Vivências de trabalho precoce de adolescentes em medida socioeducativa / Experience of child labor of adolescents complying with a social-educational measure / Vivencias de trabajo infantil de adolescentes en medidas socioeducativas

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a vivência de trabalho precoce de adolescentes e jovens em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa, no estado da Paraíba. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um Questionário Mosquito Diagnóstico e uma Entrevista Semiestruturada. A análise foi realizada com o software Iramuteq, (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires), através da Análise Hierárquica Descendente, que gerou seis classes: significado do trabalho; infância e escola; condições objetivas de vida; trabalho, drogas e ato infracional; consequências do trabalho infantil; e trabalho infantojuvenil. A perspectiva teórica utilizada foi a psicologia histórico-cultural e os dados discutidos a partir do conceito de vivência. Conclui-se que as vivências e situações sociais de desenvolvimento foram caracterizadas pelo trabalho precoce que oportunizou o envolvimento com atos infracionais e as instituições responsáveis pela garantia de direitos em vez de garantir a proteção social, criminalizaram por meio de medidas socioeducativas.(AU)

This article aims to analyze the experience of child labor of adolescents and youngsters that are complying a social-educational measure, in the State of Paraíba. The instruments utilized were a Questionnaire Mosquito Diagnóstico and a Semi-Structured Interview. The analysis was performed by using the Iramuteq software (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires), by using Descending Hierarchical Analysis, which generated six classes: meaning of labor; childhood and school; objective conditions of life; labor, drugs, and act of infraction; consequences of child labor; and child labor. The theoretical perspective used was historical-cultural psychology and the data were discussed from the concept of experience. It was concluded that the experiences and social situations of development were characterized by child labor, which enabled the involvement with acts of infraction; and the institutions responsible for guaranteeing rights, instead of guaranteeing social protection, criminalized by using social-educational measures.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la vivencia precoz de adolescentes y jóvenes que cumplen medidas socioeducativas en el estado de Paraíba (Brasil). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un Cuestionario Mosquito Diagnóstico y una entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis se realizó con el software Iramuteq (Interface de R pour les Multidimensionnelles Analyzes de Textes et de Questionnaires), mediante análisis jerárquico descendente, que generó seis clases: Significado del trabajo; Infancia y escuela; Condiciones objetivas de vida; Trabajo, drogas y acto de infracción; Consecuencias del trabajo infantil; y Trabajo infantojuvenil. La perspectiva teórica que se utilizó fue la psicología histórico-cultural, y los datos se discutieron desde el concepto de vivencia. Se concluye que las vivencias y situaciones sociales de desarrollo se caracterizaron por trabajo infantil que permitió la participación en infracciones y que las instituciones responsables de garantizar los derechos en lugar de la protección social los criminalizaron mediante medidas socioeducativas.(AU)

Encarceramento feminino: um debate entre criminologia e perspectivas feministas / Female incarceration: a debate between criminology and feminist perspectives / Encarcelamiento femenino: un debate entre la criminología y las perspectivas feministas

Este ensaio teórico-reflexivo tem como objetivo discutir sobre as contribuições dos estudos da criminologia e sua crítica para as diversas formas de aprisionamento feminino, e mais atualmente para o encarceramento em massa no sistema prisional, além de abrir espaço para o debate sobre as diferentes perspectivas feministas e as relações com os estudos criminológicos, sobretudo com os posicionamentos da chamada criminologia crítica. Reconhecem-se importantes avanços e conquistas feministas no debate sobre a estruturação masculinizada do direito penal e do seu fazer jurídico, mas também a manutenção de diversas formas de violência de gênero que configuram um sistema penal antropocêntrico, seletivo, racista e discriminatório. Indica-se a urgência de estudos interseccionais que considerem as particularidades e reinvindicações das mulheres no cárcere e suas formas de militância, sobretudo diante de população carcerária feminina composta majoritariamente por mulheres negras, pobres e periféricas. Faz-se visível a necessidade de uma análise dos fatores que atravessam o encarceramento feminino por uma ótica feminista plural, adequada às realidades que se estudam e atenta às múltiplas perspectivas que podem existir dentro do feminismo.(AU)

This theoretical-reflexive essay aims to discuss the contributions of criminological studies and their critique of the various forms of imprisonment of women, and more recently of mass incarceration in the prison system, in addition to opening space for the debate on the different feminist perspectives and their relations with criminological studies, especially with the positions of the so-called critical criminology. Important feminist advances and conquests are recognized in the debate about the masculinized structure of penal law and its legal practice, but also the maintenance of diverse forms of gender violence that configure an anthropocentric, selective, racist, and discriminatory penal system. It indicates the urgency of intersectional studies that consider the particularities and claims of women in prison and their forms of militancy, especially in the face of the female prison population composed mostly of black, poor, and peripheral women. The need for an analysis of the factors that cross women's imprisonment from a plural feminist perspective, adequate to the realities under study and attentive to the multiple perspectives that may exist within feminism, becomes visible.(AU)

Este ensayo teórico-reflexivo pretende discutir las aportaciones de los estudios criminológicos y su crítica a las distintas formas de encarcelamiento femenino, y más recientemente de encarcelamiento masivo en el sistema penitenciario, además de generar debate sobre las distintas perspectivas feministas y sus relaciones con los estudios criminológicos, especialmente con las posiciones de la Criminología Crítica. Se reconocen importantes avances y logros feministas en el debate sobre la estructuración masculinizada del derecho penal y su práctica jurídica, además del mantenimiento de diversas formas de violencia de género que configuran un sistema penal antropocéntrico, selectivo, racista y discriminatorio. Se necesitan estudios interseccionales que consideren las particularidades y reivindicaciones de las mujeres en prisión y sus formas de militancia, principalmente ante la población penitenciaria femenina compuesta mayoritariamente por mujeres negras, pobres y periféricas. Se hace evidente la necesidad de analizar los factores que inciden en el encarcelamiento femenino desde una perspectiva feminista plural, adecuada a las realidades que se estudian y atenta a las múltiples perspectivas que pueden existir dentro del feminismo.(AU)

O inventário de envolvimento paterno revisado: inclusão de pais com filhos pré-escolares / The inventory of father involvement revised: inclusion of fathers with preschool children / El inventario de envolvimiento paterno revisado: inclusión de padres de preescolares

Apesar da importância do envolvimento paterno, sua avaliação persiste desafiadora. No Brasil, o Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno (IFI-BR) vem se mostrando adequado para uso com pais de crianças de 5 a 10 anos. Entretanto, do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento infantil e de intervenções preventivas, seria importante avaliar o envolvimento paterno quando as crianças são mais novas. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivos: identificar limitações do IFI-BR, quando usado com pais de crianças entre 2 e 10 anos, e avaliar itens para o IFI-BR-revisado. No Estudo 1, 434 pais com filhos no Ensino Infantil ou Fundamental 1 responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico e ao IFI-BR. Com base em análises de dados omissos, estrutura interna e precisão, modificações foram sugeridas, visando à manutenção da estrutura interna original do instrumento. No Estudo 2, 572 pais com filhos na mesma faixa etária responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico e à versão modificada do IFI-BR. Foram comparadas as frequências de dados omissos e estimativas de precisão para os itens originais e modificados, selecionando aqueles que melhor representavam essa amostra de pais para compor a versão revisada do IFI-BR. Esses resultados indicaram evidências adequadas de validade, com base no conteúdo da versão revisada do IFI-BR, quando utilizada para avaliar a qualidade do envolvimento paterno de pais brasileiros com filhos do Ensino Infantil ao Fundamental 1. Após verificadas evidências de validade adicionais, essa versão revisada do IFI-BR poderá ser utilizada, por exemplo, em estudos longitudinais e na avaliação de intervenções precoces com pais.(AU)

Despite the importance assigned to father involvement, evaluating this construct remains a challenge. In Brazil, the Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno (IFI-BR) has showed satisfactory evidence of validity for fathers of children between 5 and 10 years old. From the perspective of child development and preventive interventions, however, evaluating father involvement with younger children is essential. Hence, this study sought to: identify limitations of the IFI-BR for fathers of children between 2 and 10 years old, and evaluate items for a revised IFI-BR. In Study 1, 434 fathers of children in early childhood and primary school settings answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the IFI-BR. Based on analyses of missing data, internal structure, and reliability, modifications were suggested to maintain the original internal structure. In Study 2, 572 fathers of children in the same age range answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the modified IFI-BR. After comparison between values for missing data and reliability of the original and modified items, the items that best represented the broader sample of fathers were selected to compose the revised IFI-BR. Results indicated adequate evidence of content validity for the revised IFI-BR when used to assess the involvement of Brazilian fathers with children in early childhood education and primary school settings. After additional evidence has been verified, this revised IFI-BR can be used, for example, in longitudinal studies and to evaluate early interventions with fathers.(AU)

La participación paterna es importante, pero su evaluación sigue siendo desafiadora. En Brasil, el Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno (IFI-BR) demuestra ser adecuado para aplicar a padres de niños de 5 a 10 años de edad. No obstante, desde la perspectiva del desarrollo infantil y de las intervenciones preventivas, sería importante evaluar la participación de los padres de niños más jóvenes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivos: identificar limitaciones del IFI-BR cuando se aplica a padres de niños entre los 2 y 10 años y evaluar ítems para el IFI-BR-revisado. En Estudio 1, 434 padres con hijos en el jardín de infantes o escuela primaria respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el IFI-BR. Con base en el análisis de datos faltantes, estructura interna y exactitud, se sugirieron modificaciones para mantener la estructura interna original del instrumento. En Estudio 2, 572 padres respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y la versión modificada del IFI-BR. Se compararon las frecuencias de datos faltantes y estimaciones de exactitud para los ítems originales y modificados, seleccionando aquellos que representaban mejor a esta muestra de padres para la versión revisada del IFI-BR. Estos resultados indicaron evidencia adecuada de validez, basada en el contenido de la versión revisada del IFI-BR, cuando se utilizó para evaluar la calidad de la participación de padres brasileños con niños en el jardín de infantes y en la escuela primaria. Después de verificada la evidencia adicional de validez, la versión revisada del IFI-BR se puede utilizar, por ejemplo, en estudios longitudinales y en la evaluación de intervenciones precoz con los padres.(AU)

Engajamento com o trabalho e exaustão emocional de profissionais da socioeducação / Engagement with work and emotional exhaustion of socio-education professionals / Comprometimiento con el trabajo y agotamiento emocional de profesionales de la socioeducación

Buscou-se compreender a percepção dos profissionais das medidas socioeducativas acerca do seu engajamento e exaustão com o trabalho. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada a três integrantes da equipe técnica e dois coordenadores de segurança (idades entre 28 e 57 anos). A análise dos dados foi conduzida com o auxílio do software Iramuteq, que gerou cinco classes temáticas: a) rotina das unidades socioeducativas e as demandas do trabalho dos profissionais; b) gestão de conflitos nas unidades, da mediação à polícia; c) recursos pessoais e institucionais relacionados ao exercício da profissão; d) aspectos relacionados ao contexto de trabalho; e, por último, e) indicadores de esgotamento laboral, adversidades e adoecimento profissional. Os participantes descreveram diversas demandas relacionadas à exaustão física e psicológica (e.g. equipe reduzida, insalubridade, baixo salário e fragilidade do vínculo empregatício), mas também ressaltaram a relevância social de sua prática profissional junto aos adolescentes e o relacionamento positivo entre os profissionais como fatores que justificam o seu engajamento e permanência nas instituições socioeducativas. Conclui-se evidenciando que os contextos têm influência direta na saúde desses profissionais, o que sublinha a importância de se olhar para suas condições de trabalho e para aspectos ligados à saúde mental, promovendo, desse modo, avanços na realidade socioeducativa.(AU)

The aim was to understand the perception of professionals of socio-educational measures about their engagement and exhaustion with work. To that end, a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory study was carried out by means of a semi-structured interview with three members of the technical team and two safety coordinators (ages between 28 and 57 years). Data analysis was conducted with the help of the IRAMUTEQ software, which generated five thematic classes: a) routine of socio-educational units and work demands of professionals; b) conflict management in the units, from mediation to the police; c) personal and institutional resources related to the exercise of the profession; d) aspects related to the work context; and, lastly, e) indicators of labor exhaustion, adversity, and occupational illness. Participants described several demands related to physical and psychological exhaustion (e.g. reduced team, insalubrity, low salary, and fragility of the employment relationship), but also emphasized the social relevance of their professional practice with adolescents and the positive relationship among professionals as factors that justify their engagement and permanence in socio- educational institutions. It is concluded that the contexts have a direct influence on the health of these professionals, which highlights the importance of looking at their working conditions and aspects related to mental health, thus promoting advances in the socio-educational reality.(AU)

Se procuró comprender la percepción de los profesionales que trabajan con medidas socioeducativas sobre su comprometimiento y el agotamiento en el trabajo. Para esto, se realizó un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, por medio de una entrevista semiestructurada a tres integrantes del equipo técnico y dos coordinadores de seguridad (edades entre 28 y 57 años). El análisis de los datos fue conducido en el software IRAMUTEQ, que generó cinco clases temáticas: a) rutina de las unidades socioeducativas: demandas del trabajo de los profesionales; b) manejo de conflictos en las unidades: desde la mediación hasta la policía; c) recursos personales e institucionales relacionados al ejercicio de la profesión; d) aspectos relacionados al contexto del trabajo; e) indicadores de agotamiento laboral, adversidades y enfermedad del profesional. Los participantes describieron diversas demandas relacionadas al agotamiento físico y psicológico (por ej.: equipo reducido, insalubridad, bajos sueldos y fragilidad del vínculo laboral), pero también destacaron la importancia social de su práctica profesional junto a los adolescentes y el vínculo positivo entre los profesionales como factores que justifican su comprometimiento y permanencia en las instituciones socioeducativas. Se concluye que los contextos influyen directamente en la salud de estos profesionales, lo que rescata la importancia de verificar sus condiciones de trabajo y los aspectos relacionados a la salud mental, promoviendo, de este modo, avances en la realidad socioeducativa.(AU)

Políticas desenvolvimentistas e mulheres quebradeiras de coco babaçu: capturas contemporâneas / Developmentalist policies and babassu coconut-breaking women: contemporary catches / Políticas desarrollistas y las mujeres que rompen coco babaçu: capturas contemporáneas

Este estudo propõe analisar as relações e os processos de subjetivação de mulheres quebradeiras de coco babaçu decorrentes das intervenções de políticas desenvolvimentistas em seus territórios de vida e reverberações no Movimento Interestadual de Quebradeiras de Coco Babaçu (MIQCB). Sob a perspectiva ético-estético-política da Cartografia, acompanhamos as narrativas das histórias de vida de 24 mulheres, suas atividades cotidianas e eventos do MIQCB, também analisamos os documentos das políticas. Entendemos que, ao passo que tais políticas de desenvolvimento rural contribuem para a melhoria das condições de vida, em termos materiais e simbólicos, elas também produzem ressonâncias relacionadas ao modo de subjetivação do tipo "empresário de si", que agenciam seus modos de viver, de produzir e de se relacionar consigo e com os outros na lógica capitalista neoliberal. A resistência às capturas neoliberais também estão presentes ao ampliarem as mobilizações coletivas do próprio movimento, articulando com outros na produção de um "comum".(AU)

This study proposes to analyze the relations and the processes of subjectivation of babassu coconut-breaker women arising from developmental policy interventions in their territories of life and reverberations in the Babassu Coconut-breaker Interstate Movement (MIQCB). From the ethical-aesthetic-political perspective of Cartography, we followed the narratives of the life stories of 24 women, their daily activities and promoted events by MIQCB, we also analyzed the policy documents. We understand that while these policies of rural development contribute to improve the living conditions, in material and symbolic terms, they also produce resonances related to the "self-entrepreneur" mode of subjectivation, which has been handling their ways of living, producing, and relating to themselves and others in the neoliberal capitalist logic. Resistance to neoliberal captures is also present as they expand the collective mobilizations of the movement itself, articulating with others, in the production of a "common."(AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los procesos de subjetivación de las mujeres que rompen coco babaçu que surgen de las intervenciones de las políticas de desarrollo en sus territorios de vida y las reverberaciones en el Movimiento Interestadual de las Mujeres que Rompen Coco Babaçu (MIQCB). Desde la perspectiva ético-estético-política de la Cartografía, seguimos las narraciones de las historias de vida de 24 mujeres, sus actividades diarias y eventos del MIQCB, y también analizamos los documentos de las políticas. Si bien estas políticas han contribuido a mejorar las condiciones de vida de las mujeres, en términos materiales y simbólicos, también han producido resonancias del modo de subjetivación "autoempresarial", que ha agenciado sus formas de vivir, producir y relacionarse consigo mismas y con los demás en la lógica capitalista neoliberal. La resistencia a las capturas neoliberales también está presente cuando amplían las movilizaciones colectivas del propio movimiento, articulándose con otros en la producción de un "común".(AU)

A survey of influencing factors of missed abortion during the two-child peak period.

This study aimed to investigate the influencing factors of missed abortion during the two-child peak period in China. 220 pregnant women were divided into observation (presence of missed abortion, 100 cases) and control group (no presence of missed abortion, 120 cases). The single factor analysis of clinical data showed that, advanced age, premarital examination, genitalia abnormality, luteal insufficiency, spouse semen abnormality, mycoplasma infection, chlamydia infection, sexually transmitted diseases, perm or dyeing hair in pregnancy, radiation overload, primipara, spontaneous abortion history, smoking, drinking and overly intimate with pets had significant difference between observation and control group (p < .05). The logistic regression analysis results showed that, the advanced age, genital abnormality, luteal insufficiency, spouse sperm abnormality, pregnancy infection, primipara, spontaneous abortion history and bad life habits were the main risk factors of missed abortion. In the intervention for prevention of missed abortion, these factors should be paid more attention.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? There are many complex factors affecting the embryonic development and causing the missed abortion.What do the results of this study add? The advanced age, genital abnormality, luteal insufficiency, spouse sperm abnormality, pregnancy infection, primipara, spontaneous abortion history and bad life habits are the main risk factors of missed abortion.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? These findings can provide a theoretical basis for the further prevention of missed abortion.

Políticas sociais direcionadas às famílias com chefia feminina: um estudo da literatura no Brasil e em Portugal / Social policies aimed at families with female heads: a study of literature in Brazil and Portugal

O artigo apresenta parte dos resultados de uma investigação relativa ao projeto de cooperação internacional, envolvendo Brasil e Portugal, referente às diferenças e similitudes entre as políticas familiares de conciliação entre trabalho profissional e o trabalho familiar direcionadas as famílias com chefia feminina. A partir de levantamento bibliográfico, a revisão sistemática da literatura na área, identificam-se pontos de aproximação e distanciamento entre os autores estudados, como: à discussão da implantação das políticas restritivas de cariz neoliberal e desigualdades entre homens e mulheres; o debate sobre centralidade da família nas políticas sociais nos dois países em análise; as diferentes concepções de famílias e os novos arranjos familiares que se mesclam com o antigo padrão de família patriarcal e, finalmente, aborda as dificuldades da mulher chefe de família em conciliar formação, trabalho profissional e trabalho familiar no atual contexto econômico

The article presents part of the results of an investigation related to the international cooperation project, involving Brazil and Portugal, referring to the differences and similarities between family policies to reconcile professional work and family work directed at families with female heads. From a bibliographic survey, a systematic review of the literature in the area, points of approximation and distance between the authors studied are identified, such as: the discussion of the implementation of neoliberal restrictive policies and inequalities between men and women; the debate on the centrality of the family in social policies in the two countries under analysis; the different conceptions of families and the new family arrangements that blend with the old patriarchal family pattern and, finally, it addresses the difficulties of the female head of household in reconciling training, professional work and family work in the current economic context

[Social services in the social security system of family support]. / Szociális ellátások a társadalombiztosítási családtámogatás rendszerében.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: In my study, analysing the data available from the change of the regime to the present day, from among the social services, I examine the changes of the financial support relating to children and its parts which are currently financed from the budget of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary, with special emphasis on the Child Care Benefit and the Child Care Allowance and their modifications. DATA AND METHODS: Within the framework of our research, we analyze - through data from the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary, the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Hungarian State Treasury as well as on the basis of literature review - the social financial support and its changes, within the family policy system. RESULTS: Hungarian family policy is still driven by the attitude of staying at home for three years with the child. The long period spent at home with the children fundamentally affects the adjustment of mothers to the labour market which has a direct effect on the economic productivity. Even though according to the current regulations, mothers are allowed to work full-time besides receiving child care allowance after their child fills 6 months, part-time employment and telework is still in its infancy compared to the Western-European countries. Based on our research, high percentage of families go for the child care benefit directly after the birth of the child thus not participating in the labour market processes. Besides if they do participate, the percentage of employment on minimal wage is still very high which means that in 2016-2017 36% of families with two breadwinners and two children were forced to survive on subsistence income. CONCLUSION: In the examined period, we found that social and family policy changes unfortunately were not able to react sufficiently to the demographic challenges despite Hungary spending significantly more on family policy than other European and OECD countries. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(Suppl 1): 43-48.

Guía Nacional de Anticoncepción para Adolescentes / National Guide to Contraception for Adolescents

Abordada desde la perspectiva del MSPAS que es consciente de que el embarazo en adolescentes afecta su salud, desarrollo y proyecto de vida, y que ha contribuido al logro de avances importantes, para garantizar los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de los adolescentes que son atendidos en las redes de servicios de salud. Además, el documento refleja los compromisos adquiridos en torno a disminuir: embarazos en adolescentes y muertes maternas, además de la prevención del VIH/Sida, las ITS y la violencia sexual. Esta guía está dirigida al personal de salud de los tres niveles de atención del MSPAS con la finalidad de fortalecer las competencias técnicas y orientarles para que brinden atención de forma integral y con calidad, garantizando la información, orientación, consejería balanceada y provisión de métodos anticonceptivos y porque además el ministerio, aporta atención desde espacios amigables y clínicas integrales hospitalarias para adolescentes, así como la provisión de métodos anticonceptivos (y clínicas de planificación familiar).

One-child policy, weight status, lifestyles and parental concerns in Chinese children: a nationwide cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: China's one-child policy has been in place for 35 years, yet its impact on the differences of weight status including thinness and overweight/obesity, lifestyles, and parental concerns between only children (OC) and non-only children (NOC) were seldom discussed. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 62,444 children aged 6-17 years were recruited in 2013. Thinness and overweight/obesity were calculated from anthropometric measurements. Information on dietary consumption, dietary behaviors, physical activities (PA)-related behaviors, and parental concerns were obtained via questionnaires. RESULTS: Overall, 68.6% of children were OC. The prevalence of thinness and overweight/obesity were 6.98% and 24.86% in OC, in contrast to 6.57% and 19.46% in NOC, respectively. In comparison with NOC, OC had more dietary intakes of vegetables, fruits, meat products, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). OC had better dietary behaviors including more regular breakfast, regular dairy products, less fried food, and less eating-out habits, but worse dietary behaviors including more SSBs and fast food intakes. Parents of OC showed more concerns toward their child's health, but the difference became nonsignificant after adjustment for parental education levels. Similar situations were also found in the differences of PA-related behaviors between OC and their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: More than two-thirds of the children were OC in this study. Notably, OC were more likely to have higher food intakes and behaved worse in certain dietary behaviors, and were at higher risks of overweight and obesity. There were no differences in the prevalence of thinness, PA-related behaviors, and parental concerns between groups.

Plan nacional de prevención de embarazos en adolescentes en Guatemala: PLANEA 2018 - 2022 / Title: National plan for the prevention of teenage pregnancies in Guatemala: PLANEA 2018 - 2022

El presente plan busca definir un modelo de intervención interinstitucional, que toma las recomendaciones internacionales y propone una forma de abordar algunas de ellas con el fin de formular una acción integrada para resolver esta problemática. En él cita que, el embarazo adolescente es resultado de la pobreza, la desigualdad de género, la discriminación, la falta de acceso a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva que incluya la provisión de anticonceptivos, baja escolaridad, dificultades para el acceso a educación integral en sexualidad adecuada a la edad (en la escuela y comunidad), opiniones y valoraciones negativas sobre las niñas, adolescentes y las mujeres. Además señala que, a nivel mundial, el 11% de los nacimientos proceden de madres adolescentes, de los cuales el 95% ocurre en países en desarrollo (OMS, 2012). La región de América Latina tiene la segunda tasa más alta de embarazos en adolescentes del mundo (75.67 por cada 1,000 mujeres entre 15 y 19 años). En Guatemala se ha reportado un registro de embarazo en mujeres menores de 20 años desde el 2009, que correspondía al 18%, y que presentó un incremento en el 2012 al ubicarse en 22%. Estas cifras, que para el 2016 continúan aún en un 18% (INE, 2016b), se sitúan en la media establecida de la región (18%).

Emergência e institucionalização da sexologia em Portugal: processos, atores e especificidades / The emergence and institutionalization of sexology in Portugal: processes, actors, and specificities / Emergencia e institucionalización de la sexología en Portugal: procesos, actores y especificidades

Resumo: Com base na teoria dos campos de Bourdieu, este artigo analisa a emergência e a institucionalização da sexologia enquanto ciência e profissão em Portugal, identificando instituições, atores e práticas profissionais, e discutindo as suas relações e especificidades. Começa por contextualizar o surgimento da sexologia moderna ocidental para uma compreensão do caso português no contexto sexológico internacional. Numa segunda parte, descreve os fatores de natureza social, cultural e institucional que têm impulsionado a profissionalização da sexologia. Na terceira, descreve a emergência da sexologia portuguesa e os seus principais marcos históricos, instituições e atores em jogo. Por fim, discute algumas implicações desse processo para o papel da sexologia como ciência e profissão. Esta pesquisa revela as dinâmicas entre processos nacionais e internacionais no campo, na transição de uma perspectiva holística da sexologia para a hegemonia da medicina sexual, e clarifica os seus mecanismos de legitimação como ciência transdisciplinar da sexualidade, sugerindo perspectivas futuras.

Abstract: Based on Bourdieu's field theory, this article analyzes the emergence and institutionalization of sexology as a science and profession in Portugal, identifying relevant institutions, actors, and professional practices and discussing its relations and specificities. The analysis begins by contextualizing the emergence of modern Western sexology in order to comprehend the Portuguese case in the international sexology context. The second section describes the social, cultural, and institutional factors that have driven the professionalization of sexology. The third section describes the emergence of Portuguese sexology and its principal historical milestones, institutions, and actors. Finally, the article discusses some implications of this process for the role of sexology as a science and profession. The study reveals the dynamics of national and international processes in the field, in the transition from a holistic perspective of sexology to the hegemony of sexual medicine, and sheds light on its mechanisms of legitimation as a transdisciplinary science of sexuality, suggesting future perspectives.

Resumen: En base a la teoría de los campos de Bourdieu, este artículo analiza la emergencia y la institucionalización de la sexología como ciencia y profesión en Portugal, identificando instituciones, actores y prácticas profesionales, y discutiendo sus relaciones y especificidades. Comienza por contextualizar el surgimiento de la sexología moderna occidental para una comprensión del caso portugués en el contexto sexológico internacional. En una segunda parte, se describen los factores de naturaleza social, cultural e institucional que han impulsado la profesionalización de la sexología. En la tercera parte, se describe la emergencia de la sexología portuguesa y sus principales marcos históricos, instituciones, y actores en juego. Finalmente, discute algunas implicaciones de este proceso para el papel de la sexología como ciencia y profesión. Esta investigación revela las dinámicas entre procesos nacionales e internacionales en el campo, en la transición de una perspectiva holística de la sexología para la hegemonía de la medicina sexual, y clarifica sus mecanismos de legitimización como ciencia transdisciplinaria de la sexualidad, sugiriendo perspectivas futuras.

50 años de planificación familiar en Chile, 1965-2015: Experiencias de las primeras generaciones de mujeres urbanas usuarias del programa / 50 años de planificación familiar en Chile, 1965-2015. Experiencias de las primeras generaciones de mujeres urbanas usuarias del programa

ANTECEDENTES: En el año 1965, el Servicio Nacional de Salud chileno comenzó la ejecución directa de acciones sanitarias destinadas a implementar programas de planificación familiar, evento considerado hito fundacional que inició formalmente una política nacional de planificación familiar de carácter público y con respaldo gubernamental. OBJETIVO: Analizar la experiencia de las primeras generaciones de mujeres urbanas usuarias del programa de planificación familiar durante la década de 1960. MÉTODO: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque biográfico, realizado en 64 mujeres adultas mayores urbanas pertenecientes a las primeras generaciones usuarias del programa. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron entrevistas con enfoque biográfico. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron cuatro dimensiones: contexto familiar y social de la sexualidad femenina en infancia y adolescencia; proyecciones frente a la maternidad; experiencia personal de la usuaria en el programa y valoraciones de la usuaria en torno al programa. El programa impulsó el ejercicio del derecho de la mujer de decidir libremente y sin presiones el número de hijos que deseaba procrear. No obstante, por ser un derecho inédito hasta ese momento, su ejercicio fue instalándose progresivamente desde una construcción cultural de maternidad que no poseía dominio sobre sus eventos reproductivos, hacia una nueva construcción cultural que reconocía incipientemente mayores grados de decisión en la propia vida reproductiva. CONCLUSIÓN: Se proponen tres perfiles tipo que ilustran las experiencias de las mujeres usuarias a partir de los componentes condición de fertilidad probada como requisito para el ingreso al programa de planificación familiar, número de hijos totales y espaciamiento entre nacimientos.

BACKGROUND: In 1965, the Chilean National Health Service began the direct implementation of sanitary measures to implement family planning programs; considered foundational milestone event formally launched a national family planning policy of public and government-backed. AIMS: To analyze the experience of the first generation of urban women users of family planning program during the 1960s. METHOD: Qualitative study with biographical approach, conducted in 64 elderly women in urban users belonging to the first generations of the program users. For data collection interviews were used to biographical approach. RESULTS: We identified four dimensions: family and social context of female sexuality in childhood and adolescence; projections toward motherhood; personal experience of the user in the program and ratings of the user around the program. The program promoted the exercise of the right of woman to decide freely and without pressure the number of children they wanted to procreate. However, being an unpublished right so far, the exercise was settled progressively from a cultural construction of motherhood did not have control over their reproductive events, to a new cultural construction incipient recognized higher levels of decision itself reproductive life. CONCLUSION: It propose three kinds profiles that illustrate the experiences of women users from components proven fertility status as a requirement for admission to the program of family planning, total number of children and birth spacing.

Plan nacional para la reducción de la mortalidad materna y neonatal: 2015 ­ 2020 / National plan for the reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality: 2015 - 2020

El plan de reducción de muerte materna 2015-2020 establece acciones estratégicas técnicas/normativas que deben tomarse en cuenta en la prestación de servicios de salud y otros espacios afines, que deben redundar en pro de la salud reproductiva de mujeres y hombres. El plan de reducción de muerte materna 2015-2020 responde a cuatro áreas estratégicas del plan de acción para acelerar la reducción de muerte materna y la morbilidad materna grave 2012-2017 de la OPS/OMS, establece acciones estratégicas técnicas/normativas que deben tomarse en cuenta en la prestación de servicios de salud y otros espacios afines, que deben redundar en pro de la salud reproductiva de mujeres y hombres. El referido documento, orienta acerca de la implementación de acciones de promoción, prevención, atención, recuperación y rehabilitación, en cumplimiento al marco legal político y en respuesta a la sala situacional de salud reproductiva identificada en cada uno de los campos y niveles de intervención, entre los criterios para la implementación de dichas acciones se incluyen: facilitar la accesibilidad cultural, económica y geográfica que permitan superar, pero sobre todo, prevenir, las crisis por complicaciones; promover ambientes favorables y amigables en busca de la atención y resolución del evento obstétrico, en forma que la atención sea adecuada para la mujer y el recién nacido.

Free preconceptual screening examination service in rural areas of Hubei Province, China in 2012.

OBJECTIVE: This work aims to collect and summarize the outcomes on free preconceptual screening examination in rural areas of Hubei Province in 2012. Moreover, this review promotes further understanding of the status of this activity to provide the Family Planning Commission valid scientific data upon which to construct effective policies. METHODS: Couples, who complied with the family planning policy and were the residents in agricultural areas or lived in a local rural area for more than six months, were encouraged to participate in the free preconceptual screening examination service provided by the Hubei Provincial Population and Family Planning Commission. This service included 19 screening tests. All the data, including forms, manuals, and test results, were collected from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012 in rural areas in Hubei Province. RESULTS: A total of 497,860 individuals participated in the free preconceptual screening examination service, with a coverage rate of 97.1%. 4.0% and 4.8% of the participants exhibited with abnormal blood levels of ALT and creatinine, respectively; 0.36% of the participants tested positive for syphilis; 0.44% and 3.6% of the female participants tested positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, respectively; and 0.84% and 1.8% of the female participants tested positive for cytomegalovirus (IgM) and Toxoplasma gondii (IgM), respectively. After risk assessment, 59,935 participants might have high-risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. In 2012, the prevalence of birth defects among the parturient who participated in the preconceptual screening examination service was 0.04%, while the prevalence was 0.08% among those who did not participate in the service. CONCLUSION: Preconceptual screening examination service may help to address the risk factors that can lead to adverse pregnancy outcome. More studies on the relationship between preconceptual screening examination service and prevalence of birth defect or other adverse pregnancy outcomes should be conducted.

Family planning in Guinea: a need for better public commitment.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of family planning (FP) in Guinea and to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the current FP programme. METHODS: Descriptive study of the evolution of FP in Guinea between 1992 and 2010. First, national laws as well as health policies and strategic plans related to reproductive health and family planning were reviewed. Second, FP indicators were extracted from the Guinean Demographic and Health Surveys (1992, 1999 and 2005). Third, FP services, sources of supply and data on FP funding were analysed. RESULTS: Laws, policies and strategic plans in Guinea are supportive of FP programme and services. Public and private actors are not sufficiently coordinated. The general government expenditure on health has remained stable at 6-7% between 2005 and 2011 despite a doubling of total expenditures on health, and contraceptives are supplied by foreign aid. Modern contraceptive prevalence slightly increased from 1.5% in 1992 to 6.8% in 2005 among women aged 15-49. CONCLUSION: A stronger national engagement in favour of repositioning FP should result in improved government funding of the FP programme and the promotion of long-acting and permanent methods.

Progesterone vaginal ring: introducing a contraceptive to meet the needs of breastfeeding women.

BACKGROUND: The 2012 London Summit on Family Planning called for innovative solutions for increasing contraceptive access for 120 million women and girls by 2020. One way of contributing to this goal is to address the contraceptive needs of postpartum women, who have considerable unmet need especially during lactation. The progesterone vaginal ring (PVR) has been shown to be effective and safe for breastfeeding women and has the potential to enhance contraceptive choice. This user-controlled method reduces dependence on health care providers and has the potential to reduce some access-related barriers that users face. Postpartum women who have used the method have found it easy to use and find it acceptable. A well-designed introductory approach is important to ensure that the PVR is integrated into health systems. CONCLUSION: The PVR is a new technology that increases contraceptive options for breastfeeding women and has the potential to improve the health of women and their infants. Careful planning with attention paid to numerous factors can result in its successful introduction.

RESOLVE and access to care: the patient response to anti-family policies.

RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association was founded in 1974 to provide support and information for women and men living with infertility. RESOLVE has worked to increase access to care beginning with insurance coverage for infertility and more recently in fighting anti-family legislation in many state legislatures. Beginning with the Personhood ballot initiative in Colorado in 2008, RESOLVE and its grassroots advocates have been called into action to fight legislative attempts to restrict access to all family-building options, specifically in vitro fertilization. Personhood bills and ballot initiatives would severely restrict access to infertility medical treatments and prevent physicians from practicing medicine to the standard of care patients deserve. Personhood defines a fertilized egg as a person and grants full rights of "personhood" to a microscopic embryo. In addition to a growth in Personhood bills and ballot initiatives since 2008, RESOLVE has also had to fight other anti-family bills that would impose state government oversight and burdensome regulations on the practice of medicine for people with infertility. The most successful medical treatments available for people with infertility are under attack.