The Major Source of Antioxidants Intake From Typical Diet Among Rural Farmers in North-eastern Japan in the 1990s.

BACKGROUND: Previous Japanese studies have led to the erroneous conclusion of antioxidant capacity (AOC) intakes of the overall Japanese diet due to limitations in the number and types of food measured, especially in rice and seafood intake. The aims of the study were to construct an AOC database of foods representative of the typical Japanese diet and to clarify the high contributors to AOC intake from the overall diet of the Japanese population. METHODS: Commonly consumed foods were estimated using 3-day dietary records (DRs) over the four seasons among 55 men and 58 women in Japan. To generate an AOC database suitable for the typical Japanese diet, hydrophilic (H-)/lipophilic (L-) oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values of foods in each food group were measured via validated methods using the food intake rankings. Subsequently, we estimated the AOC intake and the AOC characteristics of a typical Japanese diet. RESULTS: Of 989 food items consumed by the participants, 189 food items were measured, which covered 78.8% of the total food intake. The most commonly consumed types of antioxidant-containing food were tea, soybean products, coffee, and rice according to H-ORAC, and soybean products, fish and shellfish, vegetables, and algae according to L-ORAC. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of high AOC intake in rice and seafood more appropriately reflected the Japanese-style diet. Further studies are expected to clarify the association between food-derived AOC and its role in preventing or ameliorating lifestyle-related diseases.

A sociologia do Brasil urbano / The sociology of urban Brazil

Em meio às comemorações pelos 450 anos de fundação da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a Editora Fiocruz traz ao público a segunda edição de um livro que é referência no estudo de habitações populares e favelas no Brasil e na América Latina. A Sociologia do Brasil Urbano, do antropólogo Anthony Leeds e da cientista política Elizabeth Leeds. O original, fruto de uma década de pesquisas, havia sido originalmente publicado em 1978 por iniciativa do antropólogo Gilberto Velho. A nova edição, organizada por Elizabeth Leeds e pela socióloga Nísia Trindade Lima, vem reparar uma ausência: a obra encontrava-se esgotada e, portanto, inacessível às novas gerações de pesquisadores. A Sociologia do Brasil Urbano apresenta análises sobre a estrutura de poder e de classes à luz da história das favelas e dos assentamentos não controlados na América Latina. As favelas do Rio de Janeiro, objeto privilegiado pelo estudo, foram analisadas pelo modo como foram tratadas pelo Estado e como eram desenvolvidas as políticas de habitação...

Couching for cataract: advanced medical achievements of China in 1976?

Cataracts have been a common disease in China for centuries. As early as the Tang dynasty, physicians of Chinese medicine had developed 'jin pi shu', a method of couching, to cure the disease. In 1976, a new method, invented by Tang Youzhi, was acknowledged as one of the most advanced medical achievements in communist China. This paper explores the significance of Tang's method for Mao Zedong's China. Tang's method achieved two goals set by Chairman Mao for medical and health policies: to serve rural China and to integrate Chinese and Western medicine.

Localizing HIV/AIDS discourse in a rural Kenyan community.

This paper examines the effectiveness of multimodal texts used in HIV/AIDS campaigns in rural western Kenya using multimodal discourse analysis (Kress and Van Leeuwen, 2006; Martin and Rose, 2004). Twenty HIV/AIDS documents (posters, billboards and brochures) are analysed together with interview data (20 unstructured one-on-one interviews and six focus groups) from the target group to explore the effectiveness of the multimodal texts in engaging the target rural audience in meaningful interaction towards behavioural change. It is concluded that in some cases the HIV/AIDS messages are misinterpreted or lost as the multimodal texts used are unfamiliar and contradictory to the everyday life experiences of the rural folk. The paper suggests localization of HIV/AIDS discourse through use of local modes of communication and resources.

"Because I was in pain, I just wanted to be treated": competing therapeutic goals in the performance of healing HIV/AIDS in rural Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe is experiencing one of the most severe AIDS epidemics in the world, with an estimated one out of seven people infected with HIV. For both palliative care and pragmatic treatment of HIV-related opportunistic infections, people turn to Un'anga (the traditional system of health and healing), not as a substitute for Western therapeutics but as an alternative explanatory model for the diagnosis and management of illness. Through the use of highly charged symbols and ritualized communication, n'angas (traditional healers) seek to transform patients' understandings and experiences of HIV-related illness. Using performance theory and discourse analysis, this article seeks to expand our understanding of how competing therapeutic goals in the performance of healing affect the structure and content of performance, its subsequent meaning, and the therapeutic effect on those afflicted with HIV.

The practice of ophthalmology in rural Wisconsin in the mid-19th century: from the casebooks of Francis Paddock, MD.

Francis Paddock (1814-1889), a graduate of Fairfield Medical College in western New York State, opened a general medicinal and surgical practice in the small town of Salem in Kenosha County, Wisconsin, between 1838 and 1839, where he lived and worked until his death a half century later. Two early volumes of his casebooks, spanning the years 1841 to 1852, came to light and are now analyzed from the standpoint of ophthalmic-related problems and their treatment. His life as a frontier physician and leading citizen of his community are documented in the context of 19th-century medicine in America and Wisconsin.

Poor relief, taxes and the first Universal Pension Reform: the origin of the Swedish welfare state reconsidered.

In the year 1900, Sweden probably had the oldest population in the contemporary world. It was also the first nation to implement a universal pension system in 1913. The universal character in early social legislation has certainly been decisive for the development of the Swedish welfare state. This alternative has not been self-evident. Why did the reforms turn universal, when the continental model, the Bismarck social security system, was exclusively directed at industrial workers? Research has concentrated on demographic factors and growing demands for social security, or on the fact that Sweden was still a predominantly rural society with about 2,400 local authorities. This article examines the development of social legislation in the light of local government expenditures and incomes, and suggests an overlooked possibility: the formulation of the first universal national social security reform was a redistributional response to uneven distribution of incomes and general expenditures among the rural districts in Sweden.

Estudos de comunidade, ciências sociais e saúde: o ciclo de pesquisas no Vale do São Francisco na década de 1950 / Community studies, socials sciences and health: the cycle of researches in the Vale do São Francisco in the 1950s

Esta dissertação aborda o conjunto de pesquisas de comunidades realizado no âmbito do Projeto de Pesquisas no Vale do São Francisco, estabelecendo relações com o processo de institucionalização das Ciências Sociais no Brasil e o processo dedesenvolvimento na década de 1950. Meu argumento é que, diferente das críticas que predominaram nos anos 1950 e 1960, os Estudos de Comunidade contribuíram para a análise do tema da mudança social no país. O Projeto do São Francisco foi organizado e dirigido pelo sociólogo norte-americano Donald Pierson nos anos 1950. Representa aconvergência de questões fundamentais naquele período, especialmente no que concerne à investigação do processo de mudança social por que passavam diversas comunidades do interior do país, e à temática do desenvolvimento. Pierson contou com a colaboração de Alceu Maynard Araújo, Alfonso Trujillo Ferrari, Esdras Borges Costa, Fernando Altenfelder Silva, Levy Cruz e Octavio da Costa Eduardo, seus alunos e colegas de trabalho na Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo. Os Estudos de Comunidade tiveram um papel fundamental na institucionalização das Ciências Sociais no Brasil, que então passavam por um momento de afirmação de sua cientificidade. Nesse processo, os Estudos de Comunidade foram considerados por diversos cientistas sociais um caminho mais eficaz para superar uma produção de caráter mais ensaístico. Por outro lado, esses estudos surgiam com o propósito prático de oferecer subsídios ao trabalho de técnicos responsáveis pela implantação de projetos de desenvolvimento e mudança social.

This study examines the Valley of the São Francisco Research Project’s studies, related to the process of institutionalization of Social Sciences in Brazil and development process, which marked 1950 decade. Although the criticism that predominate in the 1950’sand 1960’s, my argument is that the Community Studies contributed to analyze social changes in Brazil. The São Francisco Project was organized and directed by American sociologistDonald Pierson in the 1950’s. It represents the convergence of important questions at that time, specially about investigations of rural communities’ social changes and ideas ofdevelopment. Pierson counted with collaboration of Alceu Maynard Araújo, Alfonso Trujillo Ferrari, Esdras Borges Costa, Fernando Altenfelder Silva, Levy Cruz e Octavio da Costa Eduardo, his students and colleagues at Free School of Sociology and Politics of São Paulo.The Community Studies played a fundamental role in the institutionalization of the Social Sciences in Brazil, which at that time had been going through a period of affirmation of its scientificity. In this process, the Community Studies were considered by social scientists amore effective way to overcome a more essayistic approach. On the other hand, these studies would come in order to offer subsidies to the work of technicians who were responsible forimplementing projects of social development and change. The São Francisco Project proposed a detailed investigation of many aspects ofsociocultural structure of rural communities, and it was incorporated to development conjuncture by the possibility of making intelligible: 1) communities’ culture to changesagents (administrators, physicians, agronomists, etc.), so that their actions would have the desired effect; 2) the strategies of resistance to changes, observed between rural populations,considered obstacles to development; and 3) the social change process in assimilable terms to rural populations...

Cinema e ruralidade: uma leitura do Jeca-tatu nos filmes de Mazzaropi / Cinema and rurality: a read of the Jeca Tatu in movies of the Mazzaropi / Cinema e ruralidade: una leitura del Jeca-Tatu en las películas de Mazzaropi

O objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir como o imaginário social sobre o meio rural se configurou na literatura de Monteiro Lobato e, principalmente, como esta configuração se deu no cinema de Amacio Mazzaropi. Se a literatura lobatiana foi fundamental para a etruturação de uma forma de pensamento dual que influenciou o pensamento social e artístico brasileiro posterior, com o caráter dual de compreensão da realidade brasileira, o cinema de Mazzaropi, apesar de inconscientemente, representou uma forma de imprimir nas outras classes e grupos sociais no Brasil o imaginário social do meio rural como tradicional e primitivo, devido a um elemento interno, a ludicidade intrínseca do cinema e a um elemento externo, a identificação entre a massa recém e inconclusamente urbanizada e os tipos e temas desenvolvidos nos filmes.

The object this work was discuss how the social imaginary on the little rural configure in literature of the Monteiro and mostly how this configuration happen in cinema of the Amacio Mazzaropi. If he literature lobatiana was fundamental to the estruturantes of the ambiguous form thought what influence the social thought and brazil artistic posterior, with the dubious caráter of comprehension of the brazilian reality, the cinema of Mazzaropi, in spite of unconsciously, representation a form of print in other class and social groups in Brazil, the social imaginary of the little rural as tradition and primitive, due the a inside element, intrinsic play of the cinema and the a outsider element, the identification between the new mass and urbanity inconclusmente and the types and themes develop in movies.

Socioeconomic effects of HIV/AIDS and farmers' involvement in risky behaviour in southern Nigeria.

This article analyses farmers' perceptions on the socioeconomic effects of HIV/AIDS and factors associated with their involvement in risky behaviour in southern part of Nigeria. The data were collected in 2004 from 515 farmers in five randomly selected states in southern Nigeria. The results show that most of the affected farmers spend reduced hours in daily work, as well as having a reduced income and reduced participation in community development due to HIV/AIDS. Logistic regression reveals that age and education significantly reduce the probability of being involved in behaviour conducive to HIV/AIDS infection, which is increased by not believing in the existence of HIV/AIDS, ignorance about HIV/AIDS methods of prevention, lack of warning about HIV/AIDS, reports of HIV/AIDS in the village, the distance to the public health centre and the lack of a health centre. These findings, while unsurprising, emphasise the importance of HIV/AIDS as a socioeconomic issue.

Educando os educadores: ciências sociais e educação sanitária na experiência do SESP (1950-1960) / Educating the educators: social sciences and health education on the experience of the SESP (1950-1960)

O presente trabalho aborda a utilização dos estudos em ciências sociais no direcionamento das atividades de educação sanitária no Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública, durante a década de 1950. Na Seção de Pesquisas Sociais, os cientistas, influenciados pelos estudos de comunidade, se dedicaram à tarefa de interpretar o modo de vida do sertanejo, promovendo estudos sobre seus hábitos, sua cultura e seus referenciais de cura, a fim de dar suporte teórico e metodológico às atividades de educação sanitária e promover a elaboração de estudos socio-econômicos, visando a organização comunitária das populações rurais. As diretrizes sociais para a atuação do SESP, definidas como marco inicial para a construção de uma dita moderna saúde pública, foram transmitidas aos demais profissionais do SESP por meio de cursos de formação, folhetos, revistas, boletins e livros publicados, como o livro A Educação dos Grupos, que constituíram o suporte teórico por meio do qual seriam formados os educadores de saúde pública do SESP, que, a rigor, deveriam ser todos os seus funcionários, ligados direta ou indiretamente à função de educar, para fins de saneamento, a população rural.

A cidade descobre o sertão: notas sobre a viagem de Roquette-Pinto a Rondônia e a dos médicos Arthur Neiva e Belisário Penna ao Brasil Central / The city discovers the interior: notes about the trip of Roquette-Pinto to Rondônia and of the doctors Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna to the Central Brasil

Apresenta e analisa dois textos relacionados a expedições científicas realizadas em 1912: o da viagem do médico e antropólogo Edgard Roquette-Pinto aos então chamados sertões do Noroeste, como integrante da Comissão Rondon, descrita e comentada no livro 'Rondônia', e o relativo à viagem dos médicos Arthur Neiva e Belisário Penna a regiões do Nordeste e Centro-Oeste brasileiros, iniciativa do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e da Inspetoria de Obras contra as Secas, publicado nas 'Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz'. Divulgados principalmente em palestras, artigos de jornais e em revistas de ciências e letras, as fortes metáforas utilizadas pelos participantes dessas publicações, situando-as no debate mais amplo sobre a incorporação dos sertões brasileiros, um dos temas predominantes nos discursos científicos e políticos durante os primeiros anos da República. Enfocando, apenas, os textos originais dos cientistas, pretende sugerir que o discurso adotado é marcado pela ambivalência em que se, de um lado, a representação sobre a natureza e as populações brasileiras afirmava um projeto de matriz iluminista, com a defesa do progresso e a da civilização e do papel a ser desempenhado pela ciência, de outro, não se abandonava por completo a representação romântica sobre os sertões brasileiros, com ênfase em sua autenticidade e papel de matriz da nacionalidade brasileira, temas que haviam sido abordados nos primeiros anos da República no clássico 'Os Sertões', de Euclides da Cunha.

Campo e cidade na modernidade brasileira: literatura, vilas operárias, cultura alimentar, futebol, correspondência privada e cultura visual / Country and city in brazilian modernity: literature, workers' villages, nutritious culture, football, private correspondence and visual culture

Tecida a partir de um eixo comum, esta coletânea analisa os impactos sócio-culturais das inovações tecnológicas e dos hábitos de vida considerados modernos no cotidiano de homens e mulheres de diferentes regiões do Brasil entre o final do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX.

Jeca Tatu e os dilemas da modernização rural no Brasil / Jeca Tatu and the dilemmas of the rural modernization in Brasil

Analisa a leitura de Monteiro Lobato acerca do trabalhador rural brasileiro e sua inserção em uma sociedade urbana-industrial. Pretende resgatar-problematizar a constituição da imagem do Jeca Tatu como uma representação do caipira. O pano de fundo para esta discussão é a avaliação da condição do homem do campo como um não-cidadão, em uma conjuntura de transição do universo rural para o urbano. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foram consultados escritos de Monteiro Lobato. Ao optar pelo texto literário como fonte para a pesquisa história, decidiu-se por um enfoque que privilegia a reconstituição de imaginários acerca do progresso e da modernização nacional. A literatura foi utilizada como documento, mas ela também se constitui em objeto privilegiado de análise, já que, em começos do século XX, era uma prática social comprometida com a descrição e a interpretação dessas terras brasílicas.

O povo das águas pretas: o caboclo amazônico do rio Negro / The people of the black waters: the Amazon caboclo of the Negro river

Apresenta uma descrição historicamente contextualizada do povo que vive ao longo do rio Negro, afluente brasileiro da bacia do Amazonas. Processos de constituição da população e das comunidades são identificados, nas fontes, a partir da experiência social cotidiana dos partícipes do processo histórico estudado, o qual percorre o século XX até a metade de sua última década. No rio Negro, o contato entre a sociedade brasileira e os diversos grupos indígenas que ali viviam, autóctones e catequizados, foi determinante para a constituição da identidade cabocla do território. A partir do último quartel do século XIX, a nomenclatura consolidou-se e vulgarizou-se, tendo na empresa extrativista um forte elemento propagador, em um contexto em que predominam as relações sociais constituintes da cultura do barracão.

The article constructs a historically contextualized description of the people who live along the Negro river, a Brazilian affluent in the Amazon basin. Drawing on information about the daily social experience of the participants from the dawn of the twentieth century through the mid-1990s, the processes by which the population and communities took shape are identified. On the Negro river, contact between Brazilian society and the autochthonous, catechized indigenous groups living there was determinant in shaping the territory's caboclo identity. Starting in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, this nomenclature took root and entered the popular lexicon. Extractivist activities played a major role in spreading the term, within a context where the predominant social relations derived from the 'cultura do barracão'.

Urban and rural differences in mortality and causes of death in historical Poland.

The purpose of this paper is to document and interpret urban-rural differences in mortality in the past. To this end, we used data on mortality in Wielkopolska, Poland, in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. The data on mortality in rural areas (N = 1,173,910 deceased), small towns (N = 573,903 deceased), and Poznan, the capital of the Wielkopolska region (N = 86,352 deceased), were gathered from original Prussian statistical yearbooks (Preussische Statistik). Causes of death were also analyzed (rural areas, N = 449,576 deceased; small towns, N = 238,365 deceased; Poznan, N = 61,512 deceased). Mortality measures such as crude death rate (CDR), infant death rate (IDR), and neonatal and postneonatal death rates were calculated. Life tables were constructed for both stationary and stable population models and measures of the opportunity for natural selection calculated (Crow's index I(m), potential gross reproduction rate R(pot), and biological state index I(bs)). Relative frequencies of leading causes of death were computed. Stratification depending on the place of residence was evident in all mortality measures as well as in the values of the life tables and the measures of the opportunity for natural selection, but it was reverse of what is observed today in developed countries. In Poznan (a large industrial city), the mortality situation was the least favorable. It was caused by large population density, lack of water supply and sewage systems (up to 1896), and bad working conditions. The values of CDR ranged between 26.89-31.46, and IDR between 190.6-280.5. Newborn life expectancy (for a stable population model) was 31.6 years, I(m) = 0.79, R(pot) = 0.85, and I(bs) = 0.47. The most common causes of death were tuberculosis, other diseases of the respiratory and circulatory systems, dysentery and diarrhea, and cancer. These diseases were less common in rural areas, so they had the most favorable values of mortality measures (CDR between 22.87-27.32, IDR between 181.8-219.4, life expectancy of newborn e(0) = 42.12, I(m) = 0.55, R(pot) = 0.93, I(bs) = 0.60). Infectious diseases (other than tuberculosis), frailty at birth, and frailty in old age were the most frequent causes of death in rural areas. Small towns (population <20,000) had a mortality intermediate between city and rural areas.

Justicia desde los usos y costumbres / sss

En la vida actual de las comunidadescampesinas, periódicamenteaparecen casos o problemasde robo, linderos, reparticiónde herencia, inasistencia a reuniones,sobreposición de tierras,corrupción en la gestión municipal,muchos de estos casos hansido resueltos por los usos y costumbresde la comunidad, es decirpor la Justicia Comunitaria, resueltaspor las autoridades comunales,pero con la presencia delos Corregidores, Sub Prefectos(autoridades designadas por elpartido en función de Gobierno),hasta los mismos jueces han intentadodebilitar estas prácticascomunales, tratando de imponernormas estatales sin respetar estosusos y costumbres...

Enfermagem em face do problema rural no Brasil / Nursing in face of the agricultural problem in Brazil

O fac-símile Enfermagem em face do problema rural no Brasil foi publicado na revista Annaes de Enfermagem, no Rio de Janeiro, Ano V, n. 15, p.6-7, em dezembro de 1938...

The fruits of ill-health: Pesticides and workers' bodies in post-World War II California.

In the postwar period, modernist frameworks of the human body, which described the body as both cosmopolitan and separated from its environment, competed with ecological frameworks that constructed the body as inherently porous and tightly linked to the surrounding world. The history of pesticide-related illness among farmworkers, and the gradual recognition that pesticides posed a new kind of public health problem, illustrates how these competing understandings were adopted, mobilized, and applied by different groups, as well as how politics shaped the emergence of new medical facts. New forms of illness generated new knowledge about the modern landscape and made visible material links between bodies and their environments.

Água e processos subjetivos / Water and subjective processes

Esta pesquisa se propôs a mapear situações relacionadas a processos de subjetivação, no sertão do submédio São Francisco, Bahia, e mais recentemente nas comunidades rurais de Massaroca, distrito de Juazeiro. A água, a seca e o sertão são tomados como elementos determinantes, na produção de tais processos. O campo pesquisado é marcado por segmentações variadas, num percurso que atravessa a história, a literatura, a sociologia, a cultura, a política e a formação regional.

This research aimed at mapping situations related to subjectivity processes in the sertão (semi-arid inland) in sub-mid São Francisco River, State of Bahia, and, more recently, in the rural communities of Massaroca, district of Juazeiro. Water, drought and the sertão are taken as elements that determine the production of such processes. The investigated field is marked by varied segmentations, in a course through history, literature, sociology, culture, politics and regional formation.