Os impactos dos racismos nas ocupações da população negra: reflexões para a terapia e a ciência ocupacional / The impacts of racisms on the occupations of the Black population: reflections for occupational therapy and science

Resumo No Brasil, os racismos são estruturais e estruturantes, pois estão enraizados nos arcabouços das sociedades, nas relações interpessoais e nas instituições, atravessando as ocupações significativas dos sujeitos e coletivos. Isto explica as disparidades em diversos setores da sociedade brasileira, notadamente na empregabilidade das pessoas negras, bem como nos seus modos de adoecer e morrer. Entendendo o papel que os racismos desempenham nas ocupações das pessoas negras, este estudo propõe sistematizar observações que nos permitam compreender o fenômeno da produção de injustiças, com base em relações racializadas e, eventualmente, sugerir formas de enfrentamento dessa realidade. Desta forma, discutimos como os racismos foram instaurados no Brasil, reunindo elementos para a compreensão da ocupação humana e seus condicionantes. Em seguida, refletimos sobre os conceitos de justiça e injustiça ocupacional, que evidenciam os processos ocupacionais vivenciados pelas pessoas negras. Considerando que na terapia ocupacional e na ciência ocupacional brasileira ainda são incipientes os estudos que relacionam racismos e ocupação, apontamos algumas estratégias para reorientar as práticas profissionais de terapeutas ocupacionais, de modo a torná-las proativas e transformadoras.

Abstract In Brazil, the many forms of racisms are structural and structuring, since they are rooted deep within society, in interpersonal relationships, and in institutions, traversing significant occupations of subjects and collectives. This explains the disparities in various sectors of Brazilian society, notably in the employability of Black people, as well as in their forms of getting sick and dying. In understanding the role that racisms play in the occupations of Black people, this study proposes to systematize observations that allow us to understand the phenomenon of the production of injustices based on racialized relations and, eventually, suggest ways to confront this reality. Thus, we discuss how racisms were established in Brazil, gathering elements for the understanding of human occupation and its conditioning factors. We then reflect on the concepts of occupational justice and injustice, which bring light to the occupational processes experienced by Black people. Considering that, in occupational therapy and in Brazilian occupational science, studies relating racisms and occupation are still incipient, we point out some strategies to reorient occupational therapists, practices to make them proactive and transformative.

Black in Cancer: An interview with founders Sigourney Bell and Henry J. Henderson.

We talk to Sigourney Bell and Henry J. Henderson about what motivated them to found Black in Cancer, the importance of community and representation, as well as the resources the organization provides, future directions, and how we and our readers can provide support.

Enfermagem brasileira e a pandemia de COVID-19: desigualdades em evidência / Brazilian nursing and the COVID-19 pandemic: inequalities in evidence / La enfermería brasileña y la pandemia COVID-19: desigualdades en evidencia

Objetivos: Refletir sobre as desigualdades que afetam a Enfermagem em sua trajetória histórica e que se acentuam durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Métodos: Método crítico-reflexivo com aporte no referencial do materialismo histórico-dialético. Foram analisados posicionamentos das entidades de classe da Enfermagem, boletins epidemiológicos e notícias sobre o contexto de trabalho de profissionais da saúde, desde março de 2020. Resultados: Foram discutidas questões acerca das desigualdades e hierarquias próprias das equipes de saúde, tendo em vista as perspectivas de classe, gênero, raça/etnia que impactam na profissão de enfermagem e no trabalho em saúde e que se acentuam no contexto da COVID-19. Os impactos da pandemia expõem a desvalorização do trabalho da enfermagem, evidenciada pela invisibilidade social da categoria e pela precarização da vida de quem a exerce. Conclusão e implicação para a prática: Torna-se urgente e necessário reconhecer que as desigualdades agravadas pela pandemia fazem parte de uma condição estrutural da sociedade que afeta diretamente trabalhadoras e trabalhadores da Enfermagem. Ademais, torna-se oportuno a enfermagem perfilhar lutas junto a sociedade civil na defesa igualitarista de justiça e pela proteção social universal e na superação dos condutores estruturais das desigualdades

Objectives: to reflect on the inequalities that affect Nursing in its historical trajectory and that are accentuated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: critical-reflective method based on historical-dialectical materialism. Positions of Nursing class entities, epidemiological bulletins and news about the work context of health professionals were analyzed since March 2020. Results: issues about the inequalities and hierarchies specific to health teams were discussed, in view of the perspectives of class, gender and race/ethnicity that exert an impact on the Nursing profession and health work and that are accentuated in the context of COVID-19. The impacts of the pandemic expose the devaluation of the Nursing work, evidenced by the social invisibility of the category and the precariousness of the life of those who exercise it. Conclusion and implication for the practice: It is urgent and necessary to recognize that the inequalities aggravated by the pandemic are part of a structural condition of society, and that it directly affects Nursing workers. Furthermore, it is opportune for Nursing to profile struggles with civil society in the egalitarian defense of justice, for universal social protection and in overcoming the structural drivers of inequalities

Objetivos: Reflexionar sobre las desigualdades que afectan a la Enfermería en su trayectoria histórica y que se acentúan durante la pandemia Covid-19. Métodos: Método crítico-reflexivo basado en el materialismo histórico-dialéctico. Se analizaron posiciones de entidades de clase de enfermería, boletines epidemiológicos y noticias sobre el contexto laboral de los profesionales de la salud desde marzo de 2020. Resultados: Se discutieron cuestiones sobre las desigualdades y jerarquías propias de los equipos de salud, en vista de las perspectivas de clase, género, raza / etnia que impactan la profesión de enfermería y el trabajo en salud y que se acentúan en el contexto del COVID-19. Los impactos de la pandemia exponen la desvalorización del trabajo de enfermería, evidenciada por la invisibilidad social de la categoría y la precariedad de la vida de quienes la ejercen. Conclusión e implicación para la práctica: Es urgente y necesario reconocer que las desigualdades agravadas por la pandemia forman parte de una condición estructural de la sociedad y afectan directamente a los trabajadores de enfermería. Además, es oportuno que la enfermería perfile las luchas con la sociedad civil en la defensa de la igualdad y la justicia, por la protección social universal y la superación de los impulsores estructurales de las desigualdades

How Canada's Black Hockey League Shaped the Sport and the Path to Our Arrival in the NHL Today.

Willie O'Ree, known as the "Jackie Robinson of hockey," was the first Black player in the National Hockey League (NHL), debuting with the Boston Bruins in 1958. From the moment the Canadian-born player stepped onto the ice, he changed the notion of hockey as a "White sport," and he has dedicated his career to making it more accessible, including working with the NHL Diversity Task Force initiative Hockey Is For Everyone (HIFE). HIFE supports nonprofit hockey programs around the country and gives kids from all backgrounds the opportunity to try out their skills on the ice. Since 1994, Willie O'Ree has introduced 50,000 children across North America to the sport. Nonetheless, in the NHL today, only approximately 5% of the players (43 of >700) are players of color. However, several aspects of hockey's history, and innovations in the game, can be traced back to communities of color. Established in 1895, the Black Hockey League (BHL) of the Maritimes in Canada grew out of local churches in small towns such as Africville, Nova Scotia. By the beginning of the 20th century, the BHL had grown from a 3-team league to include newly formed teams across the region. The league had its own championship at a time when Black players were not allowed to play for the Stanley Cup. The BHL was at its height between 1890 and 1930, with hundreds of players, 12 teams, and as many as 1,200 spectators. Unfortunately, the Canadian government did not provide equitable resources, and churches alone could not maintain these small Black communities. As the NHL developed, focus shifted away from regional leagues. In 2018, Willie O'Ree was inducted into the NHL Hall of Fame. Although he may have broken the color barrier in 1958, hockey is still a predominantly White sport, and society continues to grapple with systematic racism. NHL players have formed an independent group, the Hockey Diversity Alliance, to work to make the game more socioeconomically inclusive and to help eradicate racism and intolerance.

Race, Kidney Transplants, Immunosuppression Research, and White Supremacy under Apartheid, 1960-80.

This paper uses the history of kidney transplantation in South Africa as a lens through which to write a racialized, micro history that illustrates the politics of medical discoveries and medical research at one of South Africa's most prestigious medical research universities, the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) in Johannesburg. Between 1966 and the 1980s, the Wits team became the most advanced and prolific kidney transplant unit in the country. Yet the racist, oppressive Apartheid system fundamentally shaped these developments. Transplantation, as this paper shows, became an elite medical procedure, performed by a select group of white doctors on mostly white patients. For these doctors, transplantation showed their medical prowess and displayed the technical advancements they were able to make in research and clinical practice as they strove to position South Africa as a significant international player in medical research, despite academic boycotts and increasing sanctions. Transplantation became a symbol of white supremacy in a country where the black majority were excluded from anything but the most basic health care.

Biomedical knowledge in Mexico during the Cold War and its impact in pictorial representations of Homo sapiens and racial hierarchies / Conhecimento biomédico no México durante a Guerra Fria e seu impacto nas representações visuais de Homo sapiens e hierarquias raciais

Abstract This paper provides an overview of the state of Mexican genetics and biomedical knowledge during the second half of the twentieth century, as well as its impact on the visual representation of human groups and racial hierarchies, based on social studies of scientific imaging and visualization (SIV) and theoretical concepts and methods. It also addresses the genealogy and shifts of the concept of race and racialization of Mexican bodies, concluding with the novel visual culture that resulted from genetic knowledge merged with the racist phenomenon in the second half of the twentieth century in Mexico.

Resumo Este artigo traça um panorama do estado da genética e do conhecimento biomédico no México durante a segunda metade do século XX, assim como seu impacto na representação visual de grupos humanos e hierarquias raciais, baseado em estudos sociais da imagem e visualização cientifica e de seus métodos e conceitos teóricos. Também aborda a genealogia e as mudanças nos conceitos de raça e racismo nos corpos mexicanos, que resultaram na nova cultura visual fruto do conhecimento genético, interligando-se ao fenômeno do racismo na segunda metade do século XX no México.

Phrenology and the Rwandan Genocide / Frenologia e o Genocídio de Ruanda

ABSTRACT Belgian colonizers used phrenology to create an irreducible division between the two major groups living for centuries in Rwanda-Urundi. This formed the basis for the implementation of systematic efforts to subdue the large Hutu population. Both the Hutus and the smaller, and initially privileged, Tutsi group soon incorporated the racist discourse, which was pivotal to the gradual increase in violence before and after Rwandan independence in 1962. The Rwandan genocide in 1994 culminated in the horrible pinnacle of this process, involving recurrent episodes of slaughtering. Doctors should not underestimate the racist potential of pseudoscientific misconceptions.

RESUMO Os colonizadores belgas usaram a frenologia para criar uma divisão irredutível entre os dois maiores grupos populacionais vivendo há séculos em Ruanda-Urundi. Isso criou as bases para a implementação de esforços sistemáticos para subjugar a grande população Hutu. Tanto os Hutu quanto o grupo menor e inicialmente privilegiado dos Tutsi logo incorporaram o discurso racista, que foi crucial no aumento gradual da violência antes e após a independência de Ruanda em 1962. O genocídio de 1994 constituiu o terrível ápice deste processo envolvendo massacres repetidos. Os médicos não devem subestimar o potencial racista e discriminatório de falsas concepções pseudocientíficas.

Breast Cancer Estrogen Receptor Status According to Biological Generation: US Black and White Women Born 1915-1979.

Evidence suggests that contemporary population distributions of estrogen-receptor (ER) status among breast cancer patients may be shaped by earlier major societal events, such as the 1965 abolition of legal racial discrimination in the United States (state and local "Jim Crow" laws) and the Great Famine in China (1959-1961). We analyzed changes in ER status in relation to Jim Crow birthplace among the 46,417 black and 339,830 white US-born, non-Hispanic women in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 13 Registry Group who were born between 1915 and 1979 and diagnosed (ages 25-84 years, inclusive) during 1992-2012. We grouped the cases according to birth cohort and quantified the rate of change using the haldane (which scales change in relation to biological generation). The percentage of ER-positive cases rose according to birth cohort (1915-1919 to 1975-1979) only among women diagnosed before age 55. Changes according to biological generation were greater among black women than among white women, and among black women, they were greatest among those born in Jim Crow (versus non-Jim Crow) states, with this group being the only group to exhibit high haldane values (>|0.3|, indicating high rate of change). Our study's analytical approach and findings underscore the need to consider history and societal context when analyzing ER status among breast cancer patients and racial/ethnic inequities in its distribution.

An imperial laboratory: the investigation and treatment of treponematoses in occupied Haiti, 1915-1934 / Um laboratório imperial: investigação e tratamento da treponematose no Haiti ocupado, 1915-1934

This article examines anti-treponematoses work as part of US occupation public health policy in Haiti, a unique event in the history of international health. Yaws was highly prevalent in Haiti, but occupation doctors initially ignored it because of its close association with syphilis and stigmas attached to sexually transmitted disease. This changed when C.S. Butler asserted that yaws was "innocent" and that the two diseases should therefore be considered as one. Treatment increased as an anti-treponematoses campaign was now believed to hold great benefits for the occupation's paternalist and strategic aims, even though it ultimately failed. This work reflected Haiti's status as a public health "laboratory" which affected Haitian medicine for years to come and significantly influenced future campaigns aimed at disease eradication.

Este artigo investiga o trabalho anti-treponêmico como parte da política norte-americana de saúde pública na ocupação do Haiti, evento inédito na história da saúde internacional. Era alta a incidência da bouba no Haiti, mas médicos da ocupação a ignoravam por ser parecida com a sífilis e pelos estigmas da doença sexualmente transmitida. A situação mudou quando C.S. Butler afirmou que a bouba era "inocente" e que as duas doenças deveriam ser consideradas uma. Surgiram mais tratamentos com uma campanha anti-treponêmica que trazia benefícios aos objetivos paternalistas e estratégicos da ocupação, apesar do seu fracasso final. Esse trabalho ilustra o Haiti como "laboratório" de saúde pública, o que afetou a medicina haitiana por anos e influenciou campanhas futuras para erradicar a doença.

Aproximación crítica a las políticas públicas en salud indígena, medicina tradicional e interculturalidad en México (1990-2016) / A critical examination of public policies related to indigenous health, traditional medicine, and interculturality in Mexico (1990-2016)

RESUMEN En los últimos 26 años, el gobierno mexicano desarrolló múltiples discursos y actividades sobre la denominada "salud intercultural" dirigidos, en especial, a los pueblos originarios de México (alrededor de 62, de acuerdo al criterio lingüístico), y construyó establecimientos de salud (puestos de salud, clínicas y hospitales) en los que propuso la aplicación de indicadores de pertinencia cultural en algunos estados como Puebla, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Querétaro y Jalisco (mínimos e insuficientes). Sin embargo, la salud indígena y la atención médica institucional siguen siendo precarias en cuanto a recursos humanos y materiales (personal sanitario, medicamentos, etc.), y discriminatorios con relación a la forma y al contenido de la atención que se brinda. En este artículo, detallamos algunas de las intervenciones del gobierno que suponen un avance institucional sobre el tema de interculturalidad en salud pero que, en el fondo, significan la continuidad de políticas arbitrarias y excluyentes.

ABSTRACT Over the last 26 years, the Mexican government has developed a number of activities and discourses around what has been called "intercultural health," directed especially at indigenous peoples in Mexico (some 62, according to linguistic criteria). In this way, the government has built health care institutions (rural centers, clinics, and hospitals) in states like Puebla, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Queretaro, and Jalisco, proposing the implementation of cultural pertinence indicators (which are minimal and inadequate). Nevertheless, the health conditions among indigenous populations and the quality of health care provided by public institutions continue to be precarious in terms of human and material resources (health personnel, drugs, etc.) and discriminatory with respect to the form and content of the provided services. This paper describes some of the governmental interventions that purport to be institutional improvements in the field of interculturality, but that actually represent the continuity of arbitrary and exclusive policies.

A questão racial na obra de Domingos Guedes Cabral / The issue of race in the work of Domingos Guedes Cabral

Resumo Na Bahia de 1875, a medicina e o evolucionismo foram utilizados pelo médico, jornalista e militante republicano Domingos Guedes Cabral como armas ideológicas para propor um programa radical de reformas sociais no país. O programa incluía diversas propostas no campo da educação, controle dos casamentos, assistência médica aos alienados, mudanças no sistema penal etc., tudo com base em conhecimentos científicos da época. Entre as ideias sociais de Guedes Cabral, a questão racial será nosso principal foco de análise. Nesse sentido, Domingos Guedes Cabral constitui um exemplo particularmente significativo para entender como foram os primeiros passos na peculiar aliança estabelecida entre evolucionismo, medicina e racismo científico no Brasil desde a década de 1870, momento de chegada do darwinismo no país.

Abstract In 1875 Bahia, medicine and evolutionism were used by the physician, journalist, and republican militant Domingos Guedes Cabral as ideological weapons to propose a radical program of social reforms in Brazil in the areas of education, marriage control, medical care to the alienated, changes in the penal system, etc., all of which were based on the scientific knowledge of that time. Among the social ideas of Guedes Cabral, the question of race will be the main focus of this analysis. In this sense, Domingos Guedes Cabral is a particularly significant example for understanding the initial steps in the peculiar alliance between evolutionism, medicine, and scientific racism in Brazil since the 1870s, when Darwinism first arrived in the country.

Ciência e miscigenação racial no início do século XX: debates e controvérsias de Edgard Roquette-Pinto com a antropologia física norte-americana / Science and miscegenation in the early twentieth century: Edgard Roquette-Pinto’ s debates and controversies with US physical anthropology

Resumo O artigo analisa a participação do antropólogo brasileiro Edgard Roquette-Pinto no debate internacional envolvendo o campo da antropologia física e as discussões sobre miscigenação racial nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Trata especialmente da leitura, das interpretações e das controvérsias que o cientista brasileiro produziu com um grupo de antropólogos e eugenistas norte-americanos, entre eles nomes como Charles Davenport, Madison Grant e Franz Boas. O artigo também problematiza as diferentes formas de leitura e de apropriação intelectual, a circulação internacional de ideias e o modo como as interpretações antropológicas produzidas por Roquette-Pinto ganharam novos sentidos ao romper as fronteiras nacionais.

Abstract The article analyzes Brazilian anthropologist Edgard Roquette-Pinto’s participation in the international debate that involved the field of physical anthropology and discussions on miscegenation in the first decades of the twentieth century. Special focus is on his readings and interpretations of a group of US anthropologists and eugenicists and his controversies with them, including Charles Davenport, Madison Grant, and Franz Boas. The article explores the various ways in which Roquette-Pinto interpreted and incorporated their ideas and how his anthropological interpretations took on new meanings when they moved beyond Brazil’s borders.

Racial variation and cancer: a historical approach.

At the end of the 19th century, in an attempt to define cancer's etiology, scientists considered that cancer was mainly affecting the white race and the temperate zone countries. In their turn, epidemiological studies held in the early 20th century sustained the dogma of cancer's racial distribution, targeting and stigmatizing ethnic groups.