RESUMO
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is emerging as an important player in autoimmune diseases, but its exact role in lupus nephritis (LN) remains controversial. Here, we identified markedly elevated GSDMD in human and mouse LN kidneys, predominantly in CD11b+ myeloid cells. Global or myeloid-conditional deletion of GSDMD was shown to exacerbate systemic autoimmunity and renal injury in lupus mice with both chronic graft-versus-host (cGVH) disease and nephrotoxic serum (NTS) nephritis. Interestingly, RNA sequencing and flow cytometry revealed that myeloid GSDMD deficiency enhanced granulopoiesis at the hematopoietic sites in LN mice, exhibiting remarkable enrichment of neutrophil-related genes, significant increases in total and immature neutrophils as well as granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (GMPs). GSDMD-deficient GMPs and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-stimulated human promyelocytes NB4 were further demonstrated to possess enhanced clonogenic and differentiation abilities compared with controls. Mechanistically, GSDMD knockdown promoted self-renewal and granulocyte differentiation by restricting calcium influx, contributing to granulopoiesis. Functionally, GSDMD deficiency led to increased pathogenic neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in lupus peripheral blood and bone marrow-derived neutrophils. Taken together, our data establish that GSDMD deletion accelerates LN development by promoting granulopoiesis in a calcium influx-regulated manner, unraveling its unrecognized critical role in LN pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Cálcio , Nefrite Lúpica , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato , Nefrite Lúpica/patologia , Nefrite Lúpica/metabolismo , Nefrite Lúpica/genética , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/deficiência , Cálcio/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/deficiência , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Granulócitos/metabolismo , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Feminino , Armadilhas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , GasderminasRESUMO
Pyroptosis and intrinsic apoptosis are two forms of regulated cell death driven by active caspases where plasma membrane permeabilization is induced by gasdermin pores. Caspase-1 induces gasdermin D pore formation during pyroptosis, whereas caspase-3 promotes gasdermin E pore formation during apoptosis. These two types of cell death are accompanied by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization due to BAK/BAX pore formation in the external membrane of mitochondria, and to some extent, this complex also affects the inner mitochondrial membrane facilitating mitochondrial DNA relocalization from the matrix to the cytosol. However, the detailed mechanism responsible for this process has not been investigated. Herein, we reported that gasdermin processing is required to induce mitochondrial DNA release from cells during pyroptosis and apoptosis. Gasdermin targeted at the plasma membrane promotes a fast mitochondrial collapse along with the initial accumulation of mitochondrial DNA in the cytosol and then facilitates the DNA's release from the cell when the plasma membrane ruptures. These findings demonstrate that gasdermin action has a critical effect on the plasma membrane and facilitates the release of mitochondrial DNA as a damage-associated molecular pattern.
Assuntos
Apoptose/fisiologia , DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/fisiologia , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/fisiologia , Piroptose/fisiologia , Animais , Caspases/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/deficiência , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/deficiência , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Pirina/metabolismo , Receptores de Estrogênio/fisiologiaRESUMO
Cellular inflammasome activation causes caspase-1 cleavage of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) with subsequent pyroptotic cell death and cytokine release. Here, we clarify the ambiguous role of the related family member gasdermin E (GSDME) in this process. Inflammasome stimulation in GSDMD-deficient cells led to apoptotic caspase cleavage of GSDME. Endogenous GSDME activation permitted sublytic, continuous interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) release and membrane leakage, even in GSDMD-sufficient cells, whereas ectopic expression led to pyroptosis with GSDME oligomerization and complete liberation of IL-1ß akin to GSDMD pyroptosis. We find that NLRP3 and NLRP1 inflammasomes ultimately rely concurrently on both gasdermins for IL-1ß processing and release separately from their ability to induce cell lysis. Our study thus identifies GSDME as a conduit for IL-1ß release independent of its ability to cause cell death.
Assuntos
Inflamassomos/genética , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Macrófagos/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Proteínas Citotóxicas Formadoras de Poros/genética , Piroptose/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/imunologia , Animais , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/genética , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/imunologia , Caspase 1/genética , Caspase 1/imunologia , Caspase 3/genética , Caspase 3/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Transformada , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Humanos , Inflamassomos/imunologia , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/deficiência , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/imunologia , Proteínas Citotóxicas Formadoras de Poros/deficiência , Proteínas Citotóxicas Formadoras de Poros/imunologia , Piroptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Piroptose/imunologia , Salmonella typhimurium/química , Salmonella typhimurium/patogenicidade , Transdução de Sinais , Células THP-1RESUMO
IL-1α serves as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Although pro-IL-1α has cytokine activity, proteolytic maturation increases its potency and release from cells. IL-1α maturation occurs in a caspase-1-dependent manner following inflammasome activation. However, pro-IL-1α is not a substrate of caspase-1, and it remains unclear what mediates the maturation of this cytokine downstream of inflammasomes. Here, we show that gasdermin D (GSDMD), an executor of pyroptosis, is required for the rapid induction of IL-1α maturation by non-particulate inflammasome activators. Ablation of GSDMD abrogates the maturation of IL-1α, but not of IL-1ß. Inflammasome-induced maturation of IL-1α relies on extracellular Ca2+ and calpains. Ca2+ influx and calpain activation are induced in a GSDMD-dependent manner. Glycine, which inhibits cell lysis, but not GSDMD pore formation, does not affect IL-1α maturation. These results suggest that during inflammasome activation, GSDMD processed by caspase-1 forms plasma membrane pores that mediate Ca2+ influx, resulting in the calpain-dependent maturation of IL-1α.
Assuntos
Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Interleucina-1alfa/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/metabolismo , Proteólise , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Calpaína/metabolismo , Caspase 1/metabolismo , Forma Celular , Ativação Enzimática , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/deficiência , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/deficiência , Células RAW 264.7 , Células THP-1RESUMO
Inflammatory caspase sensing of cytosolic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers pyroptosis and the concurrent release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Collectively, DAMPs are key determinants that shape the aftermath of inflammatory cell death. However, the identity and function of the individual DAMPs released are poorly defined. Our proteomics study revealed that cytosolic LPS sensing triggered the release of galectin-1, a ß-galactoside-binding lectin. Galectin-1 release is a common feature of inflammatory cell death, including necroptosis. In vivo studies using galectin-1-deficient mice, recombinant galectin-1 and galectin-1-neutralizing antibody showed that galectin-1 promotes inflammation and plays a detrimental role in LPS-induced lethality. Mechanistically, galectin-1 inhibition of CD45 (Ptprc) underlies its unfavorable role in endotoxin shock. Finally, we found increased galectin-1 in sera from human patients with sepsis. Overall, we uncovered galectin-1 as a bona fide DAMP released as a consequence of cytosolic LPS sensing, identifying a new outcome of inflammatory cell death.
Assuntos
Alarminas/metabolismo , Endotoxemia/imunologia , Galectina 1/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/imunologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Alarminas/deficiência , Alarminas/genética , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Endotoxemia/induzido quimicamente , Endotoxemia/metabolismo , Endotoxemia/patologia , Feminino , Galectina 1/sangue , Galectina 1/deficiência , Galectina 1/genética , Células HeLa , Humanos , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/deficiência , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Antígenos Comuns de Leucócito/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Necroptose , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/deficiência , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Células RAW 264.7 , Sepse/sangue , Sepse/diagnóstico , Transdução de Sinais , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Multiple organ perfusion is impaired in sepsis. Clinical studies suggest that persistent perfusion disturbances are prognostic of fatal outcome in sepsis. Pyroptosis occurs upon activation of caspases and their subsequent cleavage of gasdermin D (Gsdmd), resulting in Gsdmd-N (activated NH2-terminal fragment of Gsdmd) that form membrane pores to induce cell death in sepsis. In addition, Gsdmd-/- mice are protected from a lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, how Gsdmd-mediated pyroptosis occurs in endothelial cells and leads to impaired perfusion remain unexplored in endotoxemia. We used transgenic mice with ablation of Gsdmd and determined that mice lacking Gsdmd exhibited reduced breakdown of endothelial barrier, improved organ perfusion, as well as increased survival in endotoxemia. Phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) contributed to Gsdmd-mediated endothelial pyroptosis in a calcium-dependent fashion, without affecting Gsdmd-N production. Cytosolic calcium signaling promoted Gsdmd-N translocation to the plasma membrane, enhancing endothelial pyroptosis induced by LPS. We used adeno-associated virus (AAV9) vectors carrying a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against murine PLCγ1 mRNA under control of the tie1 core promoter (AAV-tie1-sh-PLCγ1) to uniquely downregulate PLCγ1 expression in the endothelial cells. Here, we showed that unique inhibition of endothelial PLCγ1 attenuated breakdown of endothelial barrier, reduced vascular leakage, and improved perfusion disturbances. Moreover, unique downregulate endothelial PLCγ1 expression markedly decreased mortality of mice in endotoxemia. Thus, we establish that endothelial injury as an important trigger of fatal outcome in endotoxemia. Additionally, these findings suggest that interfering with Gsdmd and PLCγ1-calcium pathway may represent a new treatment strategy for critically ill patients sustaining endotoxemia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study newly reveals that Phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) contributes to gasdermin D (Gsdmd)-mediated endothelial pyroptosis in a calcium-dependent fashion. Cytosolic calcium signaling promotes activated NH2-terminal fragment of Gsdmd (Gsdmd-N) to translocate to the plasma membrane, enhancing endothelial pyroptosis induced by cytoplasmic LPS. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of endothelial PLCγ1 attenuated breakdown of endothelial barrier, reduced vascular leakage, improve perfusion disturbances, and decrease mortality of mice in endotoxemia.
Assuntos
Sinalização do Cálcio , Cálcio/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Células Endoteliais/enzimologia , Endotoxemia/enzimologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/metabolismo , Fosfolipase C gama/metabolismo , Piroptose , Animais , Permeabilidade Capilar , Membrana Celular/patologia , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Endoteliais/patologia , Endotoxemia/induzido quimicamente , Endotoxemia/genética , Endotoxemia/patologia , Feminino , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/enzimologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/patologia , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/deficiência , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Lipopolissacarídeos , Masculino , Camundongos Knockout , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/deficiência , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Transporte ProteicoRESUMO
Radiotherapy is a commonly used conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Cytotoxicity limits the use of this life-saving therapy, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we use the syngeneic mouse BMT model to test the hypothesis that lethal radiation damages tissues, thereby unleashing signals that indiscriminately activate the inflammasome pathways in host and transplanted cells. We find that a clinically relevant high dose of radiation causes severe damage to bones and the spleen through mechanisms involving the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes but not the NLRC4 inflammasome. Downstream, we demonstrate that gasdermin D (GSDMD), the common effector of the inflammasomes, is also activated by radiation. Remarkably, protection against the injury induced by deadly ionizing radiation occurs only when NLRP3, AIM2, or GSDMD is lost simultaneously in both the donor and host cell compartments. Thus, this study reveals a continuum of the actions of lethal radiation relayed by the inflammasome-GSDMD axis, initially affecting recipient cells and ultimately harming transplanted cells as they grow in the severely injured and toxic environment. This study also suggests that therapeutic targeting of inflammasome-GSDMD signaling has the potential to prevent the collateral effects of intense radiation regimens.
Assuntos
Células da Medula Óssea/efeitos da radiação , Transplante de Medula Óssea , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Inflamassomos/efeitos da radiação , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/citologia , Células da Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/deficiência , Feminino , Fêmur/citologia , Fêmur/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/deficiência , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/deficiência , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/deficiência , Piroptose/genética , Piroptose/efeitos da radiação , Transdução de Sinais , Baço/metabolismo , Baço/patologia , Baço/efeitos da radiação , Transplante Isogênico , Irradiação Corporal Total , Raios XRESUMO
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are toxic to mammalian cells. However, during meiosis, more than 200 DSBs are generated deliberately, to ensure reciprocal recombination and orderly segregation of homologous chromosomes. If left unrepaired, meiotic DSBs can cause aneuploidy in gametes and compromise viability in offspring. Oocytes in which DSBs persist are therefore eliminated by the DNA-damage checkpoint. Here we show that the DNA-damage checkpoint eliminates oocytes via the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 pathway members Puma, Noxa and Bax. Deletion of these factors prevents oocyte elimination in recombination-repair mutants, even when the abundance of unresolved DSBs is high. Remarkably, surviving oocytes can extrude a polar body and be fertilised, despite chaotic chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division. Our findings raise the possibility that allelic variants of the BCL-2 pathway could influence the risk of embryonic aneuploidy.
Assuntos
Mutação , Oócitos/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Reparo de DNA por Recombinação/genética , Aneuploidia , Animais , Apoptose , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/deficiência , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/genética , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/deficiência , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Segregação de Cromossomos , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/deficiência , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Endodesoxirribonucleases/deficiência , Endodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Feminino , Fertilização , Genes bcl-2 , Meiose/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Oócitos/citologia , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/deficiência , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/deficiência , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/deficiência , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/deficiência , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/genética , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMO
Caspase-1 drives a lytic inflammatory cell death named pyroptosis by cleaving the pore-forming cell death executor gasdermin-D (GSDMD). Gsdmd deficiency, however, only delays cell lysis, indicating that caspase-1 controls alternative cell death pathways. Here, we show that in the absence of GSDMD, caspase-1 activates apoptotic initiator and executioner caspases and triggers a rapid progression into secondary necrosis. GSDMD-independent cell death required direct caspase-1-driven truncation of Bid and generation of caspase-3 p19/p12 by either caspase-8 or caspase-9. tBid-induced mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization was also required to drive SMAC release and relieve inhibitor of apoptosis protein inhibition of caspase-3, thereby allowing caspase-3 auto-processing to the fully active p17/p12 form. Our data reveal that cell lysis in inflammasome-activated Gsdmd-deficient cells is caused by a synergistic effect of rapid caspase-1-driven activation of initiator caspases-8/-9 and Bid cleavage, resulting in an unusually fast activation of caspase-3 and immediate transition into secondary necrosis. This pathway might be advantageous for the host in counteracting pathogen-induced inhibition of GSDMD but also has implications for the use of GSDMD inhibitors in immune therapies for caspase-1-dependent inflammatory disease.
Assuntos
Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Proteína Agonista de Morte Celular de Domínio Interatuante com BH3/deficiência , Caspase 1/deficiência , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/deficiência , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/deficiência , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Animais , Apoptose/genética , Proteína Agonista de Morte Celular de Domínio Interatuante com BH3/genética , Caspase 1/genética , Células Cultivadas , Edição de Genes , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Membranas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Necrose/genética , Necrose/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/genética , Piroptose/genética , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Phosphate metabolism regulates most of the life processes of microorganisms. In the present work we obtained and studied a Streptomyces lividans ppk/pstS double mutant, which lacks polyphosphate kinase (PPK) and the high-affinity phosphate-binding protein (PstS), impairing at the same time the intracellular storage of polyphosphate and the intake of new inorganic phosphate from a phosphate-limited medium, respectively. In some of the aspects analyzed, the ppk/pstS double mutant was more similar to the wt strain than was the single pstS mutant. The double mutant was thus able to grow in phosphate-limited media, whereas the pstS mutant required the addition of 1 mM phosphate under the assay conditions used. The double mutant was able to incorporate more than one fourth of the inorganic phosphate incorporated by the wt strain, whereas phosphate incorporation was almost completely impaired in the pstS mutant. Noteworthy, under phosphate limitation conditions, the double ppk/pstS mutant showed a higher production of the endogenous antibiotic actinorhodin and the heterologous antitumor 8-demethyl-tetracenomycin (up to 10-fold with respect to the wt strain), opening new possibilities for the use of this strain in the heterologous expression of antibiotic pathways.