Dietary Factors May Delay Tolerance Acquisition in Food Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis.

BACKGROUND: Dietary and environmental factors may influence tolerance acquisition in food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP). This retrospective observational study explored the role of maternal diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding in tolerance acquisition in infantile FPIAP. METHODS: Breastfed infants with FPIAP from six diverse regions in Greece were divided into two groups, based on development of tolerance to the trigger food: Group A (n = 43), before, and Group B (n = 53), after, the 6th month of age. Maternal diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding was elicited using the Mediterranean Diet Score Questionnaire and the Mediterranean Oriented Culture Specific Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean age at diagnosis of FPIAP (1.5 months) and weaning (5.5 months) were the same in both groups. The main trigger was cow's milk. Group A received infant milk formula earlier than Group B. Group B had a higher incidence of asthma/wheeze, siblings with milk allergy, maternal smoking and rural residence. On multivariate analysis, earlier resolution of FPIAP was associated with higher maternal education and with salt intake and consumption of goat/sheep cheese during pregnancy and olive oil during breastfeeding. Consumption of multivitamins during pregnancy and meat, winter fruits, green vegetables, butter, salt, "ready-to-eat" meals and pastries during breastfeeding were correlated with longer duration of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers of children with FPIAP to cow's milk protein can be advised to eat more yogurt, cheese and olive oil during subsequent pregnancies, and avoid multivitamins, grilled food, "ready-to-eat" meals, pastries, meat and alcohol during breastfeeding, to reduce the duration of FPIAP presenting in future infants.

The Low Maternal Consumption of Homemade Fermented Foods in Pregnancy Is an Additional Risk Factor for Food Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis: A Case-Control Study.

INTRODUCTION: Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) is the most common non-IgE-mediated food allergy and it varies between 4% and 8% in infants. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential association between FPIAP in infants and maternal daily consumption of homemade fermented foods (FFs) during pregnancy. METHODS: Two hundred and seven infants were included in this case-control study, 106 with physician-diagnosed FPIAP (FPIAP group) and 101 age- and gender-matched healthy infants (control group), together with their mothers. The frequency and diversity of the 8 most consumed homemade FFs in traditional Turkish cuisine and daily maternal consumption of these during pregnancy were evaluated retrospectively using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Rates of vaginal delivery, maternal smoking during pregnancy, educational status, and monthly household income were higher in the FPIAP group than the control group (p = 0.046, p = 0.014, p < 0.001, and p = 0.009, respectively). The 3 most common daily-consumed FFs during pregnancy were, in order, yogurt, cheese, and tarhana. The diversity of daily-consumed FFs during pregnancy (p = 0.004) and the consumption of the 3 most common FFs (p = 0.011) were lower in the FPIAP group than in the control group. Maternal smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio [OR]: 2.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-7.41, p = 0.019) and a higher maternal educational status (OR: 3.34, 95% CI: 1.63-6.84, p = 0.001) increased the risk of FPIAP at multivariate logistic regression, while the diversity of maternal FF consumption was protective against FPIAP (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.58-0.96, p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Daily maternal consumption of yogurt, cheese, and tarhana during pregnancy was less common in FPIAP. The diversity of traditional Turkish homemade FFs may reduce the risk of FPIAP, whereas maternal smoking and a higher maternal educational status were associated with an increased risk of FPIAP.

Diversion proctocolitis and the problem of the forgotten rectum in inflammatory bowel diseases: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diversion proctocolitis (DP) is a non-specific mucosal inflammation arising in the defunctionalized colon and/or rectum following faecal diversion (colostomy, ileostomy). Differential diagnosis of DP from the underlying disease in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is often unclear. As a result, it might be difficult to undertake any specific treatment. We aimed to systematically review the literature evidence on DP in IBD patients. METHODS: For this qualitative systematic review, we searched PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus to identify all studies published until July 2021 including IBD patients affected by DP. RESULTS: Overall, 37 papers published between 1982 and 2021 were included. A total of 1.211 IBD patients were included: 613 UC (50.6%), 524 CD (43.3%), 66 IBD-unclassified (IBD-U) (5.4%), 8 unspecified patients (0.7%). Most patients with DP are asymptomatic, although inflammation is detectable in almost all patients with a rectal stump. Reduced short-chain fatty acids and an altered microbiome, may trigger mucosal inflammation and have been proposed as causing factors. An increased risk of developing cancer on DP has been reported in patients with a history of previous dysplasia/cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The etiopathogenesis of DP is still unknown. The efficacy of mesalamine, corticosteroids or short-chain fatty acids has not been proven by randomized trials yet. Since the incidence of cancer of the rectal stump can reach 4.5 per 1.000 diverted patients-year, IBD patients undergoing subtotal colectomy with end-ileostomy should undergo close endoscopic surveillance, being eventually counseled for surgery with or without the restoration of the intestinal continuity.

Serological Biomarkers and Diversion Colitis: Changes after Stimulation with Probiotics.

Diversion colitis is a non-specific inflammation of a defunctionalised segment of the colon after a temporary stoma has been performed. This inflammation is associated with an alteration of certain inflammatory serum markers. The aims of this study were, firstly, to evaluate the modification of inflammatory biomarkers after stimulation with probiotics prior to closure of the protective ileostomy. Secondly, to identify if a relationship could be established between the severity of diversion colitis and the alteration of inflammatory biomarkers in the blood. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study was conducted. Patients who underwent surgery for colorectal carcinoma with protective ileostomy between January 2017 and December 2018 were included, pending reconstructive surgery and with diversion colitis as diagnosis. The sample was randomly divided into a group stimulated with probiotics (SG) (n = 34) and a control group (CG) (n = 35). Histological and endoscopic changes were evaluated after stimulation, after restorative surgery and during the short-term follow-up after surgery, including the correlation with pro-inflammatory biomarkers in blood. As main findings, a significant decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP), Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR ratio), and monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (LMR ratio) was observed in the SG versus the CG with a p < 0.001. A significant increase in transferrin values and in the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was observed in the SG versus CG after stimulation with probiotics with a p < 0.001. A normalisation of CRP and transferrin levels was observed in the third month of follow-up after closure ileostomy, and NLR, LMR and PLR ratios were equal in both groups. Decreased modified Glasgow prognostic score was found in SG compared to CG after probiotic stimulation (p < 0.001). The endoscopic and histological severity of diversion colitis is associated with a greater alteration of blood inflammatory biomarkers. The stimulation with probiotics prior to reconstructive surgery promotes an early normalization of these parameters.

Fatal Outcome Consequent to an Endoscopic Full Thickness Resection of a Colonic Lateral Spreading Tumor: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Endoscopic full-thickness resection represents an innovative procedure, used in selected patients that allows lesions en-bloc resection with an integral wall specimen available for histopathological definition. Bleeding and perforation are known to be the most frequent procedure-related adverse events. We report a case of entero-colonic fistula as complication of an endoscopic full-thickness resection. CASE REPORT A 77-year-old male, with a personal history of right-hemicolectomy for a colonic adenocarcinoma presented to our department for a routine colonoscopy that showed the presence of a 25 mm lateral spreading tumor localized at about 50 cm from the anal margin. A full-thickness resection of the lateral spreading tumor using the over-the-scope clip device was performed. After 4 weeks, because of abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and signs of malnutrition, the patient underwent a new colonoscopy showing hyperemic mucosa with ulcerations in all colonic segments and, at the site of the previous endoscopic full-thickness resection, an orifice of an entero-colonic fistula. The histological definition was suggestive for ulcerative proctocolitis and confirmed the presence of small bowel mucosa at fistula orifice. An intussusception at the level of fistula with consequent intestinal obstruction caused a worsening of clinical conditions and finally the patient death for a septic peritonitis. CONCLUSIONS Full thickness resection represents an innovative tool for en-bloc resection of gastrointestinal tumoral lesion, but procedural complications and limitations must be considered before performing this procedure.

How to manage anal ulcerations and anorectal stenosis in Crohn's disease: algorithm-based decision making : French National Working Group Consensus 2018.

The French National Society of Coloproctology established national recommendations for the treatment of anoperineal lesions associated with Crohn's disease. Treatment strategies for anal ulcerations and anorectal stenosis are suggested. Recommendations have been graded following international recommendations, and when absent professional agreement was established. For each situation, practical algorithms have been drawn.

Estudio de validez diagnóstica de la prueba de hemorragia oculta fecal en lactantes con proctocolitis alérgica inducida por proteína alimentaria / Diagnostic validity of fecal occult blood test in infants with food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis

Resumen: Introducción: La proctocolitis alérgica inducida por proteína alimentaria (PCA) es la forma más fre cuente de alergia alimentaria no mediada por IgE. El diagnóstico se realiza por prueba de provocación oral, sin embargo, no existe una prueba diagnóstica no invasiva para su diagnóstico. Frecuentemente en Chile se utiliza la prueba de hemorragia oculta fecal (PHOF) para confirmar PCA, pero no hay estudios que respalden su indicación. Objetivo: Determinar la validez diagnóstica de la PHOF en la evaluación de lactantes con PCA. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de casos y controles con recluta miento prospectivo de lactantes con rectorragia y sospecha de PCA y lactantes sanos, en quienes se realizó una PHOF. Se indicó dieta de exclusión a los casos y luego se confirmó diagnóstico de PCA mediante contraprueba. Resultados: Se incluyó a 25 casos y 29 controles sin diferencias signi ficativas en edad, sexo, tipo de parto, alimentación o edad materna. Los casos presentaron con mayor frecuencia comorbilidades alérgicas, uso de medicamentos y antecedentes familiares de alergia. La PHOF fue positiva en 84% de casos y en 34% de controles (p<0,001). La sensibilidad de la PHOF para diagnosticar PCA fue 84%, especificidad 66%, valor predictivo positivo 68% y valor predictivo nega tivo 83%. El área bajo la curva ROC fue de 0,75 (IC 95% 0,61-0,88). Conclusiones: Si bien la PHOF tiene sensibilidad adecuada para detectar PCA en lactantes con rectorragia, resulta alterada en más de un tercio de lactantes sanos por lo que no se recomienda su uso habitual para el diagnóstico de PCA.

Abstract: Introduction: Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) is the most frequent presenta tion of non-IgE mediated food allergy (FA). The diagnosis is made by oral food challenge, however, non-invasive diagnostic tests are not available. In Chile, the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is fre quently used to confirm FPIAP, however, there are no studies that support this practice. Objective: To establish the diagnostic validity of FOBT in the evaluation of infants with FPIAP. Patients and Method: Case-control study with prospective recruitment of infants with rectal bleeding and suspicion of FPIAP, and controls were healthy infants, in whom the FOBT was conducted. All cases underwent an elimination diet, after which the diagnosis of FPIAP was confirmed by oral food cha llenge. Results: 25 cases and 29 controls were included without significant differences in age, gen der, type of delivery, feeding, and maternal age. The cases had higher rates of allergic comorbidities, medication use, and family history of allergy. The FOBT was positive in 84% of cases and in 34% of controls (p < 0.001). The sensitivity of the FOBT for the diagnosis of FPIAP was 84%, specificity was 66%, positive predictive value 68%, and the negative predictive value 83%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.75 (CI 95% 0.61-0.88). Conclusions: Although the FOBT has an adequate sensitivity to diagnose FPIAP in infants with rectal bleeding, this test had abnormal results in more than a third of healthy infants. Therefore, the routine use of FOBT is not recommended for the diagnosis of FPIAP.

Quantitative MRI in murine radiation-induced rectocolitis: comparison with histopathological inflammation score.

Murine radiation-induced rectocolitis is considered to be a relevant animal model of gastrointestinal inflammation. The purpose of our study was to compare quantitative MRI and histopathological features in this gastrointestinal inflammation model. Radiation rectocolitis was induced by localized single-dose radiation (27 Gy) in Sprague-Dawley rats. T2 -weighted, T1 -weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI was performed at 7 T in 16 rats between 2 and 4 weeks after irradiation and in 10 control rats. Rats were sacrificed and the histopathological inflammation score of the colorectal samples was assessed. The irradiated rats showed significant increase in colorectal wall thickness (2.1 ± 0.3 mm versus 0.8 ± 0.3 mm in control rats, P < 0.0001), normalized T2 signal intensity (4 ± 0.8 versus 2 ± 0.4 AU, P < 0.0001), normalized T1 signal intensity (1.4 ± 0.1 versus 1.1 ± 0.2 AU, P = 0.0009) and apparent and pure diffusion coefficients (ADC and D) (2.06 × 10-3 ± 0.34 versus 1.51 × 10-3 ± 0.23 mm2 /s, P = 0.0004, and 1.97 × 10-3 ± 0.43 mm2 /s versus 1.48 × 10-3 ± 0.29 mm2 /s, P = 0.008, respectively). Colorectal wall thickness (r = 0.84, P < 0.0001), normalized T2 signal intensity (r = 0.85, P < 0.0001) and ADC (r = 0.80, P < 0.0001) were strongly correlated with the histopathological inflammation score, whereas normalized T1 signal intensity and D were moderately correlated (r = 0.64, P = 0.0006, and r = 0.65, P = 0.0003, respectively). High-field MRI features of single-dose radiation-induced rectocolitis in rats differ significantly from those of control rats. Quantitative MRI characteristics, especially wall thickness, normalized T2 signal intensity, ADC and D, are potential markers of the histopathological inflammation score.

An unusual case of proctosigmoiditis secondary to arteriovenous fistulization.

Refractory chronic colitis presents a medical and surgical challenge, and underlying etiologies are diverse with potential for misclassification as inflammatory bowel disease. We present an unusual case of chronic proctosigmoiditis with rare vascular etiology. A 48-year-old Caucasian male presented with severe diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) suggested proctosigmoiditis. Colonoscopy and biopsy findings were non-specific but were suggestive of ischemic etiology and venous congestion. He was initially treated with antibiotics, steroids, and mesalamine, which did not show any improvement. Mesenteric angiography showed a fairly large irregular and bizarre vessel consistent with a large arteriovenous fistula (AVF) associated with one of the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery. AVF was too large to be embolized, and he underwent a laparoscopic low anterior resection with creation of a coloproctostomy and protective diverting loop ileostomy. An AVF was found at the origin of the ascending left colic artery. Inferior mesenteric vein thrombosis and arteriovenous fistulization are rare vascular causes of chronic proctosigmoiditis, but these should be considered in refractory cases. Both initial diagnosis and surgical treatment can be challenging.

Eficacia y seguridad de supositorios de mesalazina en pacientes adultos con proctitis o proctosigmoiditis ulcerativa para las fases agudas y del mantenimiento de la remision / Efficacy and safety of mesalazine suppositories in adult patients with proctitis or ulcerative proctosigmoiditis for acute phases and maintenance of remission

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen presenta la evaluación de tecnología de la eficacia y seguridad de los supositorios de mesalazina para su uso en pacientes adultos con proctitis o proctosigmoiditis ulcerativa para las fases aguda y del mantenimiento de la remisión. Aspectos Generales: La colitis ulcerativa (CU) es la condición inflamatoria crónica más común de las enfermedades gastrointestinales. Frecuentemente se desarrolla entre los 15 y 25 años y 55 y 65 años, aunque no excluye la población fuera de estos rangos de edad. Esta enfermedad genera inflamación a nivel de la mucosa del colon, siendo variable la extensión de la inflamación y pudiendo llegar a afectar también el área del recto. Se caracteriza por fases de relapso y remisión. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: Mesalazina (Canasa®/Mesacron®/Pentasa®/Salofalk®/Asacol®) es un medicamento anti-inflamatorio de acción tópica compuesto químicamente por el ácido 5 aminosalicílico o 5-ASA. Tiene dos vías de administración, oral y rectal, siendo los supositorios rectales, la forma de presentación de interés de esta evaluación de tecnología. METODOLOGÍA: Estratégia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una estrategia de búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia científica con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de supositorios de mesalazina para pacientes con proctitis o proctosigmoiditis ulcerativa en fases aguda y del mantenimiento de la remisión. Para la búsqueda primaria se revisó la información disponible por entes reguladoras y normativas como la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos (FDA), y la Dirección General de Medicamentos y Drogas (DIGEMID). Posteriormente, se buscaron guías de práctica clínica a través de los metabuscadores: Translating Research into Practice (TRIPDATABASE), The National Guideline of Clearinghouse (NGC), y Health Systems Evidence (HSE). Seguidamente, se realizó una búsqueda dentro de la información generada por grupos internacionales que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluaciónes de tecnologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica, tales comoHealth Technology Assesment (HTA), la Biblioteca de Cochrane, el Instituto Nacional de la Salud y Excelencia en Cuidado (NICE), la Agencia Canadiense de Drogas y Tecnologías en Salud (CADTH), y el Consorcio Escocés de Medicinas (SMC). Adicionalmente se revisaron las bases National Library of Medicine (Pubmed-Medline), LILACS, EMBASE, OVID, y complementando la búsqueda con la página de ensayos clínicos www.clinicaltrials.gov, para identificar estudios primarios en elaboración o que no hayan sido publicados aún. RESULTADOS: Tras la búsqueda se encontró evidencia que sustenta la eficacia y seguridad de supositorios de mesalazina en pacientes adultos con proctitis o proctosigmoiditis ulcerativa para las fases aguda y del mantenimiento de la remisión.RESULTADOS: Tras la búsqueda se encontró evidencia que sustenta la eficacia y seguridad de supositorios de mesalazina en pacientes adultos con proctitis o proctosigmoiditis ulcerativa para las fases aguda y del mantenimiento de la remisión. Sinopsis de la Evidencia: Se encontró evidencia acerca de la eficacia y seguridad de supositorios de mesalazina en pacientes adultos con proctitis o proctosigmoiditis ulcerativa para las fases aguda y del mantenimiento de la remisión. CONCLUSIONES: La presente evaluación de tecnología evalúa la evidencia disponible a Febrero del 2016 para el uso de supositorios de mesalazina para pacientes adultos con proctitis o proctosigmoiditis para las fases agudas y del mantenimiento de la remisión. - Se ha encontrado evidencia que sustenta la eficacia y seguridad de supositorios de mesalazina, la cual está basada en dos guías de práctica clínica y dos revisiones sistemáticas de buena calidad metodológica. Cabe resaltar que esta eficacia ha sido demostrada únicamente para la población de pacientes con proctitis o proctosigmoiditis ulcerativa, mas no en otras áreas del colon en fases aguda. Sin embargo, para la fase del mantenimiento de la remisión no se ha encontrado evidencia directa que evalúe el potencial beneficio de supositorios de mesalazina. , El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación ­ IETSI, aprueba el uso de supositorios de mesalazina en pacientes adultos con proctitis o proctosigmoiditis ulcerativa para el tratamiento de fases aguda y del mantenimiento de la remisión. El presente Dictamen Preliminar tiene una vigencia de dos años a partir de la fecha de publicación.

Syphilitic and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) proctocolitis: clues to a frequently missed diagnosis.

A rising incidence of syphilis and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) underscores the importance of recognizing these sexually transmitted infections (STI) in routine anocolonic biopsies. To increase awareness of their morphologic manifestations, we undertook a clinicopathologic study of our experience: syphilis (7 patients, 7 specimens), LGV (2 patients, 4 specimens), and syphilis/LGV (1 patient, 3 specimens). The diagnoses of all study specimens were confirmed with pertinent clinical studies. All study patients were human immunodeficiency virus positive, and all 9 with available history were men who have sex with men. The majority presented with bleeding (9), pain (6), and tenesmus (4). Ulcerations were the most common endoscopic abnormality (7), whereas mass lesions were confined to the syphilis group (4). None of the initial impressions included LGV, and syphilis was prospectively suggested only by pathologists (6 of 8) without the knowledge of clinical information and on the basis of morphology. Alternative impressions included condyloma acuminatum (3), inflammatory bowel disease (3), and malignancy (2), among others. All study specimens shared the following histologic core features: an intense lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with prominent plasma cells and lymphoid aggregates, only mild to moderate acute inflammation, minimal basal plasmacytosis and crypt distortion, and only rare granulomas and Paneth cell metaplasia. The spirochetes were focally demonstrated on a Treponema pallidum immunohistochemical stain (1) but not on silver stains (3). All patients with available follow-up data showed resolution of symptoms and imaging abnormalities after STI therapy (6). In summary, we report a unique pattern of STI proctocolitis consistently identified in patients with serologically confirmed syphilis and/or LGV infection; pertinent STI therapy leads to resolution of clinical abnormalities. This histologic pattern is important to recognize for timely treatment, for prevention of onward STI transmission, and to avoid the diagnostic pitfalls of inflammatory bowel disease or malignancy.

[The ethiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and clinical features of the complicated posttraumatic rectal fistulae].

The ethiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, clinical features and the capabilities of modern instrumental methods in the diagnosis of 134 patients with posttraumatic rectal fistulaes. The main causes of the rectal fistulae formation was the mechanism of the forecoming trauma, late hospital admission and postoperative complications. The use of modern diagnostic facilities allows to know the anatomic features of the fistulae, the presence of the septic cavities of the pararectal tissue, the involvement of sphincter muscles to the inflammatory process and their functional state. All the listed above facilitate the efficacy of the surgical treatment.

The etiology of small and fresh rectal bleeding in not-sick neonates: should we initially suspect food protein-induced proctocolitis?

UNLABELLED: This study was performed to identify the cause and frequency of food protein-induced proctocolitis (FPIPC) in not-sick neonates with small and fresh rectal bleeding and to verify the effectiveness of oral food elimination and challenge test (ECT) as a diagnostic method of FPIPC. We prospectively analyzed neonates with small and fresh rectal bleeding who were clinically normal. We investigated age at symptom onset, feeding at onset of bleeding, the time of bleeding disappearance, stool smear and culture, endoscopic findings, and histopathologies in the biopsy specimens of 16 not-sick neonates. We performed food ECT in cases with over 4 days of persistent rectal bleeding in the absence of any other etiology. In 16 not-sick neonates with rectal bleeding, the median age at symptom onset was 8.5 (1-43) days. Endoscopic abnormalities were observed in all 16 patients, and in 10 cases satisfying the pathological guidelines for FPIPC, two (12.5 %) were confirmed as FPIPC by food ECT. In the other 14 (87.5 %) cases, rectal bleeding spontaneously disappeared after on average at 4 (1-8) days and thus was diagnosed as idiopathic neonatal transient colitis (INTC). CONCLUSIONS: FPIPC is rare as a cause of small and fresh rectal bleeding in not-sick newborns and most of cases proved to be INTC. Although clinical findings are suspected as its symptoms and histological results satisfy its diagnostic criteria, FPIPC should be carefully confirmed through food ECT.