Contribuições da mobilidade acadêmica internacional realizada na austrália para a formação da enfermeira no brasil / Aportes de movilidad académica internacional realizados en australia para la formación de enfermeras en brasil / Contributions of international academic mobility held in australia for the training of nurses in brazil

Objetivo: identificar as contribuições da mobilidade acadêmica internacional, realizada na Austrália, para a formação da enfermeira no Brasil. Método: estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com oito ex-intercambistas do Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras. A análise foi feita pela proposta do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Resultados: a experiência ofereceu às (ex)intercambistas uma gama de oportunidades e de trocas de experiências para a formação em enfermagem. Foi apontada a rica experiência em cursar disciplinas na Austrália, comparando a metodologia Problem Based Learning com a metodologia tradicional vivenciada no Brasil e destacando seus efeitos positivos. O intercâmbio proporcionou desenvolvimento de habilidades técnico-científicas e interpessoais, vivências de sistemas comparados de saúde, além de aperfeiçoamento das competências linguísticas e de construção de compromisso ético-político-social e perspectivas profissionais futuras. Considerações finais: a mobilidade acadêmica internacional contribuiu positivamente na formação das enfermeiras brasileiras, com evidência de desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional.

Objetivo: identificar las contribuciones de la movilidad académica internacional, realizada en Australia, a la formación de enfermeras en Brasil. Método: estudio exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo, realizado con ocho ex alumnos de intercambio del programa Ciencia sin Fronteras. El análisis se realizó mediante la propuesta del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Resultados: la experiencia ofreció a los estudiantes (ex)de intercambio una gama de oportunidades e intercambio de experiencias para la educación de enfermería. Se señaló la rica experiencia en el estudio de asignaturas en Australia, comparando la metodología de Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas con la metodología tradicional experimentada en Brasil y destacando sus efectos positivos. El intercambio proporcionó el desarrollo de habilidades técnico-científicas e interpersonales, experiencias de comparación de sistemas de salud, además de mejorar las habilidades lingüísticas y construir un compromiso ético-político-social y perspectivas profesionales de futuro. Consideraciones finales: la movilidad académica internacional contribuyó positivamente a la formación de enfermeras brasileñas, con evidencia de desarrollo personal y profesional.

Objective: to identify the contributions of international academic mobility, carried out in Australia, to the training of nurses in Brazil. Method: exploratory study with qualitative approach, conducted with eight former exchange students of the Science Without Borders program. The analysis was made by the proposal of the Collective Subject Discourse. Results: the experience offered (ex)exchange students a range of opportunities and exchange of experiences for nursing education. The rich experience in studying subjects in Australia was pointed out, comparing the Problem Based Learning methodology with the traditional methodology experienced in Brazil and highlighting its positive effects. The exchange provided the development of technical-scientific and interpersonal skills, experiences of comparing health systems, in addition to improving language skills and building an ethical-political-social commitment and future professional perspectives. Final considerations: international academic mobility contributed positively to the training of Brazilian nurses, with evidence of personal and professional development.

Entre a igualdade e a diferença nos discursos do projeto saúde e prevenção nas escolas / Entre la igualdad y la diferencia: los engaños discursivos de la diversidad sexual en el proyecto salud y prevención en las escuelas / Between equality and difference: the sexual diversity's discursive traps at the project health and prevention at schools

Resumo A diversidade sexual tem sido uma questão amplamente discutida nos diversos espaços sociais, inclusive na escola. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o discurso jurídico acerca da diversidade sexual presente nos materiais documentais do projeto governamental brasileiro chamado Saúde e Prevenção nas Escolas. Primeiramente, são expostos os elementos teóricos e metodológicos utilizados, inspirados sobretudo na concepção do discurso de Michel Foucault. Em seguida, é feita uma exposição e discussão dos resultados encontrados, em relação ao discurso jurídico presente nos materiais analisados. Problematiza-se a presença, nos documentos, de elementos baseados em recursos da justiça, como a igualdade entre os homens, respeito às diferenças e luta contra o preconceito e a "judicialização da vida". Por fim, apresentam-se algumas considerações finais que discutem o discurso em sua função de produção de realidades, questionando o duplo jogo da defesa da igualdade e as suas ciladas.

Resumen La diversidad sexual ha sido un tema ampliamente discutido en los distintos espacios sociales, incluyendo en la escuela. El propósito de este artículo es analizar el discurso jurídico sobre la diversidad sexual en el material documental del proyecto gubernamental brasileño llamado Salud y Prevención en las Escuelas. En primer lugar, se exponen los elementos teóricos y metodológicos utilizados, inspirados sobre todo en la comprensión del discurso de Michel Foucault. Luego, se exponen y discuten los resultados encontrados en relación con el discurso jurídico presente en los materiales analizados. Se problematiza la presencia, en los documentos, de elementos basados en recursos de la justicia, como la igualdad entre los hombres, el respeto a las diferencias y lucha contra el prejuicio y la "judicialización de la vida". Por último, se presentan algunas consideraciones finales que discuten el discurso en su función de producción de realidades, cuestionando el doble juego de la defensa de la igualdad y sus trampas.

Abstract Sexual diversity has been an issue broadly discussed in many social spaces, including at school. This article's goal is to analyze the legal discourse about sexual diversity present in the documental material of the Brazilian governmental project known as Health and Prevention at Schools. First, the article exposes the the theoretical and methodological elements used, inspired especially by Michel Foucault's conception of discourse. Next, the article exposes and discusses the results found in relation to the legal discourse present in the analyzed materials. It questions the presence, in the documents, of elements based on justice resources, such as equality between men, respect for differences and fight against prejudice and the "judicialization of life". Finally, some final considerations that discuss the discourse in its realities production function are presented, questioning the defense of equality's double game and traps.

Construcción de ciudadanía: un modelo para su desarrollo en la escuela / The construction of citizenship: a model for its development in the school

Se analiza las relaciones entre ciudadanía, política y educación, y a partir de ello, se propone un modelo para la formación de ciudadanos en la escuela, para la formación de la ciudadanía que incluye: propósitos de la enseñanza, papel de los contenidos en este proceso, formas para llevar a cabo enseñanza - aprendizaje y evaluación del aprendizaje.

The relationship among citizens, politics, and education is discussed, and based on that, a model for the training of citizens in the school, for the formation of citizenship is proposed, which includes purposes of education, the role of the contents in this process, ways to carry out the teaching - learning process, and learning assessment.

The effects of socio-economic status, dengue knowledge and perception on source reduction and protective behavior in selected marginal areas of Belmopan

Dengue, a mosquito-borne disease is a major health concern worldwide. The Belize Ministry of Health mosquito control strategies include fumigating, distributing bed nets, conducting educational campaign, among other activities. The educational campaign, specifically, aims to increase both the source reduction of mosquito breeding sites and the protective behavior against mosquito bites. To understand the relationship between educational campaign and the mosquito preventative practices, a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) survey was conducted in two marginal areas of Belmopan that were considered high risk areas for dengue by the Ministry of Health. The two marginal areas were selected through stratified sampling according to their socio-economic status and within each area the houses were then randomly selected and questions pertaining to their knowledge, attitude and preventative practices for dengue were asked. By analyzing the relationship between demographic background, knowledge, attitude, and practice using bivariate analysis the results demonstrated that although the knowledge of dengue did not have a significant impact on the preventative practice of individuals, their attitudes had. Forty-eight percent of individuals who were considered to have a high concern towards dengue were practicing preventative and protective measures against mosquitos. We conclude that more educational programs should focus on increasing the concern towards dengue along with awareness and encouragement of conducting mosquito source reduction.(AU)

Medicina intensiva en Chile: desafíos para su desarrollo. Documento de la Comisión Nacional de Medicina Intensiva del Ministerio de Salud / Ministry of Health Intensive Care Medicine Commission: Proposals for the development of the discipline

Intensive care medicine in Chile is still in its dawn. It has experienced a progressive growth in the last decade, but continues to be weak. Although investments in the discipline have increased fivefold, there is still a severe deficiency of intensive care specialists. This issue will represent a serious problem in the near future. The Ministry of Health gathered an expert committee to study the problem and propose solutions for the future development of the discipline.

O desafio da intersetorialidade: a experiência do Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) em Manguinhos, no Município do Rio de Janeiro / The challenge of intersectionality: the experience of the School Health Program (ESP) in Manguinhos, in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro

O Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE), instituído no Brasil em 2007, busca fortalecer as experiências desenvolvidas no ambiente escolar e promover a articulação das ações vinculadas ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com a rede pública de ensino. Este estudo teve como objetivo acompanhar o processo de implementação do PSE no contexto de Manguinhos, zona norte do Município do Rio de Janeiro, no que se refere à articulação entre saúde e educação, identificando os desafios e possibilidades para a ação intersetorial, no âmbito do programa. A abordagem metodológica adotada privilegiou a análise de implementação, a partir do estudo de caso, com a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores e profissionais das áreas da saúde, educação e assistência social; acompanhamento de reuniões e levantamento documental, no período de março de 2010 a dezembro de 2011. A pesquisa identificou fatores facilitadores e impeditivos na trajetória de implementação do PSE, identificando os atores envolvidos, suas concepções, os papéis que desempenham e as interações entre eles. Os resultados apontam que o PSE desenvolvido no município, a partir de investimentos federais e municipais, ganha uma nova característica: a expansão e o estímulo das ações de saúde na escola para todo o território, com ações descentralizadas, a partir dos Núcleos de Saúde na Escola e Creche (NSEC’s), e ações de assistência à saúde, por meio de equipes de saúde contratadas. Em Manguinhos foi possível observar que a comunicação e a articulação entre os atores locais apresentaram-se frágeis e descontínuas, principalmente após a entrada das equipes contratadas, levando à sobreposição de algumas ações no território e à sua interrupção. Em contrapartida a atuação de atores chave representou a expectativa de viabilizar parcerias e interlocuções para a construção de iniciativas envolvendo saúde e educação. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de se repensar dinâmicas e processos para o fortalecimento dessas ações locais, de forma mais articulada e sustentável; a viabilização da capacitação de técnicos, a partir de metodologias participativas; e o estímulo à participação comunitária na construção das ações e atividades voltadas para as reais necessidades da comunidade escolar.

Images of welfare in law and society: the British welfare state in comparative perspective.

Designed by Beveridge and built by Attlee's post-war Labour government, the welfare state was created during the 1940s. Britain has been seen ­ in domestic debates and internationally ­ as a world first: the place where both the idea and the practice of the welfare state were invented. I draw together comparative welfare state analysis with law and society scholarship (previously largely developed in isolation from one another) ­ as well as using British political cartoons as a source ­ to develop a revisionist historical critique of this conventional wisdom. First, the British welfare state has always been comparatively parsimonious. Second, the idea of the welfare state seems to have its origins outside the United Kingdom and this terminology was adopted relatively late and with some ambivalence in public debate and scholarly analysis. Third, a large body of socio-legal scholarship shows that robust 'welfare rights' were never embedded in the British 'welfare state'.

Preventive HIV/AIDS education through physical education: reflections from Zambia.

Governments, UN agencies and international and local NGOs have mounted a concerted effort to remobilise sport as a vehicle for broad, sustainable social development. This resonates with the call for sport to be a key component in national and international development objectives. Missing in these efforts is an explicit focus on physical education within state schools, which still enroll most children in the global South. This article focuses on research into one of the few instances where physical education within the national curriculum is being revitalised as part of the growing interest in leveraging the appeal of sport and play as means to address social development challenges such as HIV/AIDS. It examines the response to the Zambian government's 2006 Declaration of Mandatory Physical Education (with a preventive education focus on HIV/AIDS) by personnel charged with its implementation and illustrates weaknesses within the education sector. The use of policy instruments such as decrees/mandates helps ensure the mainstreaming of physical education in development. However, the urgency required to respond to new mandates, particularly those sanctioned by the highest levels of government, can result in critical pieces of the puzzle being ignored, thereby undermining the potential of physical education (and sport) within development.

What adult worker model? A critical look at recent social policy reform in Europe from a gender and family perspective.

Analyses regularly feature claims that European welfare states are in the process of creating an adult worker model. The theoretical and empirical basis of this argument is examined here by looking first at the conceptual foundations of the adult worker model formulation and then at the extent to which social policy reform in western Europe fits with the argument. It is suggested that the adult worker formulation is under-specified. A framework incorporating four dimensions­the treatment of individuals vis-à-vis their family role and status for the purposes of social rights, the treatment of care, the treatment of the family as a social institution, and the extent to which gender inequality is problematized­is developed and then applied. The empirical analysis reveals a strong move towards individualization as social policy promotes and valorizes individual agency and self-sufficiency and shifts some childcare from the family. Yet evidence is also found of continued (albeit changed) familism. Rather than an unequivocal move to an individualized worker model then, a dual earner, gender-specialized, family arrangement is being promoted. The latter is the middle way between the old dependencies and the new "independence." This makes for complexity and even ambiguity in policy, a manifestation of which is that reform within countries involves concurrent moves in several directions.

Medical countermeasures for platelet regeneration after radiation exposure. Report of a workshop and guided discussion sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, March 22­23, 2010.

The events of September 11, 2001 and their aftermath increased awareness of the need to develop medical countermeasures (MCMs) to treat potential health consequences of a radiation accident or deliberate attack. The medical effects of lethal exposures to ionizing radiation have been well described and affect multiple organ systems. To date, much of the research to develop treatments for mitigation of radiation-induced hematopoietic damage has focused on amelioration of radiation-induced neutropenia, which has long been considered to be the primary factor in determining survival after an unintentional radiation exposure. Consistent with historical data, recent studies have highlighted the role that radiation-induced thrombocytopenia plays in radiation mortality, yet development of MCMs to mitigate radiation damage to the megakaryocyte lineage has lagged behind anti-neutropenia approaches. To address this gap and to foster research in the area of platelet regeneration after radiation exposure, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) sponsored a workshop on March 22-23, 2010 to encourage collaborations between NIAID program awardees and companies developing pro-platelet approaches. NIAID also organized an informal, open discussion between academic investigators, product development contractors, and representatives from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other relevant government agencies about drug development toward FDA licensure of products for an acute radiation syndrome indication. Specific emphasis was placed on the challenges of product licensure for radiation/nuclear MCMs using current FDA regulations (21 CFR Parts 314 and 601) and on the importance of animal efficacy model development, design of pivotal protocols, and standardization of irradiation and animal supportive care.

Programa Sigamos Aprendiendo en el Hospital en el INCICH / \"Keep on learning\" program at a Hospital in the \"Ignacio Chávez\" National Institute of Cardiology (ICHNIC)", "_i": "

El Programa Sigamos Aprendiendo en el Hospital fue implementadoen el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Cháveza finales del año 2005, ha representado un medio para ofreceractividades de tipo educativo en la vertiente formal, no formal yrecreativa en el paciente ambulatorio en edad pediátrica y adulta,así como también a familiares y trabajadores; los beneficioscon este programa son disminuir los procesos de angustia, estrésy depresión generados por el entorno hospitalario y favoreceruna mejor adaptación. Esta iniciativa institucional es unaoportunidad para los pacientes, familiares y trabajadores, queviven con rezago y deserción escolar para que puedan continuary concluir su educación básica.

The program Following Learning at the Hospital was createdby National Institute Cardiology Ignacio Chavez at the end ofyear 2005. This program is bases on idea that include academic,professional, and social life, but also in vital higher-order skills(abilities). This program offer non formal way recreatives activitiesto the patient at the old ages and pediatric patients, as wellas to relatives and workers; the benefits with the program arelow process in order to avoid stress, depression wich generatedby the environment at hospitalization and to favor one better adaptation.This institutional initiative is an opportunity for thepatients, relatives and workers, who live with a leave behindand scholastic desertion so that they can continue and concludehis basic education.

Analysing contractual environments: lessons from Indigenous health in Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

Contracting in health care is a mechanism used by the governments of Canada, Australia and New Zealand to improve the participation of marginalized populations in primary health care and improve responsiveness to local needs. As a result, complex contractual environments have emerged. The literature on contracting in health has tended to focus on the pros and cons of classical versus relational contracts from the funder's perspective. This article proposes an analytical framework to explore the strengths and weaknesses of contractual environments that depend on a number of classical contracts, a single relational contract or a mix of the two. Examples from indigenous contracting environments are used to inform the elaboration of the framework. Results show that contractual environments that rely on a multiplicity of specific contracts are administratively onerous, while constraining opportunities for local responsiveness. Contractual environments dominated by a single relational contract produce a more flexible and administratively streamlined system.

Tracing experiences of NHS change in England: a process philosophy perspective.

For over three decades public services have been the subject of unprecedented change. Nowhere has this been more evident than in the English National Health Service (NHS) where despite the effort expended on change there is growing evidence that such restructuring is largely ineffective. Drawing on a study of culture modification in the English NHS, this paper utilizes Chia's (1999) account of the metaphysics of processual change to consider why attempts to restructure public services are not always successful. The paper contributes to our understanding of public management reform by considering how an ontology of becoming, and a loosening of control, might alter how we approach reforming. Further, the paper offers a theoretical justification for the use of standard research methods for novel processual ends. The paper concludes with a reflection on the implications of a processual perspective for the future management, organization and study of change in public administration.

Supplier behaviour and public contracting in the English agency nursing market.

The worldwide expansion in the use of private firms to deliver public services and infrastructure has promoted a substantial literature on public sector contract and relationship management. This literature is currently dominated by the notion that supplier relationships should be based upon trust. Less prominent are more sceptical approaches that emphasize the need to assiduously manage potential supplier exploitation and opportunism. This article addresses this imbalance by focusing upon the recent experience of the English National Health Service (NHS) in its dealings with its nursing agencies. Between 1997 and 2001, the NHS was subjected to considerable exploitation and opportunism. This forced managers to adopt a supply strategy based upon an assiduous use of e-auctions, framework agreements and quality audits. The article assesses the effectiveness of this strategy and reflects upon whether a more defensive approach to contract and relationship management offers a viable alternative to one based upon trust.

Necessidades de capacitação e aperfeiçoamento dos profissionais de equipes de saúde da família da 4ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Necessities of professionals of the family health teams from the "4ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul" for training and improvement

Este estudo objetivou verificar as necessidades para a capacitação e aperfeiçoamento dos profissionais das equipes de saúde da família dos 31 municípios que compõe a 4ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta de dados foi realizada através da aplicação de um questionário com questões objetivas, composto de duas partes: campo e núcleo de competências. Para análise dos dados obtidos, foram utilizados testes de normalidade, qui-quadrado e teste G para as atribuições fáceis e difíceis indicadas pelos profissionais. Os profissionais mostraram menores dificuldades com atribuições genéricas, relacionadas a métodos e técnicas básicas de cada área de formação. Porém, revelaram dificuldades tais como a busca de parcerias nas comunidades, estimulação da participação popular na discussão sobre direitos à saúde e o preenchimento dos formulários do SIA/SIAB. Mesmo após doze anos da criação do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF), observam-se ainda várias dificuldades em atuar de forma adequada e necessária a este novo modelo de trabalho em saúde. São propostas medidas que visam auxiliar e consolidar o PSF em seus diversos níveis.

This study had the aim to verify the necessities of training and improvement of the 4th Regional Coordination in Health of Rio Grande do Sul State family health teams. The data collection was carried out through the application of questionnaires with objective questions, composed by two parts: field and competence nucleus. For data analyses, Normality, Chi-Square and G tests were used as statistical procedures for Easy and Difficult attributions indicated by the professionals. Professionals have shown less difficulty with generic attributions, related with basic methods and techniques of each health area. However, they have revealed a lot of difficulties with attributions relating to the search of new partners in health inside communities, stimulation of the people participation in the discussion of health rights, and completion of the SIA/SIAB forms, and others. Even after 12 years of the foundation of the Family Health Program (PSF), several difficulties are still observed concerning the way to work with this new health strategy in Brazil. Proposals are made for the complete understanding and improvement of the PSF strategy.

Capacitação técnica vs. comprometimento profissional: o real impacto no controle da hanseníase / Technical capacitation versus professional compromising: the true impact on Hansen's disease control

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a importância que vem sendo dada às capacitações no âmbito do programa de controle da hanseníase no estado de Alagoas. Trata se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa realizada com gestores, portadores e ex portadores de hanseníase e todas as categorias profissionais das equipes de saúde da família de seis municípios selecionados a partir de indicadores operacionais padronizados pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. O aspecto mais evidente que garantiu o melhor desempenho dos municípios relaciona-se ao comprometimento dos profissionais envolvidos, mais do que a sua participação em capacitações, incluindo-se, aí, o empenho, ou seja, a vontade política.

Red Star/Black Lungs: anti-tobacco campaigns in twentieth-century Russia.

This paper examines two major Soviet anti-smoking campaigns -- one in the 1920s and the other in the late 1970s. Each occurs in a period of demographic crisis as part of larger pubic health efforts. Each ultimately fails. In 1920, the leader of the People's Commissariat of Health, N. Semashko, began a campaign against tobacco with the support of V.I. Lenin. He proposed restrictions on access, use, and production of tobacco. Faced with the needs of the new state for economic stability, government officials abandoned the plan by 1921. In 1970, internal demographic concerns and increasing international evidence led the Ministry of Health to again attempt to stamp out tobacco. While policy was made, implementation was weak and the economic dislocations of the 1980s saw the vast importation of foreign brands to stabilize the government and the collapse of this second campaign against tobacco.

Drug consumption in London and Western Berlin during the 1960s and 1970s: local and transnational perspectives.

Between about 1964 and 1969, drug consumption was embedded into the transnational networks of a countercultural youth underground. In London, the high mobility of the underground members was evoking a deep-rooted fear of a casual way of life. The West Berlin underground was much more politicized than its London counterpart. In West Berlin, until the last third of the 1970s, there was no coordinated anti-drug policy. This changed when the situation of heroin users deteriorated. Politicians as well as the members of the self-help organizations began to realize that a close cooperation and an improved communication were imperative. The situation for heroin users in 1970s London was not that bad when compared to Berlin because a relatively well-functioning civil society already existed, and there were special clinics, the Drug Treatment Centers, and a relatively well-working network of voluntary organizations.