RESUMO
The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) heterotrimer PP2A-B56α is a human tumour suppressor. However, the molecular mechanisms inhibiting PP2A-B56α in cancer are poorly understood. Here, we report molecular level details and structural mechanisms of PP2A-B56α inhibition by an oncoprotein CIP2A. Upon direct binding to PP2A-B56α trimer, CIP2A displaces the PP2A-A subunit and thereby hijacks both the B56α, and the catalytic PP2Ac subunit to form a CIP2A-B56α-PP2Ac pseudotrimer. Further, CIP2A competes with B56α substrate binding by blocking the LxxIxE-motif substrate binding pocket on B56α. Relevant to oncogenic activity of CIP2A across human cancers, the N-terminal head domain-mediated interaction with B56α stabilizes CIP2A protein. Functionally, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated single amino acid mutagenesis of the head domain blunted MYC expression and MEK phosphorylation, and abrogated triple-negative breast cancer in vivo tumour growth. Collectively, we discover a unique multi-step hijack and mute protein complex regulation mechanism resulting in tumour suppressor PP2A-B56α inhibition. Further, the results unfold a structural determinant for the oncogenic activity of CIP2A, potentially facilitating therapeutic modulation of CIP2A in cancer and other diseases.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese , Proteína Fosfatase 2 , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Aminoácidos , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Domínio Catalítico , Fosforilação , Proteína Fosfatase 2/genética , Proteína Fosfatase 2/ultraestrutura , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismoRESUMO
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a deltaretrovirus and the most oncogenic pathogen. Many of the ~20 million HTLV-1 infected people will develop severe leukaemia or an ALS-like motor disease, unless a therapy becomes available. A key step in the establishment of infection is the integration of viral genetic material into the host genome, catalysed by the retroviral integrase (IN) enzyme. Here, we use X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of the functional deltaretroviral IN assembled on viral DNA ends and bound to the B56γ subunit of its human host factor, protein phosphatase 2 A. The structure reveals a tetrameric IN assembly bound to two molecules of the phosphatase via a conserved short linear motif. Insight into the deltaretroviral intasome and its interaction with the host will be crucial for understanding the pattern of integration events in infected individuals and therefore bears important clinical implications.
Assuntos
Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/patogenicidade , Integrases/ultraestrutura , Proteína Fosfatase 2/ultraestrutura , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 de Símios/enzimologia , Proteínas Virais/ultraestrutura , Integração Viral , Motivos de Aminoácidos/genética , Clonagem Molecular , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Cristalografia por Raios X , DNA Viral/metabolismo , DNA Viral/ultraestrutura , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/enzimologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Humanos , Integrases/genética , Integrases/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/patologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/virologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/patologia , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/virologia , Multimerização Proteica , Proteína Fosfatase 2/genética , Proteína Fosfatase 2/metabolismo , Estrutura Quaternária de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/ultraestrutura , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 de Símios/genética , Imagem Individual de Molécula , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
Integration of the reverse-transcribed viral DNA into host chromosomes is a critical step in the life-cycle of retroviruses, including an oncogenic delta(δ)-retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). Retroviral integrase forms a higher order nucleoprotein assembly (intasome) to catalyze the integration reaction, in which the roles of host factors remain poorly understood. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to visualize the HTLV-1 intasome at 3.7-Šresolution. The structure together with functional analyses reveal that the B56γ (B'γ) subunit of an essential host enzyme, protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A), is repurposed as an integral component of the intasome to mediate HTLV-1 integration. Our studies reveal a key host-virus interaction underlying the replication of an important human pathogen and highlight divergent integration strategies of retroviruses.