Tendencias actuales en la enseñanza de la reanimación cardiopulmonar básica / Current trends in the teaching of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation / Current trends in the teaching of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Introducción: La enseñanza de la reanimación cardiopulmonar se basa en el estudio de conceptos, teorías y prácticas que son evaluados con el objetivo de medir el nivel de retención de los individuos. Objetivo: Caracterizar el impacto de las tendencias actuales en la enseñanza de la reanimación cardiopulmonar básica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de artículos científicos pertenecientes a las bases de datos Medline, PubMed, SciELO Regional y SciELO Cuba. Se utilizaron descriptores en español e inglés y se revisaron 29 citas. Resultados: Las tendencias actuales implican la aplicación de las nuevas tecnologías, la autopreparación y el poco desarrollo de entornos presenciales. Se consideran las escuelas como lugares clave para las nuevas formas de enseñanza. Los simuladores permiten la formación bajo situaciones clínicas reales. El autoaprendizaje garantiza la consolidación de las habilidades prácticas trasmitidas por el instructor y asimiladas por el estudiante. Conclusiones: La reanimación cardiopulmonar garantiza una mejor calidad de vida de la población en general. Con el avance tecnológico se ha abierto una nueva etapa en la formación de habilidades, donde ha primado la autonomía; aunque existen notables desventajas. Entonces se necesita un asesoramiento con instructor, que ofrezca los conocimientos teóricos y prácticos básicos compaginados con un nivel de autonomía del aprendizaje. Este proceso debe seguirse y controlarse. A la vez que la formación no se detiene ahí, la formación sistemática en cualquier lugar permite la reafirmación de lo aprendido. De este modo, los avances tecnológicos desempeñarán su mejor beneficio(AU)

Introduction: The teaching of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is based on the study of concepts, theories and practices evaluated with the aim of measuring the retention level of individuals. Objective: To characterize the impact of current trends in the teaching of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods: A bibliographic review of scientific articles from Medline, PubMed, SciELO Regional and SciELO Cuba databases was carried out. Descriptors in Spanish and English were used, as well as 29 citations were reviewed. Results: Current trends involve the application of new technologies, self-training and little development of face-to-face settings. Schools are considered as key places for new forms of teaching. Simulators allow training under real clinical situations. Self-learning guarantees the consolidation of practical skills transmitted by the instructor and assimilated by the student. Conclusions: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation guarantees better quality of life for the general population. Technological progress has opened a new stage in the training of skills, in which autonomy has prevailed; however, there are significant disadvantages. Therefore, there is a need for instructor-led counseling, offering basic theoretical and practical knowledge combined with a level of learning autonomy. This process must be monitored and controlled. While training does not stop at such point, systematic training at any location allows reaffirmation of what has been learned. In this way, technological advances will permit to take the best advantage(AU)

A walk through the progression of resuscitation medicine.

Cardiac arrest (CA) is a sudden and devastating disease process resulting in more deaths in the United States than many cancers, metabolic diseases, and even car accidents. Despite such a heavy mortality burden, effective treatments have remained elusive. The past century has been productive in establishing the guidelines for resuscitation, known as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), as well as developing a scientific field whose aim is to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of CA and develop therapies to save lives. CPR has been successful in reinitiating the heart after arrest, enabling a survival rate of approximately 10% in out-of-hospital CA. Although current advanced resuscitation methods, including hypothermia and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, have improved survival in some patients, they are unlikely to significantly improve the national survival rate any further without a paradigm shift. Such a change is possible with sustained efforts in the basic and clinical sciences of resuscitation and their implementation. This review seeks to discuss the current landscape in resuscitation medicine-how we got here and where we are going.

Selected 2018 Highlights in Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia.

THIS ARTICLE IS a review of the highlights of pertinent literature published during the 12 months of 2018 that is of interest to the congenital cardiac anesthesiologist. During a search of the US National Library of Medicine PubMed database, several topics that displayed significant contributions to the field in 2018 emerged. The authors of the present review consider the following topics noteworthy: the patient with high-risk congenital heart disease (CHD) presenting for noncardiac surgery, cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infants and children with CHD, dexmedetomidine use in pediatric patients, point-of-care lung ultrasound, and regional anesthesia in pediatric cardiac surgery.

Cardiac Arrest in Special Circumstances-Recent Advances in Resuscitation.

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in special circumstances includes the emergency intervention for special causes, special environments, and special patients. Special causes cover the potential reversible causes of cardiac arrest that must be identified or excluded during any resuscitation act. The special environments section includes recommendations for the treatment of cardiac arrest occurring in specific locations: cardiac surgery, catheterization laboratory, dialysis unit, dental surgery, commercial airplanes or air ambulances, playing field, difficult environment (eg, drowning, high altitude, avalanche, and electrical injuries) or mass casualty incident. CPR for special patients gives guidance for the patients with severe comorbidities (asthma, heart failure with ventricular assist devices, neurological disease, and obesity) and pregnant women or older people. AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY: There are no generally worldwide accepted resuscitation guidelines for special circumstance, and there are still few studies investigating the safety and outcome of cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Applying standard advanced life support (ALS) guidelines in this situation is not enough to obtain better results from CPR, for example, cardiac arrest caused by electrolyte abnormalities require also the treatment of that electrolyte disturbance, not only standard CPR, or in the case of severe hypothermia, when standard ALS approach is not recommended until a temperature threshold is reached after warming measures. Data sources for this article are scientific articles describing retrospective studies conducted in CPR performed in special circumstances, experts' consensus, and related published opinion of experts in CPR. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES: The newest advance in therapeutics applied to resuscitation field for these particular situations is the use of extracorporeal life support/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation devices during CPR. CONCLUSIONS: In special circumstances, ALS guidelines require modification and special attention for causes, environment, and patient particularities, with specific therapeutic intervention concomitant with standard ALS.

Mechanical Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation In and On the Way to the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory.

Cardiac arrest, though not common during coronary angiography, is increasingly occurring in the catheterization laboratory because of the expanding complexity of percutaneous interventions (PCI) and the patient population being treated. Manual chest compression in the cath lab is not easily performed, often interrupted, and can result in the provider experiencing excessive radiation exposure. Mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provides unique advantages over manual performance of chest compression for treating cardiac arrest in the cardiac cath lab. Such advantages include the potential for uninterrupted chest compressions, less radiation exposure, better quality chest compressions, and less crowded conditions around the catheterization table, allowing more attention to ongoing PCI efforts during CPR. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients not responding to standard ACLS therapy can be transported to the hospital while mechanical CPR is being performed to provide safe and continuous chest compressions en route. Once at the hospital, advanced circulatory support can be instituted during ongoing mechanical CPR. This article summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology and nature of cardiac arrest in the cardiac cath lab and discusses the mechanics of CPR and defibrillation in that setting. It also reviews the various types of mechanical CPR and their potential roles in and on the way to the laboratory. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1292-1299).

Survival after Perioperative Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Providing an Evidence Base for Ethical Management of Do-not-resuscitate Orders.

Automatic suspension of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders during general anesthesia does not sufficiently address a patient's right to self-determination and is a practice still observed among anesthesiologists today. To provide an evidence base for ethical management of DNR orders during anesthesia and surgery, the authors performed a systematic review of the literature to quantify the survival after perioperative cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Results show that the probability of surviving perioperative CPR ranged from 32.0 to 55.7% when measured within the first 24 h after arrest with a neurologically favorable outcome expectancy between 45.3 and 66.8% at follow-up, which suggests a viable survival of approximately 25%. Because CPR generally proves successful in less than 15% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, the altered outcome probabilities that the conditions in the operating room bring on warrant reevaluation of DNR orders during the perioperative period. By preoperatively communicating the evidence to patients, they can make better informed decisions while reducing the level of moral distress that anesthesiologists may experience when certain patients decide to retain their DNR orders.

[Trajectory of anaesthesiology and intensive medicine--history, presence and prospects]. / Trajektorie anesteziologie a intenzivní medicíny--historie, soucasnost i její nové vize.

Anaesthesia has been practised in a very simple way in ancient ages already, nevertheless its real progress started during last 50 years, supported with recent neurophysiological achievements, technical development, digital evaluation and telemedicine. Since the end of the 20th century close relations exist with CPR and with contemporary complex features of perioperative medicine. They form fundamental pillars for modern surgery encl. intensive medicine and care. Changing demography and efficient support of vital functions in intensive medicine create new phenomena and postulates: safety, chronic critical illness, long-term mechanical ventilation, palliative intensive care, patients preferences for own active end of life. Vital and global importance of anaesthesia equal to surgery has been accepted for the first time in their global history during the meeting of World Health Assembly (WHA) in the year 2015. Brief survey of development and trends in anaesthesiology and intensive medicine in our country completes the historical text.

Evaluation of long-term pituitary functions in patients with severe ventricular arrhythmia: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), stroke and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) are identified as risk factors for hypopituitarism. Pituitary dysfunction after TBI, SAH, and CVD may present in the acute phase or later in the course of the event. Chronic hypopituitarism, particularly growth hormone (GH) deficiency is related to the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In patients with serious ventricular arrhythmias, who need cardiopulmonary resuscitation, brain tissue is exposed to short-term severe ischemia and hypoxia. However, there are no data in the literature regarding pituitary dysfunction after ventricular arrhythmias. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients with ventricular arrhythmias [ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF)] (mean age, 55.6 ± 1.8 years; 37 men, 7 women) were included in the study. The patients were evaluated after mean period of 21.2 ± 0.8 months from VT-VF. Basal hormone levels, including serum free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), TSH, ACTH, prolactin, FSH, LH, total testosterone, estradiol, IGF-1, and cortisol levels were measured in all patients. To assess (GH)-insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis, glucagon stimulation test was performed and 1 µg ACTH stimulation test was used for assessing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. RESULTS: The frequencies of GH, gonadotropin and TSH deficiency were 27.2, 9.0, 2.2%, respectively. Mean IGF-1 levels were lower in GH deficiency group, but it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The present preliminary study showed that ventricular arrhythmias may result in hypopituitarism, particularly in growth hormone deficiency. Unrecognized hypopituitarism may be responsible for some of the cardiovascular problems at least in some patients.

Update in hospital palliative care.

BACKGROUND: Seriously ill patients frequently receive care in hospitals, and palliative care is a core competency for hospitalists. We aimed to summarize and critique recent research that has the potential to impact the clinical practice of palliative care in the hospital. METHODS: We reviewed articles published between January 2012 and May 2013, identified through a hand-search of leading journals and PubMed. The authors collectively selected 9 articles based on their scientific rigor and relevance to hospital practice. We review their findings, strengths, and limitations and make recommendations for practice. RESULTS: Key findings include: indwelling pleural catheters and talc pleurodesis provide similar relief of dyspnea in patients with malignant pleural effusions; oxygen many not be needed to prevent dyspnea in many dying patients; docusate may not be needed in addition to sennosides to treat opioid-induced constipation; atropine is no more effective than placebo in treating respiratory rattles in dying patients; many older adult survivors of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are alive up to 1 year after discharge; observing CPR may decrease family post-traumatic stress; surrogates of intensive care unit patients often interpret prognostic information optimistically; many patients with metastatic cancer feel that chemotherapy may cure their disease; viewing a goals-of-care video may decrease preference for CPR in patients being admitted to skilled nursing facilities. CONCLUSIONS: Recent research provides important insights into the effectiveness of medications and interventions for symptom management, outcomes of CPR for patients and families, and Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:715-720. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine.

Two-year survival and neurological outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest patients rescued by extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

BACKGROUND: The clinical benefit of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) has been proved in short-term follow-up studies. However, the benefit of E-CPR beyond 1 year has been not known. We investigated 2-year outcome of patients who received E-CPR or conventional CPR (C-CPR). METHODS: We analyzed a total of 406 adult in-hospital cardiac arrest victims who underwent CPR for more than 10 min from 2003 to 2009. The two-year survival and neurological outcome of E-CPR (n=85) and C-CPR (n=321) were compared using propensity score-matched analysis. RESULTS: The 2-year survival with minimal neurological impairment was 4-fold higher in the E-CPR group than the C-CPR group (23.5% versus 5.9%, hazard ratio (HR)=0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.43-0.75, p<0.001) by unadjusted analysis. After propensity-score matching, it was still 4-fold higher in the E-CPR group than the C-CPR group (20.0% versus 5.0%, HR=0.53, 95% CI=0.36-0.80, p=0.002). In the E-CPR group, the independent predictors associated with minimal neurological impairment were age ≤65 years (HR=0.46; 95% CI=0.26-0.81; p=0.008), CPR duration ≤35 min (HR=0.37; 95% CI=0.18-0.76; p=0.007), and subsequent cardiovascular intervention including coronary intervention or cardiac surgery (HR=0.36; 95% CI=0.18-0.68; p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The initial survival benefit of E-CPR for cardiac arrest patients persisted at 2 years.

Atualização das diretrizes de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar de interesse ao anestesiologista / Spinal myoclonus after subarachnoid anesthesia with bupivacaine

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As novas diretrizes de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP) enfatizam a importância das compressões torácicas de alta qualidade e modificam algumas rotinas. Este artigo tem por objetivo revisar as principais alterações na reanimação praticada pelo médico anestesiologista. CONTEÚDO: A ênfase para realização das compressões torácicas de alta qualidade, com frequência e profundidade adequadas, permitindo retorno total do tórax e com interrupção mínima nas compressões, assume posição de destaque nesta atualização. Não se deve levar mais de dez segundos verificando o pulso antes de iniciar a RCP. A relação universal de 30:2 é mantida, modificando-se sua ordem de realização, iniciando-se pelas compressões torácicas, para, em seguida, prosseguir para as vias aéreas e respiração (C-A-B, em vez de A-B-C). O procedimento "ver, ouvir e sentir se há respiração" foi removido do algoritmo e o uso de pressão cricoidea durante as ventilações, em geral, não é mais recomendado. A frequência das compressões foi modificada para um mínimo de cem por minuto, em vez de aproximadamente cem por minuto, sendo sua profundidade em adultos alterada para 5 cm, em lugar da faixa antes recomendada de 4 a 5 cm. Choque único é mantido, devendo ser de 120 a 200 J quando bifásico, ou 360 J quando monofásico. No suporte avançado de vida, o uso de capnografia e capnometria para confirmação da intubação e monitoração da qualidade da RCP é uma recomendação formal. A atropina não é mais recomendada para uso rotineiro no tratamento da atividade elétrica sem pulso ou assistolia. CONCLUSÕES: É importante a atualização quanto às novas diretrizes de RCP, sendo enfatizado o contínuo aprendizado. Isso irá melhorar a qualidade da reanimação e sobrevida de pacientes em parada cardíaca.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The new cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines emphasize the importance of high-quality chest compressions and modify some routines. The objective of this report was to review the main changes in resuscitation practiced by anesthesiologists. CONTENTS: The emphasis on high-quality chest compressions with adequate rate and depth allowing full recoil of the chest and with minimal interruptions is highlighted in this update. One should not take more than ten seconds checking the pulse before starting CPR. The universal relationship of 30:2 is maintained, modifying its order, initiating with chest compressions, followed by airways and breathing (C-A-B instead of A-B-C). The procedure "look, listen, and feel whether the patient is breathing" was removed from the algorithm, and the use of cricoid pressure during ventilations is not recommended any more. The rate of chest compressions was changed for at least one hundred per minute instead of approximately one hundred per minute, and its depth in adults was changed to 5 cm instead of the prior recommendation of 4 to 5 cm. The single shock is maintained, and it should be of 120 to 200 J when it is biphasic; and 360 J when it is monophasic. In advanced cardiac life support, the use of capnography and capnometry to confirm intubation and monitoring the quality of CPR is a formal recommendation. Atropine is no longer recommended for routine use in the treatment of pulseless electrical activity or asystole. CONCLUSIONS: Updating the phases of the new CPR guidelines is important, and continuous learning is recommended. This will improve the quality of resuscitation and survival of patients in cardiac arrest.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las nuevas directrices de resucitación cardiopulmonar (RCP), destacan la importancia de las compresiones torácicas de alta calidad y modifican algunas rutinas. Este artículo tiene el objetivo de revisar las principales alteraciones en la reanimación practicada por el médico anestesista. CONTENIDO: El énfasis para la realización de las compresiones torácicas de alta calidad, con la frecuencia y la profundidad adecuadas, permitiendo el retorno total del tórax y con interrupción mínima en las compresiones, asume una posición de destaque en esta actualización. No debemos llevar más de 10 segundos verificando el pulso antes de iniciar la RCP. La relación universal de 30:2 se mantiene, modificando su orden de realización, e iniciándose por las compresiones torácicas para, enseguida, proseguir hacia las vías aéreas y la respiración (C-A-B, en vez de A-B-C). El procedimiento "ver, oír y sentir si hay respiración", fue retirado del algoritmo, y el uso de presión cricoide durante las ventilaciones, en general no se recomienda más. La frecuencia de las compresiones fue modificada para un mínimo de 100 por minuto, en vez de aproximadamente 100 por minuto, siendo su profundidad en adultos alterada para 5 cm, en lugar de la franja antes recomendada de 4 a 5 cm. El choque único se mantiene y debe ser de 120 a 200 J, cuando es bifásico, o 360 J, cuando es monofásico. En el soporte avanzado de vida, el uso de capnografía y capnometría para la confirmación de la intubación y de la monitorización de la calidad de la RCP, es una recomendación formal. La atropina no se recomienda más para el uso de rutina en el tratamiento de la actividad eléctrica sin pulso o asistolia. CONCLUSIONES: Es importante la actualización sobre las nuevas directrices de RCP, destacando su continuo aprendizaje. Eso mejorará la calidad de la reanimación y la sobrevida de los pacientes en una parada cardíaca.

Proponen nuevas recomendaciones para la reanimación cardiopulmonar pediátrica / New developments in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Se destacan las novedades en reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) pediátrica del ILCOR 2010. Se sugiere una nueva secuencia universal, sencilla, aplicable al paro cardiorrespiratorio en adultos, niños y lactantes, con un nuevo orden: C-A-B. Se resta importancia a la determinación de la presencia del pulso en lactantes o niños, si no se logra dentro de los 10 segundos. Los reanimadores legos dispuestos a realizar RCP básica que no pueden o no quieren proporcionar ventilación deberían realizar compresiones solamente. La efectividad de la compresión torácica se logra con una profundidad de compresión de al menos un tercio del diámetro anteroposterior del tórax o 4 cm en lactantes y 5 cm en niños. Se insiste en el uso temprano de la vía intraósea en caso de presentar dificultades para acceder a la vía intravenosa. Los datos refuerzan la eficacia y seguridad de los tubos endotraqueales con manguito en lactantes y niños pequeños. Se actualiza la fórmula del tamaño adecuado del tubo con manguito. Se relativiza la seguridad y utilidad de la maniobra de Sellik durante la intubación de emergencia. En los casos de shock por taquicardia ventricular sin pulso o fibrilación ventricular se indica desfibrilación con una dosis de energía inicial de 2 a 4 J/kg. Se sugiere la incorporación de un equipo de emergencias médicas especializado en el manejo de RCP. Se propone realizar autopsia a los jóvenes que fallecieron por muerte súbita para detectar posibles causas genéticas que indiquen la necesidad de estudiar a sus familiares.

[Palliative care patients in an advanced state of disease. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and determination of death]. / Palliativpatienten im weit fortgeschrittenen Krankheitsstadium. Notärztliche Reanimation und Todesfeststellung.

BACKGROUND: Prehospital emergency teams will be confronted with the specific needs of resuscitation in palliative patients in whom a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) could be found significantly less frequently than in other emergency situations. The present investigation aims to show medical and judicial problems related to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), external examination of the corpse and death certification. METHODS: Over a 12-month period all emergency cases involving physicians in an out-of-hospital resuscitation setting in cancer patients were retrospectively analysed for indications for emergency call, situation on-site and prehospital treatment by emergency physicians, external examination of the corpse and determination of death. RESULTS: For the period mentioned 164 (2.7% of the total) emergency calls by cancer patients or their relatives were identified. In the following study 43 patients (26.2%) could be included. In 20 cases (46.5%) the emergency physicians attempted to resuscitate the patient by performing CPR. In the majority of cases (36; 83.7%) death certification and external examination of the corpse were necessary at the scene. CONCLUSIONS: Due to a reduced rate of ROSC in palliative patients, death certification and external examination of the corpse are more often necessary than in other emergency situations. Therefore every emergency physician should be familiar with the ethics of resuscitation of patients in palliative care and with external examination of the corpse to do justice to patients and their caregivers.

[Intensive care medicine -- update 2005]. / Was gibt es Neues in der Intensivmedizin -- eine Ubersicht.

This manuscript gives a review about important studies addressing problems in intensive care medicine that have been published in journals focussing on critical care medicine and surgery in 2005. Only clinical studies are included in this review, mostly meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials and a few important or interesting observational studies. In addition to describing major results a critical appraisal of each study is undertaken, which, however, is neither comprehensive nor complete. It is merely intended to address some important aspects for the reader who should be stimulated to go deeper into one or the other topic or study. The publication of the new CPR-guidelines of the American Heart Association and the European Resuscitation Council as well as the newly developed SAPS III score to predict intensive care unit outcome are among the outstanding topics. Several randomized trials and meta-analyses deal with aspects of drug therapy of septic patients. Some important and relevant findings have been reported with respect to the efficiency of the open-lung concept, non-invasive ventilation, the use of heat and moisture exchanger filters compared to active humidifiers and of closed systems for endotracheal suctioning. The role of immuno-nutrition in adults and children as well as of early enteral nutrition can be defined more clearly. Whether corticosteroids should be used in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury can be definitely answered now. There are some new insights reported into the management of patients infected or contaminated with MRSA in the intensive care unit. Last but not least an impressive study shows that not only the newest therapeutic developments but the stringent use of the already known treatment options may result in dramatic improvements of patient outcome.