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1.
Phys Med Biol ; 69(14)2024 Jul 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38942035

RESUMO

Objective.A major challenge in treatment of tumors near skeletal muscle is defining the target volume for suspected tumor invasion into the muscle. This study develops a framework that generates radiation target volumes with muscle fiber orientation directly integrated into their definition. The framework is applied to nineteen sacral tumor patients with suspected infiltration into surrounding muscles.Approach.To compensate for the poor soft-tissue contrast of CT images, muscle fiber orientation is derived from cryo-images of two cadavers from the human visible project (VHP). The approach consists of (a) detecting image gradients in the cadaver images representative of muscle fibers, (b) mapping this information onto the patient image, and (c) embedding the muscle fiber orientation into an expansion method to generate patient-specific clinical target volumes (CTV). The validation tested the consistency of image gradient orientation across VHP subjects for the piriformis, gluteus maximus, paraspinal, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus muscles. The model robustness was analyzed by comparing CTVs generated using different VHP subjects. The difference in shape between the new CTVs and standard CTV was analyzed for clinical impact.Main results.Good agreement was found between the image gradient orientation across VHP subjects, as the voxel-wise median cosine similarity was at least 0.86 (for the gluteus minimus) and up to 0.98 for the piriformis. The volume and surface similarity between the CTVs generating from different VHP subjects was on average at least 0.95 and 5.13 mm for the Dice Similarity Coefficient and the Hausdorff 95% Percentile Index, showing excellent robustness. Finally, compared to the standard CTV with different margins in muscle and non-muscle tissue, the new CTV margins are reduced in muscle tissue depending on the chosen clinical margins.Significance.This study implements a method to integrate muscle fiber orientation into the target volume without the need for additional imaging.


Assuntos
Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas , Humanos , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Masculino , Feminino , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos
2.
PLoS One ; 16(12): e0260922, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34890429

RESUMO

Quantitative modeling of specific absorption rate and temperature rise within the human body during 1.5 T and 3 T MRI scans is of clinical significance to ensure patient safety. This work presents justification, via validation and comparison, of the potential use of the Visible Human Project (VHP) derived Computer Aided Design (CAD) female full body computational human model for non-clinical assessment of female patients of age 50-65 years with a BMI of 30-36 during 1.5 T and 3 T based MRI procedures. The initial segmentation validation and four different application examples have been identified and used to compare to numerical simulation results obtained using VHP Female computational human model under the same or similar conditions. The first application example provides a simulation-to-simulation validation while the latter three application examples compare with measured experimental data. Given the same or similar coil settings, the computational human model generates meaningful results for SAR, B1 field, and temperature rise when used in conjunction with the 1.5 T birdcage MRI coils or at higher frequencies corresponding to 3 T MRI. Notably, the deviation in temperature rise from experiment did not exceed 2.75° C for three different heating scenarios considered in the study with relative deviations of 10%, 25%, and 20%. This study provides a reasonably systematic validation and comparison of the VHP-Female CAD v.3.0-5.0 surface-based computational human model starting with the segmentation validation and following four different application examples.


Assuntos
Interpretação de Imagem Radiográfica Assistida por Computador/métodos , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Imagens de Fantasmas , Ondas de Rádio
3.
Surg Radiol Anat ; 43(1): 37-43, 2021 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32676743

RESUMO

PURPOSE: In all educational materials, the foot cannot be peeled from skin to the bone at constant intervals, like as real dissection. The aim of this study was to produce the peeled images which the foot structures can be peeled gradually along a skin-curved surface in real color, like a real dissection. In addition, the sectioned images of typical and atypical planes are presented in real color and high resolution. METHODS: From the sectioned images of real color, foot volume models were made using Photoshop, Matlab, and MRIcroGL. Peeled images and sectioned images of the typical planes were produced from the volume models. All images were placed into the browsing software. An atypical plane could be shown in a real-time using the volume models of the foot. RESULTS: Using the peeled images, in which the foot can be rotated at 5-degree intervals and stripped gradually at 0-30 mm depth, the foot anatomy could be learned precisely and efficiently. The sectional anatomy of the foot for radiology and orthopedic surgery could also be learned easily using the sectioned images of typical (horizontal, coronal, and sagittal) and atypical planes. CONCLUSION: The most significant merit of the volume models is that all outcomes can be displayed with proper colors of the body structures on any plane. By virtue of these merits, the volume models are useful for learning medical education, research, and clinical practice.


Assuntos
Pé/anatomia & histologia , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Cor , Humanos , República da Coreia
4.
Int. j. morphol ; 38(1): 147-152, Feb. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056413

RESUMO

Dog ear is very important because of disease vulnerability. Therefore, gross anatomy and sectional anatomy on CT and MRI of the dog ear should be mastered by veterinarian. The purpose of this research was to present the digital atlases which high quality sectioned images and 3D models of detailed structures of dog ear could be displayed freely. In the sectioned images of a female beagle, ear structures were reconstructed by surface modeling to make 3D models. The sectioned images and 3D models were put into the browsing software and PDF file, respectively. Using the browsing software and the PDF file, gross and radiological anatomy of dog ear could be learned easily and accurately. The auditory tube of a dog was placed anterior to the tympanic cavity unlike human. The tensor tympani muscle of a dog was connected to the dorsal wall of the tympanic cavity with the malleus. No remarkable difference in the auditory ossicles, semicircular ducts, facial nerve, and endolymphatic duct was observed between dogs and humans. The software and the PDF file will be provided to other researchers freely to help contribute to veterinary research and education.


La oreja del perro es importante debido a la vulnerabilidad de enfermedad. Por lo tanto, el veterinario debe conocer plenamente la anatomía macroscópica y la anatomía seccional en la TC y la RM del oído del perro. El objetivo de esta investigación fue presentar los atlas digitales que podían mostrar imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad y modelos 3D de estructuras detalladas de orejas de perro. En las imágenes seccionadas de una hembra Beagle, las estructuras de las orejas se reconstruyeron mediante modelado de superficie con el objetivo de crear modelos 3D. Las imágenes seccionadas y los modelos 3D se colocaron en un software de navegación y un archivo PDF. El uso de software de navegación y el archivo PDF permiten un aprendizaje fácil y preciso de la anatomía macroscópica y radiológica de la oreja de perro. El músculo tensor del tímpano de un perro estaba conectado a la pared dorsal de la cavidad timpánica con el martillo. No se observaron diferencias notables en los huesecillos auditivos, los conductos semicirculares, el nervio facial y el conducto endolinfático entre perros y humanos. El software y el archivo PDF estarán disponibles libremente para los investigadores para ayudar en la investigación y educación veterinaria.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Orelha/diagnóstico por imagem , Software , Anatomia Transversal , Imageamento Tridimensional , Orelha/anatomia & histologia , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Pavilhão Auricular/diagnóstico por imagem
5.
Phys Med Biol ; 64(23): 235003, 2019 11 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31618724

RESUMO

Machine learning and deep learning are rapidly finding applications in the medical imaging field. In this paper, we address the long-standing problem of metal artifacts in computed tomography (CT) images by training a dual-stream deep convolutional neural network for streak removal. While many metal artifact reduction methods exist, even state-of-the-art algorithms fall short in some clinical applications. Specifically, proton therapy planning requires high image quality with accurate tumor volumes to ensure treatment success. We explore a dual-stream deep network structure with residual learning to correct metal streak artifacts after a first-pass by a state-of-the-art interpolation-based algorithm, NMAR. We provide the network with a mask of the streaks in order to focus attention on those areas. Our experiments compare a mean squared error loss function with a perceptual loss function to emphasize preservation of image features and texture. Both visual and quantitative metrics are used to assess the resulting image quality for metal implant cases. Success may be due to the duality of information processing, with one network stream performing local structure correction, while the other stream provides an attention mechanism to destreak effectively. This study shows that image-domain deep learning can be highly effective for metal artifact reduction (MAR), and highlights the benefits and drawbacks of different loss functions for solving a major CT reconstruction challenge.


Assuntos
Artefatos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Metais , Redes Neurais de Computação , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Algoritmos , Aprendizado Profundo , Humanos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Parafusos Pediculares , Próteses e Implantes , Terapia com Prótons , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Projetos Ser Humano Visível
6.
Int. j. morphol ; 37(3): 1016-1022, Sept. 2019. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1012390

RESUMO

To allow students and surgeons to learn the sites for botulinum toxin injection, new types of educational images are needed because MRI, CT, and sectioned images are inadequate. This article describes browsing software that displays face peeled images that allow layers along the curved surface of the face to be peeled gradually in even depths across the surface. Two volume models of the head were reconstructed from sectioned images and segmented images of Visible Korean, respectively. These volume models were peeled serially at a thickness of 0.2 mm along the curved surface of the facial skin to construct the peeled images and peeled segmented images. All of the peeled images were marked with botulinum toxin injection sites, facial creases and wrinkles, and fat compartments. All peeled images and the text information were entered into browsing software. The browsing software shows 12 botulinum toxin injection sites on all peeled images of the anterior and lateral views. Further, the software shows 23 anatomic landmarks, 13 facial creases and wrinkles, and 7 face fat compartments. When a user points at any structure on the peeled images, the name of the structure appears. Our software featuring the peeled images will be particularly effective for helping medical students to quickly and easily learn the accurate facial anatomy for botulinum toxin injection sites. It will also be useful for explaining plastic surgery procedures to patients and studying the anatomic structure of the human face.


Para permitir que los estudiantes y cirujanos aprendan los sitios para la inyección de toxina botulínica, se necesitan nuevos tipos de imágenes educativas ya que las imágenes de MRI, CT e imágenes seccionadas son inadecuadas. Este artículo describe el software de navegación que muestra imágenes de cara sin piel que permiten que las capas a lo largo de la superficie curva de la cara se despeguen gradualmente en profundidades uniformes a lo largo de la superficie. Se reconstruyeron dos modelos de volumen de la cabeza a partir de imágenes seccionadas e imágenes segmentadas visibles, respectivamente. En estos modelos de volumen se retiró la piel en serie con un grosor de 0,2 mm a lo largo de la superficie curva de la cara para construir las imágenes sin piel y las imágenes segmentadas sin piel. Todas las imágenes sin piel se marcaron con puntos de inyección de toxina botulínica, arrugas y arrugas faciales y compartimientos de grasa. Todas las imágenes despegadas y la información de texto se ingresaron en el software de navegación. El software de navegación muestra 12 sitios de inyección de toxina botulínica en todas las imágenes de las vistas anterior y lateral. Además, el software muestra 23 puntos de referencia anatómicos, 13 pliegues y arrugas faciales y 7 compartimentos de grasa facial. Cuando un usuario selecciona cualquier estructura en las imágenes sin piel, aparece el nombre de la estructura. Nuestro software con las imágenes sin piel será particularmente efectivo para ayudar a los estudiantes de medicina a aprender rápida y fácilmente la anatomía facial precisa para los sitios de inyección de toxina botulínica. También será útil para explicar los procedimientos de cirugía plástica a pacientes y estudiar la estructura anatómica del rostro humano.


Assuntos
Humanos , Cirurgia Plástica/educação , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Face/anatomia & histologia , Toxinas Botulínicas , Cadáver , Interpretação de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Cor , Pontos de Referência Anatômicos , Modelos Anatômicos
7.
Comput Assist Surg (Abingdon) ; 24(sup2): 43-53, 2019 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31385543

RESUMO

As a recent research hot issue, obtaining the accurate 3 D organ models of Visible Human Project (VHP) has many significances. Therefore, how to extract the organ regions of interest (ROI) in the large-scale color slice image data set has become an urgent issue to be solved. In this paper, we propose a method framework based on OneCut algorithm and adjacent image geometric features to continuously extract the main organ regions is proposed. This framework mainly contains two parts: firstly, the OneCut algorithm is used to segment the ROI of target organ in the current image; secondly, the foreground image (obtained ROI) is corroded into several seed points and the background image (other region except for ROI) is refined into a skeleton. Then the obtained seed points and skeleton can be transmitted and mapped onto the next image as the input of OneCut algorithm. Thereby, the serialized slice images can be processed continuously without manual delineating. The experimental results show that the extracted VHP organs are satisfactory. This method framework may provide well technic foundation for other related application.


Assuntos
Algoritmos , Corpo Humano , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Reconhecimento Automatizado de Padrão/métodos , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Masculino , Projetos Ser Humano Visível
8.
Prensa méd. argent ; 105(1): 1-8, mar 2019. fig
Artigo em Espanhol | BINACIS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1026309

RESUMO

La disección virtual es una herramienta educativa sumamente valiosa en anatomía. Es particularmente útil cuando hay escasez de cadáveres o en los casos en que la disección no sea posible por motivos religiosos o éticos. En este trabajo los autores presentan una reconstrucción 3D de un corazón masculino a partir de la información del proyecto Korean Visible Human, realizado en el marco de asociaciones de la cátedra de anatomía digital de la UNESCO creada recientemente en la Universidad Descartes. La segmentación manual de 1640 cortes anatómicos se logró a través del software Winsurf, produciendo un modelo vectorial 3D interactivo del corazón y la anatomía que lo rodea. Se reconstruyeron ochenta y cuatro estructuras, incluyendo el corazón y sus vasos (27 estructuras), tráquea, esófago, pulmones, cayado aórtico, vena cava inferior, riñones, sistema esquelético conformado por 58 estructuras, entre ellas: esternón, cartílagos costales, vértebras torácicas y discos intervertebrales, sacro, coxales y piel. El modelo vectorial 3D obtenido se exportó en formato PDF 3D produciendo una verdadera herramienta de disección virtual a través de la interfaz de Acrobat: las estructuras anatómicas pueden individualizarse y manipularse interactivamente como 84 objetos 3D separados. Además, se pueden agregar "etiquetas" con el nombre de cada elemento anatómico. Esta nueva mesa de disección virtual computarizada es una herramienta simple y poderosa tanto para alumnos como para docentes de anatomía. Además, resulta ser la base para futuras herramientas de simulación que contribuirán al entrenamiento de cirujanos


The virtual dissection is a remarkable learning tool in anatomy. It is particularly useful in the case of lack of cadavers or if anatomical dissection is impossible due to ethical or religious reasons. The authors present here a 3D reconstruction of the female's heart from the Visible Korean human data, made in the frame of the projects of the UNESCO chair of digital anatomy created recently at the Descartes University.The manual segmentation of 1640 anatomical slices was achieved with the Winsurf ® software producing an interactive 3D vectorial model of the heart and surrounding anatomy. Eighty four anatomical structures were reconstructed, including the heart and its vessels (27 structures), trachea, oesophagus, lungs, aortic arch, superior vena cava, azygos system, inferior vena cava, right and left kidneys, skeletal system (58) structures including: sternum, xiphoid process, clavicles, ribs, costal cartilage, thoracic vertebrae, intervertebrales discs, sacrum, hip bones, and femurs) and skin. The obtained 3D vectorial model was exported in 3D PDF format, producing a true virtual dissection tool through the Acrobat's interface: the anatomical structures can be individually and interactively manipulated as 84 separated 3D objects. 3D labels can be added with the name of each anatomical element. This new computerized virtual dissection table is a simple and powerful learning tool for students and anatomy teachers. It is also the basis of future simulation tools for surgeon's training


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Cadáver , Anatomia Transversal , Vasos Coronários , Dissecação/educação , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Treinamento por Simulação , Realidade Virtual , Coração , Modelos Anatômicos
9.
Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg ; 25(2): e23-e27, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30807431

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of postpartum patients introduction to and interaction with a virtual 3-dimensional (3D) pelvic model on the self-care, knowledge, and anxiety parameters. METHODS: The model was designed from computed tomography data displaying the involvement of the levator ani in a fourth-degree perineal laceration. This 3D model was used to educate postpartum day 1 patients at the bedside. Patient data were collected using a pre and post questionnaire assessing knowledge, anxiety, and confidence in perineal wound self-care. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients were enrolled with a median age of 28.5 years (interquartile range, 31, 21.75 years) and a median parity of 1 (interquartile range, 2, 1). Patient use of the tool significantly decreased patient anxiety regarding perineal lacerations (P < 0.01) and significantly increased patient knowledge on what part of their vagina was lacerated during vaginal delivery (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Reviewing a 3D model of perineal lacerations with patients on postpartum day 1 is associated with less anxiety and increased knowledge of pelvic floor anatomy. These pilot data represent a preliminary investigation into the relations between 3D model of perineal lacerations and a range of patient outcomes.


Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Lacerações/psicologia , Lacerações/terapia , Modelos Anatômicos , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/métodos , Períneo/lesões , Adulto , Ansiedade/etiologia , Ansiedade/prevenção & controle , Parto Obstétrico/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Lacerações/etiologia , Parto , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Prospectivos , Autocuidado , Autoeficácia , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Adulto Jovem
10.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(2): 402-406, jun. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-954128

RESUMO

SUMMARY: The liver dimensional (3D) models, consists of eight segments including portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct), are necessary because it is difficult to dissect a liver and its inner structures. But it is difficult to produce 3D models from high resolution and color sectioned-images. This study presents automatic and accurate methods for producing liver 3D models from the sectionedimages. Based on the sectioned-images and color-filled-images of the liver, a 3D model including both the portal triad and hepatic vein was made. Referring to the 3D model, 3D models of liver's eight segments including the segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic vein were completed and saved as STL format. All STL files were combined and saved as Liver-3D in PDF format for the common user. By functional subdivision of liver, the Liver-3D was divided into left (segments II, III, and, IV) and right (segments V, VI, VII, and VIII) liver in bookmark window of the PDF file. In addition, in Liver-3D, the primary to tertiary segmental branches of the portal triad could be shown in different colors. Owing to the difficulty of 3D modeling of liver including eight segments and segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic, we started this research to find automatic methods for producing 3D models. The methods for producing liver 3D models will assist in 2D selection and 3D modeling of other complicated structures.


RESUMEN: Los modelos hepáticos dimensionales (3D) consisten en ocho segmentos que incluyen la tríada portal (vena porta, arteria hepática y conducto biliar), y son necesarios ya que es difícil disecar un hígado y sus estructuras internas. Sin embargo, es difícil producir modelos 3D a partir de imágenes en alta resolución e imágenes seccionadas en color. Este estudio presenta métodos automáticos y precisos para producir modelos 3D de hígado a partir de las imágenes seccionadas. Sobre la base de las imágenes seccionadas y las imágenes del hígado llenas de color, se realizó un modelo 3D que incluía tanto la tríada portal como la vena hepática. En referencia al modelo 3D, se completaron modelos 3D de los ocho segmentos del hígado que incluían las ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y la vena hepática y se guardaron como formato STL. Todos los archivos STL fueron combinados y guardados como Liver-3D en formato PDF para el usuario común. Por subdivisión funcional del hígado, el hígado-3D se dividió en hígado izquierdo (segmentos II, III y IV) y derecho (segmentos V, VI, VII y VIII) en la ventana de marcador del archivo PDF. Además, en Liver-3D, las ramas segmentarias primarias a terciarias de la tríada portal podrían mostrarse en diferentes colores. Debido a la dificultad del modelado 3D del hígado, incluidos ocho segmentos y ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y hepática, comenzamos esta investigación para encontrar métodos automáticos para producir modelos 3D. Los métodos para producir modelos 3D de hígado ayudarán en la selección 2D y el modelado 3D de otras estructuras complicadas.


Assuntos
Humanos , Anatomia Transversal , Imageamento Tridimensional , Veias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Fígado/diagnóstico por imagem , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Veias Hepáticas/anatomia & histologia , Fígado/irrigação sanguínea , Modelos Anatômicos
11.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(2): 537-543, jun. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-954151

RESUMO

The sectional anatomy of a cat head is essential when interpreting CTs and MRIs of the region. In learning the sectional anatomy, sectioned images of a cat could be quite effective data. The main objective was to assist veterinary physicians who learn the sectional anatomy of a cat head by presenting high-quality sectioned images. A short-haired female cat was frozen and sectioned frontally using a cryomacrotome. Every sectioned surface in real body color was photographed with a digital camera. The frontal planes were stacked to produce dorsal and sagittal planes. High-quality sectioned images of a cat head allowed the identification of small, complicated structures. The notable structures were as follows: each bone of the cranium, structures of the brain, tympanic cavity (larger than human), oval window (larger than human), vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve, ear ossicles, six extraocular muscles, pupil (larger than human), retractor bulbi muscle (not found in human), optic nerve, olfactory bulb (considerably large), vomeronasal organ duct (not found in human), infraorbital gland (not found in human), masticatory muscles (larger than human), maxillary nerve (larger than human), and mandibular nerve. This pacesetting report describes the detailed head structures of a cat from the viewpoint of sectional anatomy. The sectioned images will be given to other interested researchers free of charge.


El conocimiento de la anatomía seccional de cabeza de gato es esencial para interpretar estudios por tomografía computada y resonancia magnética de la región. En el conocimiento de esta anatomía seccional, las imágenes seccionadas de un gato podrían aportar datos bastante efectivos. El objetivo principal consistió en ayudar a los médicos veterinarios para que aprendan la anatomía seccional de una cabeza de gato mediante la presentación de imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad. Una gata de pelo corto fue congelada y seccionada frontalmente usando un criomicrótomo. Cada sección, con el color real del cuerpo, fue fotografiada con una cámara digital. Los planos frontales se apilaron para producir planos dorsales y sagitales. Las imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad de una cabeza de gato permitieron la identificación de estructuras pequeñas y de dificil visualización. Las estructuras destacadas fueron las siguientes: cada hueso del cráneo, las estructuras del cerebro, la cavidad timpánica (más grande que en el humano), la ventana oval (más grande que en el humano), el nervio vestibular, el nervio coclear, los huesecillos del oído, seis músculos extraoculares, la pupila, el músculo retractor del ojo (no se encuentra en el ser humano), nervio óptico, bulbo olfatorio (considerablemente grande), conducto del órgano vomeronasal (no se encuentra en el ser humano), glándula infraorbitaria (no se encuentra en los humanos), músculos masticatorios (más grandes que en el humano), nervio maxilar (más grande que en el humano) y nervio mandibular. En este trabajo describimos detalladamente, desde el punto de vista de la anatomía seccional, las estructuras de la cabeza de un gato. Las imágenes seccionadas estarán a disponibles para otros investigadores en forma gratuita.


Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Gatos/anatomia & histologia , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Cabeça/diagnóstico por imagem , Anatomia Transversal
12.
J Med Syst ; 42(3): 37, 2018 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29333592

RESUMO

We present a computer program designed to visualize and interact with three-dimensional models of the main anatomical structures of the female pelvis. They are reconstructed from serial sections of corpse, from the Visible Human project of the Medical Library of the United States and from serial sections of high-resolution magnetic resonance. It is possible to represent these three-dimensional structures in any spatial orientation, together with sectional images of corpse and magnetic resonance imaging, in the three planes of space (axial, coronal and sagittal) that facilitates the anatomical understanding and the identification of the set of visceral structures of this body region. Actually, there are few studies that analysze in detail the radiological anatomy of the female pelvis using three-dimensional models together with sectional images, making use of open applications for the representation of virtual scenes on low cost Windows® platforms. Our technological development allows the observation of the main female pelvis viscera in three dimensions with a very intuitive graphic interface. This computer application represents an important training tool for both medical students and specialists in gynecology and as a preliminary step in the planning of pelvic floor surgery.


Assuntos
Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Modelos Anatômicos , Pelve/anatomia & histologia , Instrução por Computador , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Estados Unidos , Projetos Ser Humano Visível
13.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(4): 1377-1382, Dec. 2017. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-893145

RESUMO

SUMMARY: The purpose of this research was to enable anyone to learn the sectional anatomy of the head anywhere, anytime by presenting software to browse sectioned images on a Google Android mobile device. Among the 2,343 sectioned images at 0.1 mm intervals, 234 sectioned images at 1 mm intervals were chosen. The corresponding 234 segmented images containing 236 head structures were selected. The software of the mobile version was programmed and debugged in the Java programming language. The folders of the sectioned images and segmented images and the txt file of the segmentation data were arranged in the source code of the software. The software was distributed free of charge at the homepage (neuroanatomy.kr) and Google Play Store. After installing the software, the sectioned images and corresponding segmented images could be browsed by touching and swiping the screen. In the medical category of the Google Play Store, the software earned a good reputation. The software of the Android mobile version was usable regardless of the time and place. The software is under the authors' non-commercial policy. Other investigators may modify the mobile software to browse their own images. The mobile version of the software will aid medical students and doctors in learning sectional anatomy.


RESUMEN: El propósito de esta investigación fue permitir que toda persona aprendiera la anatomía de secciones de la cabeza, en cualquier lugar y en cualquier momento, a través de un software para examinar imágenes seccionadas en un dispositivo móvil Android de Google. De las 2.343 imágenes seccionadas a intervalos de 0,1 mm, se seleccionaron 234 imágenes seccionadas a intervalos de 1 mm. Se seleccionaron las 234 imágenes segmentadas que contenían 236 estructuras de cabeza. El software de la versión móvil fue programado y depurado en el lenguaje de programación Java. Las carpetas de las imágenes seccionadas y las imágenes segmentadas y el archivo .txt de los datos de segmentación se organizaron en el código fuente del software. El software se distribuyó gratuitamente en la página principal (neuroanatomy.kr) y Google Play Store. Después de instalar el software, las imágenes seccionadas y las imágenes segmentadas correspondientes se pueden navegar tocando y deslizando la pantalla. En la categoría médica de Google Play Store, el software obtuvo buena recepción. El software de la versión móvil de Android fue utilizado independientemente de la hora y el lugar. El software está bajo la política no comercial de los autores. Otros investigadores pueden modificar el software móvil para navegar por sus propias imágenes. La versión móvil del software ayudará a los estudiantes de medicina y los médicos en el aprendizaje de la anatomía seccional.


Assuntos
Humanos , Educação Médica/métodos , Aplicativos Móveis , Smartphone , Cabeça/anatomia & histologia , Anatomia Transversal , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Cabeça/diagnóstico por imagem , Anatomia/educação , Aprendizagem
14.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(3): 883-887, Sept. 2017. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-893068

RESUMO

The aim of this research was to help the general population learn basic anatomy by providing easy and intriguing comics and Visible Korean movies. Eight significant systems (skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, urinary, genital, cardiovascular, and nervous systems) were explained by the anatomy learning comics. The learning comics were accompanied by humorous comic strips that introduce various episodes about anatomy. The individual systems were also elucidated by videos of surface models and sectioned images that were made from the cadavers. These videos also include annotations and commentaries aiding anatomy comprehension like the documentary films. For users to conveniently access the wanted contents, software with a simple menu was developed. This free software is operable directly on the homepage (anatomy.co.kr); otherwise, the software is downloadable from the same site to be run off-line. The combined use of multimedia contents will hopefully promote the general population's interest in and knowledge of anatomy.


El objetivo de esta investigación fue ayudar a la población en general en el aprendizaje de la anatomía básica, a través de cómics, fáciles de entender e intrigantes, y de películas coreanas. Ocho sistemas anatómicos (esquelético, muscular, digestivo, respiratorio, urinario, genital, cardiovascular y nervioso) fueron explicados por medio del aprendizaje de la anatomía con cómics. Los cómics fueron acompañados por cómics graciosos que introducen varios episodios sobre anatomía. Los sistemas también fueron explicados a través de videos de modelos de superficie e imágenes seccionadas realizadas a partir de los cadáveres. Estos videos también incluyen anotaciones y comentarios que ayudan a la comprensión de la anatomía. Para que los usuarios accedieran convenientemente al contenido deseado, se desarrolló un software con un menú sencillo. Este software libre puede ser manejado directamente en el sitio web anatomy.co.kr; de lo contrario, el software se puede descargar desde el mismo sitio para ser usado fuera de línea. El uso combinado de contenidos multimedia promoverá el interés de la población en general y el conocimiento de la anatomía.


Assuntos
Materiais de Ensino , Software , Desenhos Animados como Assunto , Anatomia/educação , Projetos Ser Humano Visível
15.
Surg Radiol Anat ; 39(4): 441-449, 2017 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27663868

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Human anatomy learning confronts many difficulties, including the lack of anatomical specimens and limitations in anatomical dissection techniques that can destroy and change the shape and position of anatomic structures. A Virtual Anatomy System can help to overcome these difficulties. METHODS: Based on the high-resolution thin-sectional anatomical images of the Chinese Visible Human data set, we created a Virtual Anatomical System, including nearly all male and female anatomical structures. RESULTS: With this system, medical students can freely observe the detailed anatomical information of the coronal, sagittal, and transverse sections through a 3D-reconstructed realistic model on a personal computer in the local network. CONCLUSIONS: This Virtual Anatomy System is an easy and direct way for students to learn and understand the shape and the relationship of anatomic structures, which can also make the anatomy learning more interesting. Furthermore, it can help students synthetically master the anatomical knowledge.


Assuntos
Anatomia/educação , Educação Médica/métodos , Aprendizagem , Interface Usuário-Computador , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , China , Dissecação , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Masculino , Modelos Anatômicos
16.
Int. j. morphol ; 34(3): 939-944, Sept. 2016. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-828966

RESUMO

Diagnosing and treating stomach diseases requires as many of the related anatomy details as possible. The objective of this study based on the sectioned images of cadaver was to offer interested clinicians anatomical knowledge about the stomach and its neighbors from the new viewpoint. For the raw data, sectioned images of a male cadaver without stomach pathology were used. By manual segmentation and automatic interpolation, a high-quality volume model of the stomach was reconstructed. The model was continuously peeled and piled to synthetically reveal the inside and outside of the stomach. The anterior, posterior, right, and left views of the models were compared with a chosen sectioned image. The numerous stomach images were then put into user-friendly browsing software. Some advantages of this study are that the sectioned images reveal real stomach color with high resolution; the peeled and piled volume models result in new features of the stomach and surroundings; and the processed models can be conveniently browsed in the presented software. These image data and tutorial software are expected to be helpful in acquiring supplementary morphologic information on the stomach and related structures.


El diagnóstico y el tratamiento de enfermedades del estómago requieren del conocimiento del mayor número de detalles posible sobre su anatomía. El objetivo de este estudio, basado en secciones de imágenes de cadáver, es ofrecer a los médicos la anatomía del estómago y sus estructuras vecinas desde un nuevo punto de vista. Se utilizaron imágenes de secciones de un cadáver, de sexo masculino, sin patología del estómago. Por segmentación manual y automática de interpolación, se reconstruyó un modelo de volumen de alta calidad del estómago. El modelo fue descortezado y apilado para revelar sintéticamente el interior y exterior del estómago. Se compararon los puntos de vista anterior, posterior, derecho e izquierdo de los modelos en una sección elegida. Las numerosas imágenes del estómago luego fueron puestas en el software de navegación de fácil uso para el profesional. Algunas de las ventajas de este estudio son que las imágenes seccionadas revelan el color real del estómago con alta resolución; los modelos de volumen descortezados y apilados dan lugar a nuevas funciones del estómago y sus estructuras circundantes; y los modelos procesados pueden ser convenientemente navegados en el software presentado. Se espera que estos datos de imagen y el tutorial del programa sean de utilidad para la adquisición de información morfológica complementaria sobre el estómago y las estructuras relacionadas.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Estômago/anatomia & histologia , Interface Usuário-Computador , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Cadáver , Modelos Anatômicos , Software
17.
Int. j. morphol ; 33(4): 1287-1292, Dec. 2015. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-772310

RESUMO

We intended to present a portable document format (PDF) file containing stereoscopic surface models of the foot. While other surface models are subjectively drawn based on anatomical knowledge, our models are reconstructed from high quality sectioned images. Unlike other models, ours in the complimentary PDF file can also be saved on individual user computers to be manipulated off-line. The skin, 27 bones, 24 muscles, and 19 ligaments in the foot were delineated on a male cadaver's sectioned images from the Visible Korean project. After stacking the outlines of the structures, other than those of the ligaments, surface reconstruction was performed. The resultant surface models were placed in a PDF file, in which the models could be superimposed on either the corresponding sectioned images or the color-filled outline images. PDF bookmarks were established to exhibit the groups of foot muscles conveniently. The PDF file prepared in this research is likely to be very useful for comprehension of the topographic anatomy of the foot muscles. The models it contains can be extracted by other researchers for their own virtual dissection or surgery visualization of foot as desired.


El objetivo de este estudio fue un archivo en formato de documento portátil (PDF) que contiene modelos de superficie estereoscópicas del pie. Mientras que otros modelos de superficie se dibujan subjetivamente sobre la base de los conocimientos anatómicos, nuestros modelos seccionados se reconstruyen a partir de imágenes de alta calidad. A diferencia de otros modelos, nuestro modelo en el archivo PDF también se puede guardar en los computadores de los usuarios individuales para ser manipulados fuera de línea. Se delineó la piel, 27 huesos, 24 músculos, y 19 ligamentos en los pies de un cadáver de sexo masculino del proyecto Visible Korean. Después de apilar los contornos de las estructuras, que no fuera las de los ligamentos, se llevó a cabo la reconstrucción de las superficies. Los modelos de superficie resultantes se colocan en un archivo PDF, en el que los modelos podrían ser superpuestos en cualquiera de las correspondientes imágenes seccionadas o las imágenes de contorno a color. Se establecieron marcadores de PDF para exhibir los grupos de músculos del pie cómodamente. El archivo PDF preparado de esta investigación probablemente sea muy útil para la comprensión de la anatomía topográfica de los músculos del pie. Los modelos que contiene pueden ser extraídos por otros investigadores para la disección o cirugía de visualización virtual de los pies.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pé/anatomia & histologia , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Interface Usuário-Computador , Cadáver , Imageamento Tridimensional , Projetos Ser Humano Visível
18.
Int. j. morphol ; 33(4): 1323-1332, Dec. 2015. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-772316

RESUMO

The objective of this research was to present high-quality sectioned images of a whole female body which would be helpful in creating an atlas, virtual dissection, and various applications for medical education and clinical trial. In addition, the authors sought to demonstrate the applicabilities of sectioned images. A female cadaver was ground serially using the cryomacrotome and photographed to make the sectioned images. Structures in the images were segmented to produce segmented images in Photoshop. In the self-developed browsing software, the sectioned and segmented images were stored. Based on the segmented images, surface models were built on commercial software and saved as PDF file. High-quality sectioned images of the female body were taken (intervals, 0.2 mm or 1 mm; pixel size, 0.1 mm; color depth, 48 bit color). In the images obtained, very small and complicated structures could be identified in color of living body. In order to ascertain the applicability of the images, the browsing software including sectioned and segmented images and the PDF file including surface models were produced. The sectioned images and surface models produced during this research will prove to be a useful source for medical software. All data generated is available free of charge.


El objetivo fue presentar imágenes seccionadas en alta calidad de un cuerpo femenino que sería de gran ayuda en la creación de un atlas, en la disección virtual y en diversas aplicaciones para la educación médica y los ensayos clínicos; además, se trata de demostrar la aplicabilidad de las imágenes seccionadas. Un cadáver de sexo femenino fue seccionado en serie utilizando un criomicrótomo y luego fue fotografiado. Las estructuras en las imágenes fueron segmentadas para producir imágenes en Photoshop. En un programa de navegación de desarrollo propio se almacenaron las imágenes seccionadas y segmentadas. Basado en las imágenes segmentadas, los modelos de superficie fueron construidas en el programa y guardadas como archivo PDF. Las imágenes seccionadas de alta calidad del cuerpo femenino fueron tomadas con intervalos entre 0,2 o 1 mm; tamaño en píxeles de 0,1 mm y profundidad de color de 48 bits). En las imágenes obtenidas, las estructuras muy pequeñas y complicadas pudieron ser identificadas a color en el cuerpo. Con el fin de determinar la aplicabilidad de las imágenes, se produjo un programa de navegación que incluye imágenes seccionadas y segmentadas y el archivo PDF que incluye modelos de superficie. Las imágenes seccionadas y los modelos de superficie producidos durante esta investigación demostraron ser una fuente útil como programa médico. Todos los datos generados se encuentran disponibles gratuitamente.


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Anatomia Transversal , Imageamento Tridimensional , Imagem Corporal Total , Cadáver , República da Coreia , Projetos Ser Humano Visível
19.
Int. j. morphol ; 33(3): 888-894, Sept. 2015. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-762560

RESUMO

Medical students in the dissection room do not fully understand the ankle joint for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion as well as the subtalar joint for inversion and eversion. Thus, a three-dimensional simulation of the movements would be beneficial as a complementary pedagogic tool. The bones and five muscles (tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, and fibularis tertius) of the left ankle and foot were outlined in serially sectioned cadaver images from the Visible Korean project. The outlines were verified and revised; and were stacked to build surface models using Mimics software. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion were simulated using the models on Maya to determine the mediolateral axis. Then, inversion and eversion were done to determine the anteroposterior axis. The topographic relationship of the two axes with the five affecting muscles was examined to demonstrate correctness. The models were placed in a PDF file, with which users were capable of mixed display of structures. The stereoscopic image data, developed in this investigation, clearly explain ankle movement. These graphic contents, accompanied by the sectioned images, are expected to facilitate the development of simulation for the medical students' learning and the orthopedic surgeons' clinical trial.


Los estudiantes de medicina en la sala de disección no entienden completamente la dorsiflexión y flexión plantar de la articulación talocrural, así como la inversión y eversión de la articulación subtalar. Por tanto, la simulación 3D de estos movimientos resultaría beneficiosa como herramienta pedagógica complementaria. Los huesos y cinco músculos (tibial anterior, tibial posterior, fibular largo, fibular corto y fibular tercero), se describen en imágenes del proyecto "Visible Korean", de cadáveres seccionados en serie. Los contornos fueron verificados, revisados, y agrupados para construir modelos de superficie utilizando el programa Mimics. Los movimientos de dorsiflexión y flexión plantar fueron simulados utilizando los modelos generados en el programa Maya, para determinar el eje mediolateral. La inversión y eversión se realizó para determinar el eje anteroposterior. Se examinó la relación topográfica de los dos ejes con los cinco músculos estudiados para demostrar la exactitud de movimientos. Los modelos fueron colocados en un archivo PDF, mediante el cual los usuarios fueron capaces de obtener una visualización combinada de las estructuras. Los datos procedentes de imágenes estereoscópicas, obtenidos en esta investigación, permiten explicar claramente el movimiento de las articualciones talocrural y subtalar. Estos contenidos gráficos, acompañados de las imágenes seccionadas, facilitarán el desarrollo de la simulación en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes y su uso en ensayos clínicos por parte de cirujanos ortopédicos.


Assuntos
Humanos , Articulação do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Modelos Anatômicos , Articulação Talocalcânea/diagnóstico por imagem , Interface Usuário-Computador , Articulação do Tornozelo/fisiologia , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento Tridimensional , Articulação Talocalcânea/fisiologia , Projetos Ser Humano Visível
20.
Int. j. morphol ; 33(2): 440-445, jun. 2015. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-755492

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to introduce the complementary relationship between virtual dissection table (simply, table) and free software, since authors tried to aid interested people in their studying digital human anatomy. Visible Korean (VK) team had presented the serially sectioned images and outlined images of a male cadaver. Thereafter, Anatomage (San Jose, CA) manufactured the table by making 3-dimensional (3D) volume models from the data. Separately, the VK team reconstructed surface models from the same data and inputted the models in portable document format (PDF) file, which can be opened on the personal computer. The software to browse the sectioned and outlined images was also programmed by VK team. In this report, the table and the VK free software were compared to establish their supplementary potentiality. Both the table and free software displayed equivalent 3D models reconstructed from the same sectioned images. In both platforms, the models were labeled for users to recognize the individual structures. Both the table and the free software had respective features to enhance the virtual dissecting experience. The table came with its designated hardware with life-sized display, whereas VK software could be run in any personal computer without burden. The coexistence of the table and free software will enrich the people learning anatomy. With increasing VK data and free software, more and more commercial or complimentary products are expected to be produced.


El objetivo de este estudio fue introducir la relación complementaria entre una mesa virtual de disección (simplemente, la mesa) y un programa de libre acceso. Mediante este proceso los autores trataron de ayudar a aquellas personas interesadas en el estudio de la anatomía humana digital. El equipo Visible Korean (VK) había presentado las imágenes de secciones consecutivas e imágenes de un cadáver de sexo masculino. Partiendo de ese punto, la compañía Anatomage fabricó la mesa produciendo con los datos modelos dimensionales de volumen (3D). En forma paralela, el equipo VK reconstruyó los modelos de superficie con los mismos datos y de entrada de los modelos en formato de documento portátil (PDF), que se pudieran abrir en el ordenador personal. El equipo VK además lo programó para navegar a través de las imágenes seccionadas y descritas. En este informe, la mesa y el programa VK fueron comparados para establecer su potencialidad complementaria. Tanto la mesa como el programa de libre acceso muestran modelos 3D equivalentes reconstruidos a partir de las mismas imágenes seccionadas. En ambas plataformas, se marcaron los modelos para que los usuarios reconozcan las estructuras individuales. Tanto la mesa y el programa libre tenían características respectivas para mejorar la experiencia de disección virtual. La mesa incluía el hardware designado con la pantalla de tamaño natural, mientras que el programa VK podía ser ejecutado en cualquier ordenador personal sin dificultad alguna. La coexistencia de la mesa y el programa libre pueden ser un apoyo importante para quienes estudien anatomía. Con el aumento de los datos de VK y el programa libre, se espera que exista una mayor cantidad de productos comerciales o gratuitos.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Simulação por Computador , Projetos Ser Humano Visível , Modelos Anatômicos , Cadáver , Dissecação
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