<2500 g), SGA, macrosomia (≥4500 g) and LGA when comparing the vitrified blastocyst with the slow-frozen cleavage stage group. For maternal outcomes, no significant difference was seen in the risk of HDP, placenta previa, placental abruption and PPH in the vitrified blastocyst versus the slow frozen cleavage stage group, although the precision was limited.When comparing vitrified and fresh blastocysts, we found higher risks of macrosomia (≥4500 g) aOR 1.77 [1.35-2.31] and LGA aOR 1.48 [1.18-1.84]. Further, the risks of HDP aOR 1.47 [1.19-1.81] and PPH aOR 1.68 [1.39-2.03] were higher in singletons born after vitrified compared with fresh blastocyst transfer while the risks of SGA aOR 0.58 [0.44-0.78] and placenta previa aOR 0.35 [0.25-0.48] were lower. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Since vitrification was introduced simultaneously with blastocyst transfer in Sweden and Denmark, it was not possible to explore the effect of vitrification per se in this study. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The results from the change of strategy to vitrification of blastocysts are reassuring, indicating that the freezing technique per se has no major influence on the perinatal and maternal outcomes. The higher risk of PTB may be related to the extended embryo culture rather than vitrification. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): The study is part of the ReproUnion Collaborative study, co-financed by the European Union, Interreg V ÖKS. The study was also financed by grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils, the ALF agreement (LUA/ALF 70940), Hjalmar Svensson Research Foundation and NordForsk (project 71 450). There are no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN11780826.

Second Trimester Biochemical Markers as Possible Predictors of Pathological Placentation: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the association between second trimester biochemical markers and pathological placentation. METHODS: This was a retrospective case-control study (2007-2014) of singleton gestations at a university-affiliated tertiary center. Women with pathologic placentation were subdivided into three groups: placenta accreta (group A), placenta previa (group B), or both (group C). We compared second trimester biochemical screening markers taken between 16 + 0 and 19 + 6 weeks of gestation between groups A, B, and C, and women with normal placentation (group D). Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes, risk factors for pathologic placentation, and second trimester biochemical marker values were compared between groups. RESULTS: Overall, 301 deliveries were evaluated: 64 (21%) in group A, 66 (22%) in group B, 17 (6%) in group C, and 153 (51%) in group D. Each of the pathological placentation groups individually had a higher median alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) multiples of median (MoM) than the controls, with the highest values of AFP and hCG observed among women with placenta accreta and the lowest values among the controls. When a multivariant analysis was applied, the hCG levels remained significantly correlated with pathological placentation. Receiver operation characteristic curves for AFP, hCG, or both were computed. For AFP the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.573 (95% CI 0.515-0.630, p < 0.0274) and a cut-off value above 0.99 MoM demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 71 and 46%, respectively, for the prediction of pathological placentation. For hCG, the AUC was 0.662 (95% CI 0.605-0.715, p < 0.0001) and a cut-off value of 1.25 MoM demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 53 and 68%. When both markers were plotted, the AUC was 0.668 (95% CI 0.611-0.721, p < 0.0001) and sensitivity and specificity were 63 and 64%, respectively. A percentile MoM cut-off approach distinguished between two groups: a high-risk group (patients with AFP or hCG or both above the 75th percentile, odds ratio (OR) for pathological placentation 2.27, 95% CI 1.42-3.63), and a low-risk group (patients with AFP or hCG or both below the 25th percentile, OR for pathological placentation 0.38, 95% CI 0.24-0.60). CONCLUSION: Second trimester biomarkers such as hCG and AFP can be used to raise a suspicion towards characterizing women into high-risk and low-risk groups for pathological placentation.

Bleeding control using intrauterine continuous running suture during cesarean section in pregnant women with placenta previa.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intrauterine continuous running suture during cesarean section in pregnant women with placenta previa. METHODS: We enrolled 277 women and medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Pregnant women were grouped according to uterine bleeding control methods as follows: Group A, using intrauterine continuous running suture and Group B (control group) using figure-of-eight suture. RESULTS: Intrauterine continuous running sutures were used in 104 pregnant women. Mean total blood loss in Group A was significantly less than that in Group B (1332.70 ± 152.92 mL vs 1861.56 ± 157.74 mL, P = 0.029). Mean total transfusion unit of Group A was significantly less than that in Group B (1.74 ± 0.41 vs 3.52 ± 0.75, P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Intrauterine continuous running sutures can significantly reduce postpartum blood loss and transfusion units during cesarean section in pregnant women with placenta previa.

[Application of cervical lifting suture in hemostasis of placenta previa with increta and percreta].

Objective: To evaluate the effect of cervical lifting suture in treatment of placenta previa with increta and percreta. Methods: From January 2016 to June 2017, 65 cases (0.78%, 65/8 322) were diagnosed placenta previa with increta and percreta by prenatal ultrasonic score system and confirmed by intraoperative findings in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of Peking University Third Hospital. Totally 62 cases (0.75%, 62/8 322) were included, because 3 cases underwent hysterectomy with placenta in situ. According to ultrasonic score system, 62 cases were divided into two groups, score 5-9 group (n=42, 67.7%) and score≥10 group (n=20, 32.3%) , cervical lifting suture techniques were all performed in cesarean sections. Demographic and clinical data were collected and compared. Results: (1) There were no significant differences between two groups in age, gravidity, parity, cesarean section history ratio and gestational week of termination (all P>0.05) . (2) In score≥10 group, the median intraoperative bleeding volume was 4 000 ml (1 200-13 000 ml) , while in score 5-9 group, it was 1 600 ml (700-10 000 ml) , intraoperative blood transfusion volume was 2 000 ml (800-8 800 ml) in score≥10 group, while 1 200 ml (0-8 000 ml) in score 5-9 group. The median operation time was 240 minutes (108-1 200 minutes) in score≥10 group, significantly higher than that in score 5-9 group, which was 135 minutes (69-335 minutes; all P< 0.05). In 8 cases for hysterectomy (12.9%,8/62) , 3 cases in score 5-9 group, 5 cases in score≥10 group. (3) In score≥10 group, the rate of postoperative ICU registration was 80% and mean hospitalization time was (6.3±1.7) days, were significantly different, compared with those in score 5-9 group, which were 26%, (4.9±1.9) days. No serious postpartum complications were found in both groups, and there were no significant differences in Apgar score and weight of newborns (all P>0.05) . Conclusion: Cervical lifting suture in placenta previa with increta and percreta could significantly reduce postpartum hemorrhage and retain uterine.

Management strategies for patients with placenta accreta spectrum disorders who underwent pregnancy termination in the second trimester: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The unique clinical features of pregnancy termination in the second trimester with concurrent placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders place obstetricians in a complex and delicate situation. However, there are limited data on this rare and dangerous condition. The objective of this research was to investigate and evaluate the clinical management strategies of this patient group. METHODS: The medical records of patients who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital from December 2005 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 29 patients were included in this analysis. A prenatal diagnosis was suspected in 8 (27.6%) patients, and the remaining 21 (72.4%) patients were diagnosed after pregnancy termination in the second trimester. In the subgroup with a prenatal diagnosis, a planned hysterotomy was performed in 7 patients who had total placenta previa and previous cesarean delivery. The remaining patient received medical termination. A subtotal hysterectomy was performed in 3 (10.3%) patients for life-threatening bleeding during hysterotomy, and the uterus was preserved with an in situ placenta in the remaining 5 patients. In the subgroup with a postnatal diagnosis, the implanted placenta remained partly or completely in situ in all 21 patients under informed consent. Ultimately, the implanted placenta remained partly or completely in situ in 26 (89.7%) patients in the two subgroups. With the application of adjuvant treatments, including uterine artery embolization and medication followed by curettage under ultrasound guidance, the implanted placenta was passed 76.6 (range: 19 to 192) days after termination. Uterus preservation was achieved in all 26 patients. The complications associated with conservative management included delayed postnatal hemorrhaging (2 cases, 7.7%), fever (6 cases, 23.1%), G1 transaminase disorder (4 cases, 15.4%), and myelosuppression (1 case, 3.8%). Seven women (26.9%) had a spontaneous pregnancy after conservative management, and no patient experienced recurrent PAS disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Leaving the implanted placenta in situ is the preferred choice for patients with PAS disorders who underwent pregnancy termination in the second trimester and desired fertility preservation. Multiple adjuvant treatment modalities, either alone or in combination, may help to promote the passing or absorption of the implanted placenta under close monitoring.

Placental implantation abnormalities: a modern approach.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Placental implantation abnormalities (PIAs) comprise a large group of disorders associated with significant maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity. RECENT FINDINGS: Risk factors include prior uterine surgery/myometrial scarring and the presence of placenta previa with or without prior cesarean delivery. Newly identified risk factors include previous prelabor cesarean delivery and previous postpartum hemorrhage. PIAs contribute substantially to preterm birth with prematurity rates ranging from 38 to 82%. Diagnosis is typically made by ultrasound in the second or third trimester; transvaginal ultrasound and color Doppler are useful in evaluating for placental invasion, placental edge thickness, presence of fetal vessels, and cervical length. Suggestive MRI features include increased vascularity, dark T2 bands, uterine bulging, thin or indistinct myometrium, and loss of dark T2 interface. An important first-trimester finding is the implantation of the gestational sac into prior hysterotomy scar (cesarean scar pregnancy). Recommendations for delivery are universally preterm and based on expert opinion. Proposed management strategies are outlined depending on cervical length, distance between internal cervical os and placenta, and placental edge thickness. SUMMARY: There has been a recent shift in focus to individualizing management in order to improve delivery timing and in some cases even decrease risks associated with prematurity. There is a need for larger prospective studies or randomized trials to show that individualizing care can improve outcomes.