Efficacy of an appearance-based and a health-based sun protection intervention on summer vacationers' behaviours, PRISME cluster randomized crossover trial, France.

OBJECTIVES: Sun-seeking vacationers are particularly vulnerable to melanoma. Appearance-based interventions (ABi) showing skin damage of ultraviolet exposure may be a promising prevention tool to improve skin protection. This study aimed to measure and compare the efficacy of an ABi and a health-based intervention (HBi) on French summer vacationers' behaviours and to identify differences between subpopulations. DESIGN: A cluster randomized crossover trial with three intervention groups (control, ABi, HBi) was conducted in eight campsites on the French Mediterranean coast in summer 2019. METHODS: 1355 vacationers of both sexes and aged 12-55 years were included and followed up after 4 days (T1) and 14 months (T2). Efficacy of interventions was evaluated using multilevel mixed-effect models comparing groups on three outcomes: self-reported sun protection behaviours, sunbathing and skin colour measures. Protection behaviours were analysed according to subpopulations. RESULTS: Compared to controls, the ABi group had a higher protection and sunbathed for fewer hours at T1 and T2. In the HBi group, the skin colour was lighter than controls at T1. When comparing ABi to HBi, ABi participants had lower exposure than HBi at T1 and T2. The protection of people with a 3-years university degree was higher in the HBi group than in others groups while that of people with a secondary school certificate was higher in the ABi group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides further evidence of individual sun protection interventions effect in a touristic setting and highlights the relevance of ABi messages to supplement HBi messages, particularly in certain subpopulations with low to intermediate education levels.

Comparison of phenotypic features in patients with single vs multiple primary cutaneous melanomas: a prospective single-center study.

BACKGROUND: There is sparse data regarding total body nevus count (TBNC), nevus count in specific locations, phenotypic factors, anthropometric indices, sunburn, and the relation to multiple primary cutaneous melanomas (MPCM) development. We aim to compare these variables in a cohort of patients diagnosed with single primary melanoma (SPM) and MPCM with histologic diagnoses of melanoma in situ, superficial spreading, and nodular melanoma in our clinic. METHODS: Prospective observational studies for the evaluation of nevus counts in biopsy-proven melanoma patients from 2017 to 2020 at Ankara University were conducted. Age, gender, family history of melanoma, increased sun exposure, nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), height, sunburn history, TBNC, and nevi count in specific anatomical locations were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total number of 156 patients consisting of 22 MPCM and 134 SPM were included. Mean TBNC for SPM vs MPCM patients were 96.87 (SD ± 124.71) vs 247.00 (SD ± 261.58), respectively (P < 0.0001). TBNC was correlated to the left arm, trunk, lower extremity, and head and neck nevus counts but not with the right arm nevus count. Multiple regression analysis showed that having more than 10 nevi on the head and neck area is associated with MPCM (OR, 3.882 [95% CI, 1.084-13.899]). TBNC and nevus count in specific locations were found to be significantly higher in MPCM. CONCLUSION: The risk of MPCM was associated with having ≥10 nevi on the head and neck.

Fabrication of gelatin-based printable inks with improved stiffness as well as antibacterial and UV-shielding properties.

Gelatin-based inks have a broad range of applications in bioprinting for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their biocompatibility, ease of modification, degradability, and rapid gelation induced by low temperature. However, gelatin-derived inks prepared through low-temperature treatment have poor mechanical properties that limit their applications. To solve this problem, we designed polyacrylamide/gelatin/silver nanoparticle (PAAm-GelatinAgNPs) ink to improve gelatin-based hydrogels. The ink is based on double networks, in which the physically cross-linked gelatin as the first network and covalently cross-linked PAAm as the second network. It was found that the presence of PAAm increased the tensile and compression strength of the gelatin-based ink. Moreover, silver nanoparticles endowed the antibacterial properties to the gelatin-based ink and were able to shield the UV irradiation and damages to rat skin. In addition, this ink showed the shear thinning property; Consequently it succeeded in printing complex 3D scaffolds such as the cube, five-pointed star, flower, and university logo of "SEU". In summary, this ink presents a new strategy for the modification of gelatin and offers new potential applications for customized therapy of antimicrobial and anti-UV damage to tissues.

No pain, no gain: Sensory neurons heal a sunburn.

In a recent issue of Nature, Hoeffel et al. describe a novel pathway of sterile tissue repair utilizing a mouse model of sunburn. This wound healing pathway is coordinated by sensory neuron-derived TAFA4 that induces IL-10 production from Tim4+ dermal macrophages to prevent sustained inflammation and the emergence of tissue fibrosis.

Sensory neuron-derived TAFA4 promotes macrophage tissue repair functions.

Inflammation is a defence response to tissue damage that requires tight regulation in order to prevent impaired healing. Tissue-resident macrophages have a key role in tissue repair1, but the precise molecular mechanisms that regulate the balance between inflammatory and pro-repair macrophage responses during healing remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a major role for sensory neurons in promoting the tissue-repair function of macrophages. In a sunburn-like model of skin damage in mice, the conditional ablation of sensory neurons expressing the Gαi-interacting protein (GINIP) results in defective tissue regeneration and in dermal fibrosis. Elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed a crucial role for the neuropeptide TAFA4, which is produced in the skin by C-low threshold mechanoreceptors-a subset of GINIP+ neurons. TAFA4 modulates the inflammatory profile of macrophages directly in vitro. In vivo studies in Tafa4-deficient mice revealed that TAFA4 promotes the production of IL-10 by dermal macrophages after UV-induced skin damage. This TAFA4-IL-10 axis also ensures the survival and maintenance of IL-10+TIM4+ dermal macrophages, reducing skin inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration. These results reveal a neuroimmune regulatory pathway driven by the neuropeptide TAFA4 that promotes the anti-inflammatory functions of macrophages and prevents fibrosis after tissue damage, and could lead to new therapeutic perspectives for inflammatory diseases.

Possible treatment for UVB-induced skin injury: Anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective role of metformin in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes.

BACKGROUND: Excessive inflammation and cell death induced by ultraviolet (UV) cause skin photodamage. Metformin possesses anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. However, whether metformin inhibits inflammation and cell death in UVB-induced acute skin damage is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of metformin in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, its potential mechanism has been explored. METHODS: Transcriptome sequencing and multiplex cytokines analysis were used to evaluate the validity of in vitro UVB-induced acute damage keratinocyte model and anti-inflammatory effects of metformin. We also determined the expression and nuclear translocation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPß), an important transcriptional factor of Interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß). Cell viability and cell death of keratinocytes were evaluated upon UVB irradiation in the presence or absence of metformin. 0.6% metformin cream was applied on UVB-irradiated mice to explore its pharmacological effects in vivo. RESULTS: Transcriptional landscape of 50 mJ/cm2 UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells is typical of UVB-induced acute damage keratinocyte model in vitro. Metformin alleviated transcription and secretion of IL-1ß, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, expression and nuclear translocation of C/EBPß in this model. Metformin also protected keratinocytes from cell death caused by UVB-induced cellular secretions, which contributed to its cytoprotective effects. Topical administration of 0.6% metformin cream alleviated UVB-induced skin damage in mice. CONCLUSION: We proved the protective roles of metformin in UVB-challenged keratinocytes and UVB-irradiated mice, which indicated the potential value of metformin in topical therapy against skin photodamage.

Men's Attitudes and Behaviors About Skincare and Sunscreen Use Behaviors.

IMPORTANCE: Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States, and men experience higher rates of skin cancer than women. Despite publicized preventative measures, men are less likely than women to use sunscreen. OBJECTIVE: To assess men's motivations, behaviors, and preferred product characteristics towards daily sunscreen use. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional online survey of 705 men, administered July– August 2019, using Survey Monkey and distributed through Amazon Mechanical Turk. PARTICIPANTS: Men ages 20–70, having completed at least High School/GED, and living in the United States were eligible. Sampling strategy ensured diversity in terms of race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Main Outcome(s) and Measures: Men’s sunscreen use, behaviors, and preferred skincare product characteristics. RESULTS: Final participants included 705 men. The most frequent skincare products used regularly were liquid soap/body wash (65%), bar soap (47%), and moisturizers (32%). Most men (n=612; 83%) reported not using sunscreen daily, and 38% reported using sunscreen weekly. Income was related to daily and weekly sunscreen use, as males who earned between $40-$50,000 annually used sunscreen less often compared to people who earned $100,000 annually (OR 0.54%, 95% CI −0.34% to .88%; P = .01). Age, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, and region were not related to daily or weekly sunscreen use. Main motivators for daily sunscreen use included reducing skin cancer risk (n=575; 82%) and looking younger (n=299; 42%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This survey shows lapses in evidenced-based sunscreen behaviors to reduce skin cancer among men. Campaigns to reduce skin cancer should focus on increasing men's interest in daily sunscreen use and adherence to wearing sun-protective products. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(1):88-93. doi:10.36849/JDD.5470.

Topical Application of Peptide-Chondroitin Sulfate Nanoparticles Allows Efficient Photoprotection in Skin.

In this article, we describe a method of delivery of chondroitin sulfate to skin as nanoparticles and demonstrate its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role using UV irradiation as a model condition. These nanoparticles, formed through electrostatic interactions of chondroitin sulfate with a skin-penetrating peptide, were found to be homogenous with positive surface charges and stable at physiological and acidic pH under certain conditions. They were able to enter into the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), artificial skin membrane (mimicking the human skin), and mouse skin tissue unlike free chondroitin sulfate. The preapplication of nanoparticles also exhibited reduced levels of oxidative stress, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, TNF-α, and so on in UV-B-irradiated HaCaT cells. In an acute UV-B irradiation mouse model, their topical application resulted in reduced epidermal thickness and sunburn cells, unlike in the case of free chondroitin sulfate. Thus, a completely noninvasive method was used to deliver a bio-macromolecule into the skin without using injections or abrasive procedures.

A novel amphibian-derived peptide alleviated ultraviolet B-induced photodamage in mice.

Although the application potential of amphibian skin-derived active peptides in alleviating ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced damage has attracted increasing attention, research remains in its infancy. In this study, a new peptide (OM-GL15, GLLSGHYGRASPVAC) was identified from the skin of the green odorous frog (Odorrana margaretae). Results showed that OM-GL15 scavenged free radicals (2,2'-diazo-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine) and reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+. Moreover, topical administration of OM-GL15 significantly alleviated UVB-induced skin photodamage in mice. Exploration of the underlying mechanisms further showed that OM-GL15 exerted antioxidant potency. Specifically, the peptide reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde and protected epidermal cells from UVB-induced apoptosis by inhibiting DNA damage via down-regulation of p53, caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax and up-regulation of Bcl-2. Our results highlight the potential application of amphibian skin-derived peptides in protection against UVB-induced photodamage and provide a novel peptide candidate for the development of anti-photodamage agents.

Natural components in sunscreens: Topical formulations with sun protection factor (SPF).

Artificial sunscreens are already gaining traction in order to protect the skin from sunburns, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. However, the efficacy and safety of most artificial sunscreen constituents are hindered by their photostability, toxicity and damage to marine ecosystems. Natural selection and evolution have ensured that plants and animals have developed effective protective mechanisms against the deleterious side effects of oxidative stress and ultraviolet radiation (UV). Hence, natural antioxidants such as sun blockers are drawing considerable attention. The exact mechanism by which natural components act as sunscreen molecules has not been clearly established. However, conjugated π system is reported to play an important role in protecting the vital genetic material within the organism. Compared to artificial sunscreens, natural sunscreens with strong UV absorptive capacities are largely limited by low specific extinction value and by their inability to spread in large-scale sunscreen cosmetic applications. Previous studies have documented that natural components exert their photoprotective effects (such as improved skin elasticity and hydration, skin texture, and wrinkles) through their antioxidant effects, and through the regulation of UV-induced skin inflammation, barrier impairment and aging. This review focuses on natural antioxidant topical formulations with sun protection factor (SPF). Lignin, melanin, silymarin and other ingredients have been added to high sun protection nature sunscreens without any physical or chemical UV filters. This paper also provides a reference for adopting novel technical measures (extracting high content components, changing the type of solution, optimizing formulation, applying Nano technology, et al) to design and prepare nature sunscreen formulations equated with commercial sunscreen formulations. Another strategy is to add natural antioxidants from plants, animals, microorganisms and marine organisms as special enhancer or modifier ingredients to reinforce SPF values. Although the photoprotective effects of natural components have been established, their deleterious side effects have not been elucidated.

Ethanol consumption synergistically increases ultraviolet radiation induced skin damage and immune dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Excessive UV radiation disrupts skin homeostasis by multiple mechanisms that extend beyond the simple erythema associated with sunburns including reduction of antioxidants, increased DNA damage, and impairment of skin immune responses. Recreational UV exposure frequently occurs concurrently with excessive ethanol (EtOH). Epidemiological studies suggest a harmful, dose-dependent impact of EtOH in the setting of high UV exposure, leading to increased severity of sunburns relative to those generated in the absence of EtOH. Furthermore, EtOH consumption and UV radiation have multiple overlapping effects on the skin that could account for the epidemiological association. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the relationship between excessive EtOH ingestion and UV exposures on early skin damage and downstream immune dysfunction. METHODS: We examined the impact of UVB on local skin damage, including inflammation, sunburned cells, apoptotic cells, melanin and antioxidant levels, DNA damage and immune dysfunction in the presence or absence of EtOH ingestion by combining standard mouse models of EtOH consumption and UVB exposure models. To confirm that the observed changes in mouse skin were relevant to human skin, we investigated the effects of EtOH on UV-induced skin damage with human skin explants. RESULTS: We demonstrated that EtOH consumption and UV exposure act synergistically to increase the severity of local skin damage resulting in impaired melanin responses, reduced antioxidants, greater DNA damage, and immune dysfunction as measured by reduced contact hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: The results support incorporation of the risks of combined UV exposure and excessive alcohol consumption into public health campaigns.

On a Beam of Light: Photoprotective Activities of the Marine Carotenoids Astaxanthin and Fucoxanthin in Suppression of Inflammation and Cancer.

Every day, we come into contact with ultraviolet radiation (UVR). If under medical supervision, small amounts of UVR could be beneficial, the detrimental and hazardous effects of UVR exposure dictate an unbalance towards the risks on the risk-benefit ratio. Acute and chronic effects of ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B involve mainly the skin, the immune system, and the eyes. Photodamage is an umbrella term that includes general phototoxicity, photoaging, and cancer caused by UVR. All these phenomena are mediated by direct or indirect oxidative stress and inflammation and are strictly connected one to the other. Astaxanthin (ASX) and fucoxanthin (FX) are peculiar marine carotenoids characterized by outstanding antioxidant properties. In particular, ASX showed exceptional efficacy in counteracting all categories of photodamages, in vitro and in vivo, thanks to both antioxidant potential and activation of alternative pathways. Less evidence has been produced about FX, but it still represents an interesting promise to prevent the detrimental effect of UVR. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of digging into the marine ecosystem to look for new compounds that could be beneficial for human health and confirm that the marine environment is as much as full of active compounds as the terrestrial one, it just needs to be more explored.

Topical transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 antagonist treatment attenuates nociception and inflammation in an ultraviolet B radiation-induced burn model in mice.

BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation exposure promotes sunburn and thereby acute and chronic inflammatory processes, contributing to pain development and maintenance. New therapeutic alternatives are necessary because typical treatments can cause adverse effects. An attractive alternative would be to target the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a calcium-permeable, non-selective cation channel, which is involved in a variety of inflammatory pain models. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the peripheral participation of TRPA1 using a topical treatment (HC030031 gel formulation; a selective TRPA1 antagonist) in nociception and inflammation caused by a UVB radiation-induced burn model in male mice (25-30 g). METHODS: The mice were anaesthetised, and just the right hind paw was exposed to UVB radiation (0.75 J/cm2). Topical treatments were applied immediately after irradiation and once a day for 8 days. RESULTS: HC030031 gel presented suitable pH and spreadability factor, ensuring its quality and the therapeutic effect. HC030031 0.05 % reversed UVB-induced mechanical and cold allodynia, with maximum inhibition (Imax) of 69 ± 13 % and 100 % (on day 4), respectively. HC030031 0.05 % also reduced the paw edema and MPO activity, with Imax of 77 ± 6 % (on day 5) and 69 ± 28 %, respectively. Likewise, UVB radiation increased the H2O2 levels (a TRPA1 agonist) and the Ca2+ influx in mice spinal cord synaptosomes. UVB radiation-induced Ca2+ influx was reduced by HC030031. CONCLUSION: These findings confirm the activation of the TRPA1 channel by UVB radiation, suggesting that topical TRPA1 antagonists can be a new strategy for the adjuvant treatment of sunburn-associated pain and inflammation.

Awareness about proper use of sunscreen in people of color: A Jordanian-based survey.

INTRODUCTION: The use of sunscreen is an important preventive measure against skin cancer and treatment for other skin conditions. There is evidence pointing to lack awareness and misconceptions regarding use of Sunscreen. This is especially evident in populations with skin of color (POC). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 2000 individuals. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect data on general knowledge and use of sunscreen as well as reasons for stopping use of sunscreen. RESULTS: The results of this study indicate a clear deficiency in the use and knowledge about sunscreen among Jordanians. Females are using sunscreen more than males. However, the use of sunscreen is inadequate in many aspects including timing of application, frequency of use, and amount used among other things. There is an obvious lack of knowledge about sunscreen as shown by lack of awareness about benefits of use in various times of the year, use in children, use for all skin types, and several misconceptions among other knowledge gaps. Main reasons for stopping sunscreen include side effects, cost, and being not suitable for skin. Awareness about sunscreen can be improved by proper counseling by healthcare professionals and utilization of various media platforms. CONCLUSIONS: The use of sunscreen is inadequate in this population of color (POC). Lack of proper counseling, failure to read use instructions can contibute to inadequate use of sunscreen. Risks and benefits of sunscreen should be explained by medical professionals. The media should be more utilized to disseminate such knowledge.

Solar-induced dorsal skin necrosis in sheep.

BACKGROUND: Solar-induced thermal burns of dark skin over the dorsum have been reported in dogs, sheep and a pig. OBJECTIVES: This report describes an outbreak of solar-induced thermal burns over the dorsal skin of criollo and Texel sheep in Uruguay. ANIMALS AND METHODS: Cross-bred criollo and pure-bred Texel adult ewes from a flock of 80 animals presented with severe skin lesions. Eight animals were evaluated clinically and skin biopsy specimens were collected from three ewes for histopathology. Epidemiological data were collected. RESULTS: Black/brown criollo sheep presented with extensive, wide, linear dorsal skin necrosis extending from the interscapular to the lumbosacral area. Necrotic skin was firm, dry and largely detached from the underlying subcutis. Nonpigmented Texel sheep showed milder lesions with rapid re-epithelialization and healing. Histological features were consistent with third-degree burns, characterized by full-thickness coagulative necrosis of epidermis and dermis, including blood vessels and adnexa. The cumulative incidence of the disease was 21% during the 30 days post-shearing, affecting 50% of criollo and 7.4% of Texel sheep (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings are consistent with post-shearing, sun-induced thermal burns leading to dorsal skin necrosis. Risk factors include sunlight exposure during hot months after shearing, dark skin and obesity.

Relationship between ultraviolet index (UVI) and first-, second- and third-degree sunburn using the Probit methodology.

In this paper, a relation between the ultraviolet index (UVI) as a Sun exposure time and its effects in the form of burns according to the skin type has been elaborated. Moreover, we present a new expression that relates the intensity of solar radiation and the UVI, as well as expressions to obtain the percentage of population affected both by first and second degree lllsunburn for every skin-type. The results have been adjusted and validated through experimental results taken from the bibliography. Finally, this paper presents a table where the population can easily interpret the UVI values and calculate the maximum time one can be exposed to solar radiation without getting sunburn. In addition, this article aims to raise awareness of the potential harm caused by solar radiation by indicating the percentage of population affected by different types of sunburn depending on skin-type. Moreover, ultraviolet exposure to sunlight could not just result in sunburn, but also have long-term effects on eyes, or even cause immune system disorders or melanoma. Therefore, managing risk perception with this useful table could familiarize the population with actual harm prevention.