Elegía psicológica para un país en llamas / Psychological elegy for a country in flames

El presente texto tiene como objetivo realizar una reflexión en torno a los acontecimien-tos que han emergido en Colombia a raíz del paro nacional convocado para el 28 de abril de 2021. El ejercicio está pensado desde el campo de la psicología social y la literatura que sirven como ejes articuladores para adentrarnos al campo de los movimientos so-ciales. Teniendo en cuenta que, es a partir de la expresión literaria y de las contribucio-nes conceptuales, que se puede realizar una aproximación a estos fenómenos sociales. Para esto, se mencionan algunas obras literarias que pueden tener relación con el con-texto actual colombiano; seguido, la reflexión se adentra al área de la psicología, princi-palmente la psicología social y política para entablar un diálogo con la coyuntura que en este momento de efervescencia social está viviendo el país. Finalmente, se exponen las conclusiones referentes al trabajo disciplinar frente a las demandas sociales, políticas y culturales en situaciones como las movilizaciones sociales

The purpose of this text is to reflect on the events that have emerged in Colombia as a result of the national strike called for April 28, 2021. The exercise is thought from the field of social psychology and literature that serve as articulating axes to enter the field of social movements. Taking into account that it is from the literary expression and conceptual contributions that an approach to these social phenomena can be made. For this, some literary works that may be related to the current Colombian context are mentioned; then the reflection enters the area of psychology, mainly social and political psychology to establish a dialogue with the social reality that the country is experiencing at this moment of social effervescence. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding the disciplinary work in the face of social, political and cultural demands in situations such as social mobilizations

Preconceitos que se cruzam: a relação entre o racismo, sexismo e valores / Prejudices that cross: therelationship between racism, sexism and values / Preconceptos que se cruzan: la relación entre el racismo, el sexismo y los valores

Essa pesquisa objetivou analisar a relação entre o Racismo Moderno e o Sexismo Ambivalente utilizando os Valores Humanos como terceira variável que pudesse explicar essa relação, tendo em vista seu poder de predição de fenômenos sociais. A amostra foi composta por 200 participantes distribuídos quase igualmente quanto ao sexo, sendo 101(50,5%) do sexo feminino e 99 (49,5%) do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos respondentes foi de 23 anos (DP = 5,41). Observou-se que o Sexismo Ambivalente e o Racismo Moderno estão correlacionados positivamente como também se relacionam com as subfunções Realização, Interativa e Normativa dos Valores Humanos explicando parcialmente a relação entre o racismo e o sexismo. Concluiu-se que as expressões modernas de racismo e sexismo estão interligadas e que os valores normativos, que visam manter a estabilidade social e tradição, podem desempenhar um papel importante na explicação parcial dessa ligação. (AU)

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between Modern Racism and Ambivalent Sexism using Human Values as a third variable that could explain this relationship, given its predictive power against social phenomena. The sample consisted of 200 participants distributed almost equally regarding gender, including 101 (50.5%) women and 99 (49.5%) men. The mean age of the respondents was 23 years (SD = 5.41). It was observed that Ambivalent Sexism and Modern Racism are positively correlated as they are also related to the Realization, Interactive, and Normative subfunctions of Human Values, partially explaining the relationship between racism and sexism. It was concluded that modern expressions of racism and sexism are interconnected and that normative values, which aim to maintain social stability and tradition, may play an important role in partially explaining this connection. (AU)

Esta investigación objetivó analizar la relación entre el Racismo Moderno y el Sexismo Ambivalente utilizando los Valores Humanos como la tercera variable que pudiera explicar esa relación, considerando su poder de predicción de fenómenos sociales. La muestra fue compuesta por 200 participantes distribuidos casi por igual cuanto al sexo, siendo 101 (50, 5%) mujeres y 99 (49,5%) hombres. La edad media de los encuestados fue de 23 años (DS = 5,41). Se observó que el Sexismo Ambivalente y el Racismo Moderno se correlacionaron positivamente, dado que también se relacionaron con las subfunciones Realización, Interactiva y Normativa de los Valores Humanos, explicando parcialmente la conexión entre el racismo y el sexismo. Se concluyó que las expresiones modernas de racismo y sexismo están interconectadas y que los valores normativos, que apuntan a mantener la estabilidad social y la tradición, pueden ejecutar un papel importante en la explicación parcial de esta conexión. (AU)

Resiliencia comunitaria frente a la exclusión social: caso María Cano Carambolas, Medellín / Community resilience facing social exclusion: a case study in Maria Cano Carambolas, Medellin

Este artículo tuvo como propósito crear un espacio de reflexión acerca de las capacidades resilientes de los habitantes del barrio María Cano Carambolas (Medellín-Colombia) a partir de observaciones participantes. El trabajo de campo se documentó mediante diarios de campo y relatos del alumnado de la principal institución educativa. A partir del estudio de las condiciones socio-económicas, políticas y educativas del barrio, analizaremos las habilidades de afrontamiento y las estrategias resilientes comunitarias. Nuestras conclusiones resaltan la alta capacidad de abstracción ante las problemáticas que les rodean y en el caso de los jóvenes, la percepción positiva de logro de objetivos a medio-largo plazo; a pesar de que las dinámicas disfuncionales de sus familias, las políticas públicas insuficientes e ineficaces de un Estado negligente y las propias condiciones del barrio limitan su acceso a oportunidades de futuro

The purpose of this article was to create a reflection space on the resilient capacities of the inhabitants of the María Cano Carambolas neighborhood (Medellín-Colombia) based on participant observations. The field work was documented through field diaries and stories from the students of the main educational institution. From the study of the socio-economic, political and educational conditions of the neighborhood, we will analyze coping skills and community resilient strategies. Our conclusions highlight the high capacity for abstraction in the face of the problems that surround them and in the case of young people, the positive perception of achievement of medium-long-term objectives; despite the fact that the dysfunctional dynamics of their families, the insufficient and ineffective public policies of a negligent state and the very conditions of the neighborhood limit their access to future opportunities

Neighborhood context and transitions in marijuana use among urban young adults.

BACKGROUND: In emerging adulthood when many youth are maturing out of marijuana use, Blacks continue to have high rates of use and disorder. Theory suggests that factors tied to neighborhood disadvantage may partially explain this phenomenon but research is limited. OBJECTIVES: This study examines the influence of neighborhood physical and social disorder on transitions in marijuana use during emerging adulthood in a low-income urban sample. METHODS: 379 primarily Black young adults residing in low-income neighborhoods in Baltimore City were followed-up annually from ages 18 to 21. Neighborhood environment was evaluated using a valid and reliable field-rater assessment of the residential block. Longitudinal latent class and latent transition analyses were performed. RESULTS: Fit indices supported three-classes of marijuana use: no use, infrequent use and frequent use. Between ages 18 and 21, young adults tended to transition toward lower levels of use. However, neighborhood physical disorder was associated with transitioning to increased marijuana use (no use to frequent use; AOR = 2.712; p = .023) while positive neighborhood social activity was associated with a decreased risk (AOR = 0.002; p = .013). Neighborhood social activity was also associated with decreases in use (frequent to infrequent use; AOR = 2.342; p = .020). Conclusions/Importance: These findings demonstrate that physical disorder within the context of a low-income urban neighborhood adversely impacts marijuana use. However, even in the presence of physical disorder, interventions that foster collective efficacy among residents through positive social activity may prevent initiation and progression of marijuana use.

Neighborhood size-effects shape growing population dynamics in evolutionary public goods games.

An evolutionary game emerges when a subset of individuals incur costs to provide benefits to all individuals. Public goods games (PGG) cover the essence of such dilemmas in which cooperators are prone to exploitation by defectors. We model the population dynamics of a non-linear PGG and consider density-dependence on the global level, while the game occurs within local neighborhoods. At low cooperation, increases in the public good provide increasing returns. At high cooperation, increases provide diminishing returns. This mechanism leads to diverse evolutionarily stable strategies, including monomorphic and polymorphic populations, and neighborhood-size-driven state changes, resulting in hysteresis between equilibria. Stochastic or strategy-dependent variations in neighborhood sizes favor coexistence by destabilizing monomorphic states. We integrate our model with experiments of cancer cell growth and confirm that our framework describes PGG dynamics observed in cellular populations. Our findings advance the understanding of how neighborhood-size effects in PGG shape the dynamics of growing populations.

Descripción, tipologia e intencionalidad de la intimidacion escolar en estudiantes de sexto a octavo de bachillerato / Description, typology and intentionality of bullying behavior from sixth through eighth grade students of high school

Resumen Objetivo: El estudio busca identificar la intimidacion escolar y describir las actitudes que lo motivan, además de conocer la percepción de padres y docentes sobre el fenómeno. Método: Se utilizó la metodologia cuantitativa con diseño descriptivo-transversal, y se aplicaron la lista de chequeo Mi Vida en la Escuela y el Cuestionario de Actitudes Hacia la Violencia CAHV-25, para identificar la intimidación y las actitudes que prevalecen al respecto. En la descripción de la percepción en padres y docentes, se usó el Cuestionario de Maltrato entre Iguales (preconcimei). Se escogio una muestra de tipo aleatoria, conformada por 1.300 estudiantes entre los 10 a los 16 años, 513 padres y 81 docentes de 6° a 8° de bachillerato de 5 instituciones educativas. Resultados: Se confirmó la existencia de la intimidacion física en un 38 % y psicológica en el 68 %, con diversas tipologias y diferencias por género. Ademas, el 35.1 % de docentes y 31.4 % de padres informan la existencia del fenomeno en su institucion. Conclusión: La prevalencia del fenómeno en instituciones educativas de Popayán es de riesgo, producto de la ausencia de programas de promoción, prevención e intervención de la temática y el desconcimiento de la comunidad educativa.

Abstract Objective: This study aims to identify and describe bullying behavior in a high school, and also to know parents and teachers' point of views in relation with this phenomenon. Method: A quantitative methodology and a descriptive-transverse design doing "my school life" check-list are used, also, a questionaire based on attitudes to violence (CAHV-25) in order to identify bullying and prevail attitudes, was used; likewise, to know parents and teachers point of views, a questionaire related to abuse among peers was used (preconcimei). 1300 students between 10 and 16 yeards old were sampled randomly, 513 parents and 81 teachers from 6th through 8th grades of five high school educational isntitutions. Results: 38 % of physical and 68 % of psychological intimidation with different typologies and differences by gender were confirmed; in addition, 35.1 % of teachers and 31.4 % of parents report bullying behavior in their institutions. Conclusion: The prevalence of bullying behavior becomes a risk in educational institutions from Popayan, because of lack of knowledge, promotion programs, prevention and intervention.

Validación de la escala de problemas emocionales y del comportamiento youth self report (YSR/11-18) en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos / Validation of the scale of emotional and behavioral problems youth self report (YSR / 11-18) in Chilean adolescents

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar la validación y confiabilidad del Youth Self Report (YSR/11-18) en población adolescente chilena. La muestra estuvo conformada por 816 adolescentes, entre 11 y 18 años, provenientes de un colegio particular de la ciudad de Calama a quienes se les aplicó la versión latina del cuestionario. Se realizo un análisis factorial de componentes principales, para la derivación de los síndromes de primer y segundo orden, siguiendo los pasos descritos por Achenbach. Los resultados encontrados demuestran la alta consistencia y validez del instrumento, lo que sumado a los antecedentes reportados convierten al YSR/11-18 en un instrumento de probado valor predictivo en Chile, permitiendo no sólo evaluar competencias sociales y conductuales, sino que podría transformase en un instrumento que permitiese la detección precoz de riesgos en la población adolescente.

The aim of this study was to validate and determine the reliability of Youth Self Report (YSR/11-18) in Chilean adolescents. The sample consisted of 816 adolescents, aged 11 to 18 years, from a private school in the city of Calama, where we applied and the Latin version of the questionnaire. Following the steps outlined by Achenbach, was made a principal components analysis for the derivation of the syndromes of first and second order. The results show high consistency and validity of the instrument, which makes the YSR/11-18 a test of predictive value in Chile, allowing not only to assess social and behavioral skills, but could be transformed into an instrument that would allow the early identification of risks in the adolescent population.

A violência nas relações de intimidade entre os adolescentes sob a perspectiva do Paradigma da Complexidade / Intimate partner violence among adolescents from the perspective of the Paradigm of Complexity

Na contemporaneidade, a violência é apontada e reconhecida como um problema social, relacional e de saúde, e se faz presente nas diversas formas de relações de intimidade entre os adolescentes, compreendidas por crush, "pegar", "ficar" ou namorar. A violência é um tema prioritário de atenção, uma vez que representa um problema social grave e impacta negativamente a saúde dos adolescentes. O presente trabalho visa analisar o sentido da violência nas relações de intimidade sob a ótica dos adolescentes, ancorada na perspectiva epistemológica e metodológica do Paradigma da Complexidade, de modo a contemplar todos os aspectos e dimensões que envolvem o fenômeno da violência na relação de intimidade, sejam sociais, históricos, culturais, gênero, econômicos, poder e psicológicos. Este estudo foi delineado em uma abordagem qualitativa do tipo pesquisa social estratégica, e teve como participantes 39 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, frequentadores do ensino médio de duas escolas estaduais de um município do interior do estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, grupos focais e diários de campo, e analisados à luz do referido Paradigma. Os resultados indicaram (i) a aceitação da ocorrência de violência nos relacionamentos íntimos entre os adolescentes; (ii) a existência de questões relacionadas ao gênero e passividade frente à violência perpetrada por mulheres; (iii) a persistência de tabus na sociedade e a reprodução de questões estigmatizantes nos relatos dos participantes; (iv) a prevalência de violência psicológica e emocional entre os adolescentes, além da violência figurada bidirecional. Em suma, o Paradigma da Complexidade contribuiu de forma imprescindível para o desenvolvimento de um olhar integral sobre a temática, proporcionando maior clareza sobre os elementos que compõem o fenômeno, e principalmente, sobre a interdependência e interconectividade entre eles, de modo articulado e contextualizado

In contemporary times, violence is identified and recognized as a social, relational and health problem, and it is present in the various forms of intimacy relations between adolescents, known as crush, "getting", "staying" or dating. Violence is a priority issue in care because it represents a severe social problem and negatively affects the adolescents" health. The aim in this study is to analyze the meaning of intimate partner violence from the adolescents" perspective, through the epistemological and methodological principles of the Paradigm of Complexity, so as to address all - such as social, historical, cultural, gender, economic, power and psychological - aspects and dimensions of the phenomenon of intimate partner violence. This study adopted a qualitative, social strategic research design, and its participants were 39 male and female adolescents who attended high school in two state schools located in an interior city in the state of São Paulo. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, focus groups and field diaries, and further analyzed in the light of the aforementioned Paradigm. The results indicated (i) acceptance of the occurrence of intimate partner violence between adolescents; (ii) existence of gender issues and passivity towards violence perpetrated by women; (iii) persistence of taboos in society and reproduction of stigmatizing issues in the participants' reports; (iv) prevalence of psychological and emotional violence among the adolescents, in addition to the two-way figured violence. In summary, the Paradigm of Complexity offered essential contributions to develop a comprehensive view on the theme by shedding light on the elements that compose the phenomenon, and especially on the interdependence and interconnectivity between them, in an articulated and contextualized manner

Jóvenes universitarios y medio ambiente en Chile: percepciones y comportamientos / University students and the environment in Chile: perception and behaviour / Jovens universitários e meio ambiente do Chile: percepções e comportamentos

La preocupación por el medio ambiente en Chile aumentó durante los últimos años entre las y los jóvenes universitarios, un actor social clave con capacidad de influir en el debate público. En este artículo analizamos los resultados de una encuesta realizada a jóvenes universitarios de Santiago sobre sus percepciones, actitudes, conocimientos y comportamientos proambientales. Se concluye que el 76% de las y los jóvenes universitarios tiene una negativa percepción del medio ambiente urbano debido a la contaminación atmosférica. También que los espacios públicos están contaminados y degradados en los sectores más excluidos. Aunque existe una actitud de preocupación, una demanda por educación ambiental y un alto conocimiento de temas ambientales, solo un 23% de jóvenes universitarios ha realizado comportamientos proambientales como actividades de incidencia política, reciclaje y sensibilización.

A preocupação pelo meio ambiente no Chile cresceu durante os últimos anos entre os/as jovens universitários/as, que são atores sociais chave com capacidade de influenciar o debate público. Neste artigo, são analisados os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada com jovens universitários da cidade de Santiago sobre as suas percepções, atitudes, conhecimentos e comportamentos pró-ambientais. Conclui-se que 76% de os/as jovens universitários/as têm uma percepção negativa do meio ambiente urbano, devido à alta poluição do ar e por os espaços públicos estarem contaminados e degradados nos setores mais excluídos. Identifica-se que, apesar de haver uma atitude de preocupação, de demanda por uma educação ambiental e de um alto conhecimento de temas ambientais, somente 23% dos/das jovens universitários/as desenvolvem comportamentos pró-ambientais como atividades de incidência política, reciclagem e sensibilização

Concern about the environment in Chile has increased during recent years among university students, a key social actor that has the ability to influence public debate. This survey analyses the perceptions, attitudes, knowledge and pro-environmental behaviour of a group of university students from Santiago. We concluded that 76% of the university students that participated in the study have a negative perception of urban environment due to air pollution. Also we found that the public spaces have been polluted and degraded around socially excluded areas. In spite of attitudes concern, environmental education demands and strong environmental knowledge, only 23% of university students have developed pro-environmental behaviour such as political advocacy, recycling or awareness activities.

Percepção do estigma e repercussões sociais em indivíduos com hanseníase / Perception of stigma and social impacts on individuals with Hansen's disease / Percepción del estigma y efectos sociales en personas con enfermedad de Hansen

Os portadores de hanseníase vivenciam situações de preconceito que, com o estigma e a discriminação, culminam para o isolamento social e a restrição dos relacionamentos sociais. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a percepção do estigma nos indivíduos com hanseníase e suas repercussões sociais. Caracterizou-se por um estudo qualitativo mediante aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas em 20 usuários cadastrados para tratamento poliquimioterápico nas unidades de referência na Zona da Mata Mineira, no primeiro semestre de 2014. A análise foi realizada por meio da análise de conteúdo e foram definidas as seguintes categorias de análise: Desconhecimento sobre a doença; Diagnóstico e cura; Discriminação e medo; Encobrimento da doença; Apoio social; e Vínculo e participação social. O desconhecimento sobre a doença interfere no enfrentamento por parte dos indivíduos e, aliado ao receio da discriminação, foi suficiente para que eles ocultassem seu diagnóstico para os outros. Dessa forma, não foi possível perceber nenhuma alteração em seu vínculo social. Destacaram-se as diversas reações emocionais no momento do diagnóstico além da ênfase dada à cura pelos entrevistados. Neste trabalho, ficou evidente que o encobrimento da doença e o suporte social atuaram como fatores de proteção que impediram momentos de discriminação e restrição de participação social.

The individuals with Hansen's disease experience situations of prejudice that, together with stigma and discrimination, culminate in social isolation and restrictions in social relationships. This study aimed to evaluate the perception of stigma in individuals with Hansen's disease and its social repercussions. It was configured as a qualitative study, by means of semi-structured interviews with 20 users registered to chemotherapy treatment in reference units of Zona da Mata Mineira, in the first half of 2014. The analysis was performed through content analysis and the following categories were defined: Lack of knowledge about the disease; Diagnosis and cure; Discrimination and fear; Concealment of the disease; Social support; and Bond and social participation. Lack of knowledge about the disease interferes with the individual's ability to cope with it, and coupled with fear of discrimination, it was enough for them to conceal their diagnosis from others. Thus, it was not possible to notice any changes in their social bonds. The different emotional reactions at the moment of diagnosis stood out, in addition to the emphasis on healing given by respondents. In this study, it became clear that the concealment of the disease and the social support acted as protective factors that prevented moments of discrimination and restriction in social participation.

Las personas con enfermedad de Hansen viven situaciones de prejuicio que, junto con el estigma y la discriminación, culminó con el aislamiento social y la restricción de las relaciones sociales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la percepción de estigma en personas con enfermedad de Hansen y sus repercusiones sociales. Caracterizado por un estudio cualitativo mediante la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas con 20 usuarios registrados a tratamiento de quimioterapia en las unidades de referencia en la Zona da Mata Mineira, en el primer semestre de 2014. Se realizó el análisis mediante el análisis de contenido y las siguientes categorías del análisis se definieron: La ignorancia sobre la enfermedad; El diagnóstico y la cura; La discriminación y el miedo; El ocultamiento de la enfermedad; El apoyo social; y Enlace y la participación social. La ignorancia sobre la enfermedad interfiere con afrontamiento de los individuos y, junto con el temor a la discriminación fuera suficiente para ellos para ocultar su diagnóstico a los demás. Por lo tanto, no fue posible notar cualquier cambio en su enlace social. Destacado las diferentes reacciones emocionales al momento del diagnóstico, además del énfasis en la curación por los encuestados. En este estudio, se hizo evidente que el ocultamiento de la enfermedad y el apoyo social actuó como factores de protección que impedían momentos de la discriminación y la restricción de la participación social.

Superlotação das prisões brasileiras: Operador político da racionalidade contemporânea / Overcrowding in Brazilian prison system: Political operator of the contemporary rationality / Superpoblación de las prisiones brasileñas: Operador político de la racionalidad contemporánea

Resumo O presente artigo teve por objetivo analisar a racionalidade política que rege o sistema prisional brasileiro na atualidade. Para isso, tomou-se como objeto de pesquisa os relatórios de inspeções realizadas em estabelecimentos penais brasileiros pelo Conselho Nacional de Política Criminal e Penitenciária (CNPCP) nos anos de 2011 e 2012. A análise da superlotação da população encarcerada possibilitou inferir a lógica não somente limitada às prisões, mas expandida por todo o corpo social, direcionada principalmente àqueles à margem da produção e do consumo e, por isso, a prisão tal como se observou, funciona como efeito que conserva a função de reprodução desta racionalidade.

Abstract The presented article aims to analyze the political rationality that governs the Brazilian prison system in the actuality. To this end, reports of inspections in Brazilian penal establishments made between 2011 and 2012 by the National Council for Criminal and Penitentiary Policy (CNPCP) were taken as the research object. The analysis of the overcrowding of the inmate population made it possible to infer that the logic is not limited to prisons, but exists within the society instead, particularly directed at those at the margin of production and consumption. Therefore the prison as observed is the effect and it retains its function of reinforcing this rationality.

Resumen Este artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar la racionalidad política que rige el sistema penitenciario brasileño hoy. Para ello, se tomó como objeto de investigación los informes de inspección llevadas a cabo en las prisiones brasileñas por el Consejo Nacional de Política Criminal y Penitenciaria (CNPCP) en los años 2011 y 2012. El análisis del hacinamiento de la población carcelaria ha llevado a deducir la lógica no sólo limitado a las cárceles, pero ampliado en todo el cuerpo social, dirigida principalmente a aquellos en los márgenes de la producción y el consumo y por lo tanto la detención como se ha señalado, trabaja el efecto que salva la función de reproducción de esta racionalidad.

O trabalho e a outra cena: indagações sobre o sofrimento no trabalho / The work and the other scene: questions about suffering at work / El trabajo y la outra escena: cuestiones sobre el sufrimiento en el trabajo

Este ensaio tem por objetivo o diálogo com os conceitos de "força de trabalho" para Marx, "pulsão" para Freud, e "carga psíquica do trabalho" para Dejours. O trabalho não é apenas uma realização pragmática, ele não se deixa apreender na prescrição definitiva de uma técnica, pois está submetido ao movimento errático daquilo que é desejo de outra coisa. O trabalho dispõe uma estética ao trabalhador, mais do que uma identidade. O trabalho é, antes, forma de se inscrever no mundo, delineando uma estilística de existência para o sujeito. Esta abordagem, de viés psicanalítico e marxista, indaga sobre o sofrimento e o sentido do trabalho. Tem como materialidade o curta-metragem "Veja bem", com direção e roteiro de Jorge Furtado. No jogo de forças dos conceitos em interface, compreende-se a força de trabalho, energia vital do trabalhador, enquanto um desdobramento da libido, da pulsão de vida. Quando o trabalho não oferece espaço simbólico e o desejo do trabalhador está fora de questão, a dor toma conta da cena, instala-se a carga psíquica do trabalho. Aí cabe ao trabalhador iniciar uma outra tarefa, a qual não é dada a ele.

The aim of this article is putting on dialogue the concepts of "labour power" for Marx, "drive" for Freud and "psychic charge of the work" for Dejours. Work is not only a pragmatic realization. It does not let itself reach by a technical precept, because it is subjected to an erratic movement about what is desire of other thing. More than an identity, working affords aesthetics to workers. Thus, to work is rather an inscription in the world that traces a stylistic being for the subject. Based on psychoanalytic and Marxist approaches, the article discuss about suffering and meaning of work. The Brazilian short-movie "Veja bem", directed and scripted by Jorge Furtado is the materiality for this study. The interface of these concepts are as in a contest of strength. The labor power, the worker's vital energy is understood as a deployment of the libido from the life drive. When work does not offer a symbolic space for the worker and his/her desire is inconceivable with this, suffering takes the scene and the psychic charge of the work happens. Then the worker needs to start another kind of task, the kind that is not given to him.

Este artículo trata de la importancia del trabajo en la constitución del sujeto al discutir la relación entre inconsciente y trabajo. Partiendo de un abordaje psicoanalítico y marxista, tiene por objetivo el diálogo con los conceptos de "fuerza de trabajo" para Marx, "pulsión" para Freud, y "carga psíquica del trabajo" para Dejours. El trabajo no es solamente una realización pragmática, él no se deja aprehender por una prescripción definitiva de una técnica porque está sometido al movimiento errático del deseo de otra cosa. El trabajo dispone de una estética al trabajador, más que una identidad. El trabajo es antes una manera de inscribirse en el mundo, delineando una estilística de existencia para el sujeto. Este abordaje, tiene como materialidad el corto-metraje brasileño "Veja bem", del director y guionista Jorge Furtado. En el juego de fuerzas entre los conceptos en interfaz, se comprende la fuerza del trabajo, energía vital del trabajador, como un despliegue de la libido, de la pulsión de vida. Cuando el trabajo no ofrece un espacio simbólico y el deseo del trabajador está fuera de cuestión, el dolor toma cuenta de la escena, se instala la carga psíquica del trabajo. Ahí toca al trabajador iniciar otra tarea, la cual no se le fue dada.

As dificuldades de aprendizagem e a ciência psiquiátrica: uma leitura crítica / Learning difficulties and psychiatric science: a critical reading / Las discapacidades de aprendizaje y la ciencia psiquiátrica: una lectura crítica

Neste artigo propõe-se uma análise crítica dos modos como as dificuldades de aprendizagem foram abordadas pela ciência psiquiátrica quando de seu surgimento como um problema social. A despeito da diversidade de teorias sobre a criança e seu desenvolvimento produzidas na primeira metade do século XX, identificamos a predominância de uma abordagem funcionalista, tendência evidente tanto nos esforços em busca de uma causalidade orgânica quanto na consideração de uma "causalidade psíquica" nas justificativas das dificuldades de aprendizagem. Em ambos os casos fica patente o silenciamento das crianças, tratadas como mero objeto das mais diversas especulações científicas.

This article presents a critical examination of the ways in which learning difficulties were addressed by the psychiatric science when they emerged as a major social problem. Despite the influence of the various theories about children and their development produced in the first half of the 20th century, this article identifies a predominance of the functionalist approach to the identification of the learning disability, a tendency evident in the search for an organic causality or the regarding of a "psychic causality" as an attempt to justify the learning disability. In both situations is evident the silencing of children, who are treated as mere subjects of several scientific speculations.

En este artículo se presenta un análisis crítico sobre cómo las discapacidades de aprendizaje han sido abordadas por la ciencia psiquiátrica cuando caracterizadas como un problema social. A pesar de la influencia de varias teorías publicadas en la primera mitad del siglo XX sobre la niñez y su desarrollo, este artículo identificó el predominio de un abordaje funcionalista, que se muestra evidente como una búsqueda por una causalidad orgánica o una "causalidad psíquica" en el intento de justificar las discapacidades de aprendizaje. En ambas situaciones se hace evidente el silenciamiento de los niños, tratados como mero objeto de las varias especulaciones científicas.

Induced abortions and birth outcomes of women with a history of severe psychosocial problems in adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: To increase knowledge on the reproductive health of women who have been placed in a residential school, a child welfare facility for adolescents with severe psychosocial problems. METHODS: All women (n=291) who lived in the Finnish residential schools on the last day of the years 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006 were included in this study and compared with matched general population controls. Register-based information on induced abortions and births was collected until the end of the year 2011. RESULTS: Compared to controls, women with a residential school history had more induced abortions. A higher proportion of their births took place when they were teenagers or even minors. They were more often single, smoked significantly more during pregnancy and had a higher risk of having a preterm birth or a baby with a low birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: The findings have implications for the planning of preventive and supportive interventions that aim to increase the well-being of women with a residential school history and their offspring.

Community- and individual-level factors associated with smoking and heavy drinking among Aboriginal people in Canada.

OBJECTIVES: 1) To examine the association between place of residence (i.e., on- versus off-communities and between provinces) and daily smoking and heavy drinking among Aboriginal people in Canada; and 2) to identify community- and individual-level factors that may account for these associations. METHODS: Data were from the Aboriginal Peoples Survey (2001). The sample included 52,110 Aboriginal people (≥ 15 years of age). Community-level variables included: place of residence, community socio-economic status (SES) and perceived community social problems. Individual-level variables included: age, sex, education, income, employment status, marital status, Aboriginal heritage and social support. Multilevel logistic regressions were conducted to analyze the data. RESULTS: Living in First Nations communities (compared with living off-communities) was associated with daily smoking, and this association was accounted for by perceived community social problems. However, the association between Inuit communities and daily smoking remained after controlling for all covariates (odds ratio (OR) = 1.97, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.44-2.70). Residence in First Nations communities was associated with heavy drinking (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.17-2.04), however this risk became evident only after controlling for community SES, which was also positively associated with heavy drinking (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.26-1.69). Compared with Saskatchewan, Aboriginal people in Atlantic Provinces (OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 2.08-3.78) or Territories (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.01-1.92) were more likely to engage in heavy drinking. CONCLUSION: Studies are needed to better understand the increased risk for smoking in Inuit communities and heavy drinking in First Nations communities, Atlantic Provinces and Territories, and to identify possible reasons for the positive association between community SES and heavy drinking among Aboriginal people.

The influence of family management style on psychosocial problems of childhood cancer survivors in Korea.

PURPOSE: To examine the psychosocial problems of childhood cancer survivors in Korea and investigate whether such problems are influenced by family management style. METHODS: Family members of 158 childhood cancer survivors answered a questionnaire on demographic and illness characteristics, described psychosocial problems in their children using the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC), and completed the Family Management Measure (FaMM). RESULTS: Perceived economic status and all six subscales of the FaMM were significantly correlated with children's psychosocial problems. In a multiple regression model, the Family Life Difficulty and Parental Mutuality scales of the FaMM were each independent predictors of psychosocial problems in young cancer survivors. CONCLUSIONS: A detailed care plan designed to (1) promote balance between the management of a child's condition and normal family life and (2) encourage parents to share their feelings with one another and provide mutual support should be required to improve psychosocial outcomes for childhood cancer survivors.

Psicología social y posconflicto: ¿reformamos o revolucionamos? / Social psychology and post-conflict: do we reform or Have we revolutionized?

En el marco del IV Foro de Psicología y Contemporaneidad y II Foro en Psicología Social y Posconflicto, organizado en la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana ­ seccional Palmira, se realizó un trabajo de indagación teórica sobre los impactos del conflicto y posconflicto, desde los ámbitos político, educativo, la salud mental y la desmovilización en Colombia. Esta revisión establece criterios para suponer que el posconflicto busca la generación de estrategias para la construcción de una sociedad democrática que logre instaurar un equilibrio entre la población civil y el Estado, con el fin de recuperar la participación de cada uno de los ciudadanos tanto en dinámicas humanitarias, como en la recuperación de las relaciones sociales, sobre las cuales se edifica el andamiaje de un país con acción solidaria y en paz. Con todo esto, queda por dejar abierta la pregunta: ¿Colombia realmente se encuentra en un estado de posconflicto?

Within the framework of the IV Forum of Psychology and Contemporaneity and II Forum on Social Psychology and Post-conflict, organized at the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana ­ with headquarters in Palmira, it was held a work of theoretical research on the impacts of the conflict and post-conflict, from political, educational, and mental health fields, and the demobilization in Colombia. This review establishes criteria to suppose that post-conflict seeks the generation of strategies for the construction of a democratic society that manages to establish a balance between the civilian population and the State, in order to retrieve the participation of each of the citizens, concerning, humanitarian dynamics, as well as, in the recovery of the social relations, on which is built the scaffolding of a solidarity action and peaceful country. With all this, is to leave the question open: Is Colombia really in a post-conflict state?

El problema del aborto en Santiago del Estero: su magnitud y costos humanos, sociales y económicos / The problem of abortion in Santiago del Estero: its magnitude and human, social and economic costs

La medición precisa del aborto es un reto metodológico ya que son muchos los factores que afectan la voluntad de reportar estos eventos (condición legal, valores y creencias éticas,...); el sub registro se presenta en la mayoría de los países (aún en donde el aborto es legal), pero las estimaciones confiables son necesarias para resolver el problema del aborto inseguro. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido conocer la magnitud del aborto en Santiago del Estero (tasa-razón), sus costos humanos, sociales, económicos y estimar la mortalidad materna por esta causa en los últimos ocho años. También se trabajó para describir el conocimiento y compromiso sobre el problema del aborto de los/las profesionales ligados a la atención de los casos, identificando los procedimientos utilizados. Además se analizaron los costos sociales y económicos que causa el aborto, para finalmente establecer posibles estrategias de prevención. Se elaboró un diseño metodológico dirigido a captar las dimensiones cuantitativas y cualitativas del fenómeno en estudio. Para el aspecto cuantitativo se aplicó un método retrospectivo propuesto por Singh y Wulf (1994) para países donde las leyes sobre aborto son severamente restrictivas, aplicado también en otras investigaciones de sudamérica y que se detalla mas adelante. Para aportar en el aspecto cualitativo una segunda fase de investigación se elaboró un trabajo de campo mediante encuestas, entrevistas semi estructuradas y grupos focales a una muestra que surgió del análisis a profesionales que intervienen en casos de aborto; médicos/as (gineco-obstetras, anestesistas), no médicos/as (Obstétricas/os y Enfermeras/os) y algunas mujeres que interrumpieron su embarazo voluntariamente entre los años 2001 y 2012...

Precise measurement of abortion is a methodological challenge because there are many factors that affect the willingness to report these events (legal status, ethical values and beliefs, ...); the underreporting occurs in most countries (even where abortion is legal), but reliable estimates are needed to solve the problem of unsafe abortion. The objective of this research was to determine the magnitude of abortion in Santiago del Estero (rate-ratio), human, social, economic costs and estimating maternal mortality from this cause in the past eight years. It also worked to describe the knowledge and commitment on the issue of abortion / professional related to the treatment of cases, identifying the procedures used. Besides the social and economic costs were analyzed that causes abortion, to finally establish prevention strategies. Methodological design aimed to capture both quantitative and qualitative dimensions of the phenomenon under study was developed. To quantitatively proposed by Singh and Wulf (1994) retrospective method for countries where abortion laws are severely restrictive, also applied in other studies in South America and is detailed later applied. To bring in a second phase qualitative aspect of research fieldwork was developed through surveys, semi-structured interviews and focus groups with a sample that emerged from analysis to professionals involved in cases of abortion; medical / as (obstetrician-gynecologists, anesthetists), medical / as (Obstetric / os and Nurses / os) and some women who voluntarily terminated their pregnancies between 2001 and 2012...

Subjetividades ameaçadas: mudança de nome de testemunhas protegidas / Threatened subjectivities: Identity change of witnesses under protection / Subjetividades amenazadas: El cambio de identidad de los testigos protegidos

Esse trabalho apresenta um estudo exploratório dos casos de mudança de identidade realizados no Brasil, no âmbito do Programa de Proteção a Vítimas e Testemunhas Ameaçadas, através da Lei Federal 9.807/99. Para tanto, parte dos conceitos de identidade e subjetividade como elementos-chave para identificar e compreender os impactos objetivos e subjetivos dessa medida de proteção. Como não existem estudos brasileiros empíricos sobre mudança de identidade, foram trazidas experiências de programas de proteção de outros países para compará-las à realidade brasileira. Para produzir esses dados foi feita a aplicação de questionários semiestruturados junto a profissionais ligados ao Programa. O objetivo dessa investigação buscou conhecer melhor a mudança de identidade como uma medida de proteção ainda pouco utilizada e consequentemente contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento da política brasileira. Por fim, reconhece-se a importância da Psicologia nos processos de mudança de nome de pessoas ameaçadas...

This article presents an exploratory study of identity change of witnesses and victims in Brazil under the Program of Protection of Victims and Witnesses (Federal Act 9.807/99). Accordingly, part of the concepts of identity and subjectivity as key elements to identify and understand the objective and subjective impacts of these measures were used. As Brazilian empirical studies about identity change were lacking, other foreign experiences were used for comparison. The data were obtained through the application of semi-structured questionnaire to the experts who were active in the Program. This investigation was carried out to obtain a better understanding of the identity change as a protection measure which is scarcely used and also to contribute for the improvement of the Brazilian policy. Finally, it recognizes the importance of Psychology in the process of identity change of threatened people...

Este artículo presenta una investigación exploratoria de casos de cambio de identidad realizados en Brasil en el marco del Programa de Protección a Víctimas y Testigos Amenazados, a través de la Ley Federal 9.807/99. Por lo tanto, empieza con conceptos de identidad y subjetividad como elementos claves para identificar y comprender los impactos objetivos y subjetivos de la medida de protección. Como no existen estudios empíricos brasileños acerca del cambio de identidad, fueron debatidas experiencias de programas de otros países para compararlas a realidad brasileña. Para producir estos datos, hubo la aplicación de cuestionarios semi-estructurados junto a los profesionales del Programa. El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer más el cambio de identidad como una medida de protección aún poco utilizada y consecuentemente contribuir para el perfeccionamiento de la política brasileña. Por fin, se reconoce la importancia de la Psicología en los procesos de cambio de identidad de personas amenazadas...

Informing future research priorities into the psychological and social problems faced by cancer survivors: a rapid review and synthesis of the literature.

PURPOSE: To establish what is known regarding the psychological and social problems faced by adult cancer survivors (people who are living with and beyond a diagnosis of cancer) and identify areas future research should address. METHOD: A rapid search of published literature reviews held in electronic data bases was under taken. Inclusion and exclusion criteria, and removal of duplicated papers, reduced the initial number of papers from 4051 to 38. Twenty-two review papers were excluded on grounds of quality and 16 review papers were selected for appraisal. RESULTS: The psychological and social problems for cancer survivors are identified as depression, anxiety, distress, fear of recurrence, social support/function, relationships and impact on family, and quality of life. A substantial minority of people surviving cancer experience depression, anxiety, and distress or fear associated with recurrence or follow up. There is some indication that social support is positively associated with better outcomes. Quality of life for survivors of cancer appears generally good for most people, but an important minority experience a reduction in quality of life, especially those with more advanced disease and reduced social and economic resources. The majority of research knowledge is based on women with breast cancer. The longer term implications of cancer survival have not been adequately explored. CONCLUSIONS: Focussing well designed research in the identified areas where less is already known about the psychological and social impact of cancer survival is likely to have the greatest impact on the wellbeing of people surviving cancer.