Experiencias del equipo de salud en la aplicación del contacto piel con piel / Experiences of the Health Team in the Application of Skin-To- Skin Contact

Introducción: La Organización Panamericana de la Salud refiere que a nivel mundial pocos son los países que aplican el contacto piel con piel cuando lo realizan es por un tiempo inadecuado a pesar de los múltiples beneficios para la madre y el recién nacido. Objetivo: Describir la aplicación del contacto piel con piel desde la experiencia del equipo de salud en un centro materno infantil del sector público en Perú. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa con diseño descriptivo, de tipo estudio de caso, en una muestra no probabilística de 10 integrantes del equipo de salud, elegidos por conveniencia y determinado por saturación y redundancia. Los datos se recolectaron a través de la entrevista semiestructurada en línea. La información se procesó de manera manual, mediante el análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: Se obtuvieron tres categorías: a) aplicación del contacto piel con piel en la atención inmediata del recién nacido, b) estrategias implementadas para la aplicación del contacto piel con piel y c) barreras afrontadas por el equipo de salud para aplicar el contacto piel con piel. Conclusiones: Desde la experiencia del personal de salud, es posible aplicar el contacto pial a piel previa capacitación y sensibilización al equipo de salud, y acondicionamiento del ambiente, a fin de implementarlo como política del establecimiento de salud(AU)

Introduction: The Pan American Health Organization reports that few countries worldwide apply skin-to-skin contact and when they use it is during an inadequate amount of time despite the multiple benefits for the mother and the newborn. Objective: To describe the application of skin-to-skin contact from the experience of the health team in a public maternal and child center in Peru. Methods: A qualitative research with a descriptive design, case study, was carried out in a non-probabilistic sample of 10 members of the health team, chosen by convenience and determined by saturation and redundancy. Data were collected through semi-structured online interviews. The information was processed manually, through thematic content analysis. Results: Three categories were obtained: a) application of skin-to-skin contact in the immediate care of the newborn, b) strategies implemented for the application of skin-to-skin contact, and c) barriers faced by the health team to apply skin-to-skin contact. Conclusions: From the experience of health personnel, it is possible to apply skin-to-skin contact after training and sensitization to the health team and conditioning of the environment, in order to implement it as a policy of the health facility(AU)

Ambulatório de Displasia do Desenvolvimento dos Quadris (DDQ) do Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo (HSPM-SP) / Developmental Dysplasia of the Hips (DDH) Outpatient Clinic at the Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo (HSPM-SP)

Introdução: A Displasia do Desenvolvimento do Quadril (DDQ) é uma doença caracterizada pela alteração anatômica durante a diferenciação embriológica do quadril ou durante o crescimento e desenvolvimento deste. O diagnóstico precoce tem grande importância na DDQ, pois logo que detectada qualquer anormalidade no quadril pediátrico, é possível uma intervenção precoce, a fim de realizar um tratamento não invasivo e de baixo custo. Ainda não existe um protocolo estabelecido de rastreio com ultrassonografia (USG) para a DDQ no Brasil. Objetivo: Implementar uma sistemática de rastreio universal para displasia do desenvolvimento dos quadris em um hospital público na cidade de São Paulo. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura a fim de justificar a importância da criação e estruturação de um Ambulatório Especializado em DDQ no Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal. Essa revisão buscou demonstrar os benefícios de um diagnóstico precoce. A partir disso, montou-se a estruturação do ambulatório. Serão acompanhados no ambulatório todos os recém-nascidos dependentes de servidores públicos municipais de São Paulo, de acordo com o protocolo estabelecido pela Instituição. Resultados: Foi proposto um modelo de atendimento envolvendo: exame físico e exames complementares, diagnóstico, tratamento conservador e/ou cirúrgico e seguimento dos pacientes. Conclusão: O atendimento do paciente portador de DDQ será centralizado. Isso inclui as etapas de diagnóstico, avaliação da evolução nos diferentes estágios do acompanhamento, tratamento com órteses específicas ou realização de cirurgias complementares. Toda a equipe multidisciplinar será composta por profissionais capacitados e treinados, em um ambiente único, o que evitará encaminhamentos. Palavras-chave: Displasia do desenvolvimento dos quadris. Ambulatório. Diagnóstico.

O recém-nascido hospitalizado em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal e o posicionamento no leito / The newborn hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit and bed positioning: systematic review / El recién nacido hospitalizado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales y el posicionamiento en la cama: revisión sistemática

Objetivo: identificar quais os posicionamentos e produtos auxiliares mais indicados para o recém-nascido hospitalizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. Método: caracteriza-se como básica, de caráter exploratório e quanto aos procedimentos técnicos é uma revisão sistemática da literatura. A busca teve como bases a Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Plataforma Capes e Unique, limitando as publicações realizadas entre 2011 e 2021. Obteve-se 85 resultados, sendo a análise e discussão dos dados realizada com 7 estudos. Resultados: verificou-se que existem diversos posicionamentos que podem ser utilizados nesses pacientes, como os decúbitos dorsal, ventral e lateral, sendo o ventral o mais indicado. Ademais, identificaram-se diversos produtos que podem ser utilizados para auxiliar no posicionamento dos recém-nascidos e que podem facilitar os cuidados de enfermagem. Considerações finais: observou-se que poucos estudos trouxeram um padrão e/ou um método de posicionamento vinculado com os produtos auxiliares.

Objective: to identify which are the most suitable positioning and auxiliary products for the newborn hospitalized in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Method: this is characterized as basic, exploratory, and as to the technical procedures, it is a systematic literature review. The search was based on the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Plataforma Capes and Unique, limiting publications between 2011 and 2021. A total of 85 results were obtained, and the analysis and discussion of the data was carried out with 7 studies. Results: it was found that there are several positions that can be used in these patients, such as dorsal, ventral, and lateral decubitus, with the ventral position being the most indicated. Furthermore, several products were identified that can be used to assist in positioning the newborns and that can facilitate nursing care. Final considerations: it was observed that few studies brought a standard and/or a positioning method linked to the auxiliary products.

Objetivo: identificar cuáles son los posicionamientos y productos auxiliares más adecuados para los recién nacidos hospitalizados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales. Método: se caracteriza como básico, de carácter exploratorio y en cuanto a los procedimientos técnicos es una revisión sistemática de la literatura. La búsqueda se basó en la Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Plataforma Capes y Unique, limitando las publicaciones entre 2011 y 2021. Se obtuvieron 85 resultados, siendo el análisis y la discusión de los datos realizados con 7 estudios. Resultados: Se ha comprobado que hay varias posiciones que pueden utilizarse en estos pacientes, como el decúbito dorsal, ventral y lateral, siendo la ventral la más adecuada. Además, se identificaron varios productos que pueden utilizarse para ayudar a colocar a los recién nacidos y que pueden facilitar los cuidados de enfermería. Consideraciones finales: se observó que pocos estudios trajeron un patrón y/o un método de posicionamiento vinculado a los productos auxiliares.

Detecção de arboviroses em gestantes na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo / Detection of arboviroses in pregnant women in the northwest region of the state of São Paulo

As infecções ocasionadas pelos vírus da Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) e Chikungunya (CHIKV) em gestantes são de grande preocupação pelos possíveis danos causados pelos mesmos às mães e fetos. O ZIKV está relacionado à microcefalia e outras anomalias cerebrais graves em neonatos e a infecção por CHIKV em gestantes no período intraparto pode levar à transmissão vertical, com possibilidade de agravamento no quadro do neonato. E, apesar de ainda não haver relatos de ocorrência de malformações congênitas associadas à infecção por DENV em gestantes, as mesmas são consideradas um grupo de risco, pois apresentam maiores chances de evolução para formas graves ou óbito e aumento no risco de partos prematuros decorrente da infecção materna perinatal. Neste estudo, foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva dos resultados envolvendo os vírus DENV, ZIKV e CHIKV para determinar a taxa de positividade destas arboviroses em gestantes no município de São José do Rio Preto-SP, nos anos de 2018 e 2019. Para isso, foram coletados resultados de PCR em tempo real (RT-PCR) para DENV, ZIKV e CHIKV de amostras de soro e urina obtidas de 557 gestantes com histórico de febre, bem como 93 amostras de recém-nascidos (RN). Na análise dos resultados foi verificado que o sorotipo-2 de Dengue (DENV-2) foi detectado em 106/557 correspondendo a 19% das amostras, o sorotipo-1 (DENV-1) foi detectado em apenas uma amostra e o ZIKV foi detectado em duas amostras. CHIKV não foi detectado. Não foi detectado arbovírus nas amostras de RN testadas pela técnica de RT-PCR. Quanto à idade, 40% das gestantes pertenciam à faixa etária de 25 a 32 anos, seguidas pelas faixas de 33 a 40 anos e 17 a 24 anos com percentuais de 31 e 29%, respectivamente. No período, uma gestante que estava na 13ª semana de gestação foi a óbito por DENV-2. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam a importância do diagnóstico precoce das arboviroses neste grupo, viabilizando a assistência adequada às gestantes. Nesse sentido, o monitoramento da circulação simultânea de arboviroses responsáveis por causarem complicações em gestantes e infecções congênitas deve continuar em áreas endêmicas como a de São José do Rio Preto, visando um diagnóstico materno precoce e manejo adequado de gestantes testadas positivas verificando a presença de sinais de alerta e de dengue grave.

Infections caused by Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses in pregnant women represent great concern because of the possible damage that can be caused by these viruses to both mothers and fetuses. ZIKV is related to microcephaly and other severe brain abnormalities in neonates, while CHIKV infection in pregnant women in the intrapartum period can lead to vertical transmission, with the possibility of worsening in the neonate. And although there are no reports of congenital malformations associated with DENV infection in pregnant women, they are also considered of risk group, since they have greater probability to progress to severe forms or even death. In addition, there is an increased risk of premature childbirth. In this study, a retrospective result analysis involving DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV viruses was carried out to determine the positivity rate of those arboviruses in pregnant women in the city of São José do Rio Preto-SP, in the years 2018 and 2019. For this purpose, real-time PCR results (RT-PCR) were collected for DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV from serum and urine samples obtained from 557 pregnant women with a history of fever, as well as samples from 93 newborns (NB). Dengue serotype-2 (DENV-2) was detected in 106/557, which corresponds to 19% of the samples; dengue serotype-1 (DENV-1) was detected in only one sample, and the ZIKV was detected in two samples. CHIKV was not detected. Arboviruses were not detected in the NB samples tested by the RT-PCR technique. In relation to age groups, 40% of pregnant women were between 25 to 32 years old, followed by the groups of 33 to 40 years old, and 17 to 24 years old, with 31% and 29%, respectively. In the period, a pregnant woman who was in the 13th week of pregnancy died due to DENV-2. The results obtained emphasize the importance of the early diagnosis of arboviruses in this group, thus enabling adequate assistance to pregnant women. In this sense, the monitoring of arboviruses circulation responsible for causing complications and congenital infections in pregnant women should continue in endemic areas such as São José do Rio Preto, aiming at an early maternal diagnosis and adequate management of the patients who tested positive, checking for the presence of any alert signs and severe dengue.

Role of macrophages in fetal development and perinatal disorders.

In the fetus and the neonate, altered macrophage function has been implicated not only in inflammatory disorders but also in developmental abnormalities marked by altered onset, interruption, or imbalance of key structural changes. The developmental role of macrophages were first noted nearly a century ago, at about the same time when these cells were being identified as central effectors in phagocytosis and elimination of microbes. Since that time, we have made considerable progress in understanding the diverse roles that these cells play in both physiology and disease. Here, we review the role of fetal and neonatal macrophages in immune surveillance, innate immunity, homeostasis, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and repair of damaged tissues. We also discuss the possibility of therapeutic manipulation of the relative abundance and activation status of macrophage subsets in various diseases. This article combines peer-reviewed evidence from our own studies with results of an extensive literature search in the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus. IMPACT: We have reviewed the structure, differentiation, and classification of macrophages in the neonatal period. Neonatal macrophages are derived from embryonic, hepatic, and bone marrow precursors. Macrophages play major roles in tissue homeostasis, innate immunity, inflammation, tissue repair, angiogenesis, and apoptosis of various cellular lineages in various infectious and inflammatory disorders. Macrophages and related inflammatory mediators could be important therapeutic targets in several neonatal diseases.

Patología hipertensiva durante el embarazo y el producto de la concepción / Hypertensive pathology during pregnancy and the product of conception

El Hospital Nacional Dr. Mario Catarino Rivas (hospital de segundo nivel de atención), sirve como centro de atención para embarazos de alto riesgo de la zona noroccidental de Honduras; reportó 1,702 casos de trastor-nos hipertensivos del embarazo en 2017 y 2,070 casos en 2018. Se caracterizó pacientes con signos y síntomas de trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo agrupadas desde un punto de vista obstétrico, epidemiológico y clínico. Se realizó un estudio, descriptivo de corte transversal en gestantes que presentaron cefalea, cifras tensionales elevadas (≥ 140/90mmHg); registrando ausencia o presencia de proteinuria, atendidas en la emergencia de labor y parto de un hospital nacional de segundo nivel de atención en San Pedro Sula, Honduras, desde junio hasta octubre del 2019. Se incluyeron 110 pacientes de entre 18-43 años, mestizas y amas de casa, la edad gestacional promedio por fecha de ultima menstruación de 37.7 semanas; el 28.2% presentó preeclampsia severa. Las manifestaciones clínicas frecuentes fueron edema de miembros inferiores y cefalea. El 57.3% desarrolló trabajo de parto espontá-neo, la resolución del embarazo fue cesárea en el 57.3% de las gestantes. Respecto al producto de la concepción, 66.4% tenían peso normal y talla apropiada para la edad gestacional, un APGAR de 8 al primer minuto y de 9 a los 5 minutos. En este estudio, se reporta una prevalencia del 13.72% con respecto a los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo. Particularmente en pacientes mayores de 35 años, multípara, con índice de masa corporal ≥ 32 kg/m2, presentando antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y preeclampsia.

The National Hospital Dr. Mario Catarino Rivas (second-level care hospital), serves as a care center for high-risk pregnancies in the northwestern part of Honduras; it reported 1,702 cases of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in 2017 and 2,070 cases in 2018. Patients with signs and symptoms of hypertensive disorders of preg-nancy were characterized grouped from an obstetric, epidemiological and clinical point of view. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in pregnant women who presented headache, high blood pressure (≥ 140 / 90mmHg); registering the absence or presence of proteinuria in urine, attended in the labor and delivery emer-gency of a national hospital of second level of care in San Pedro Sula, Honduras; from June to October 2019. 110 patients between 18-43 years old, mixed race and housewives were included, the average gestational age by date of last menstruation of 37.7 weeks, 28.2% presented severe preeclampsia. The frequent clinical manifestations were lower limb edema and headache. 57.3% developed spontaneous labor, the pregnancy termination route was cesarean section in 57.3% of pregnant women. Regarding the product of conception, 69.1% had weight and height appropriate for gestational age, an APGAR of 8 at the first minute and of 9 at 5 minutes. In this study, a prevalence of 13.72% is reported with respect to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Particularly in patients older than 35 years, multiparous, with a body mass index ≥ 32 kg / m2, presenting a history of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and pre-eclampsia.

Urolithins in Human Breast Milk after Walnut Intake and Kinetics of Gordonibacter Colonization in Newly Born: The Role of Mothers' Urolithin Metabotypes.

The maternal-infant transmission of several urolithins through breast milk and the gut colonization of infants by the urolithin-producing bacterium Gordonibacter during their first year of life were explored. Two trials (proof-of-concept study: n = 11; validation study: n = 30) were conducted, where breastfeeding mothers consumed walnuts as a dietary source of urolithin precursors. An analytical method was developed and validated to characterize the urolithin profile in breast milk. Total urolithins ranged from 8.5 to 176.9 nM, while they were not detected in breast milk of three mothers. The mothers' urolithin metabotypes governed the urolithin profile in breast milk, which might have biological significance on infants. A specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction method allowed monitoring the gut colonization of infants by Gordonibacter during their first year of life, and neither breastfeeding nor vaginal delivery was essential for this. The pattern of Gordonibacter establishment in babies was conditioned by their mother's urolithin metabotype, probably because of mother-baby close contact.

Weight Gain in Infants With Pierre Robin Sequence in the First Year of Life.

OBJECTIVE: To compare growth trends among infants with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) to normal World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-four infants with syndromic and nonsyndromic PRS (54% male) treated at an urban academic medical center between 2009 and 2017 were included. Infants with symptomatic hypoventilation underwent mandibular distraction osteogenesis (71%). Weights were recorded at roughly 1- to 3-month intervals from birth to 12 months, with ages adjusted for prematurity. The 50th percentile (P50) for this cohort was calculated and compared to WHO standards. RESULTS: In total, 135 weight entries for 24 subjects were included. The birth weight P50 was similar to the WHO standard (females: 0.09 kg above WHO [95% CI, -0.25 to +0.43; z score = 0.19]; males: 0.38 kg below WHO [95% CI, -0.77 to 0.00; z score = -0.79]). A slower growth rate was noted among female and male infants with PRS: in month 5, the PRS P50 among females was 1.42 kg below the WHO standard (95% CI, -1.77 to -1.07; z score = -1.64). Among males in month 3, the PRS P50 was 1.68 kg below the WHO standard (95% CI, -2.12 to -1.24; z score = -2.19). By month 12, weight deficiencies had resolved in both groups. CONCLUSION: Newborns with and without PRS may have similar birth weights, but the growth rate among male and female infants with PRS may lag behind that of unaffected infants, even when upper airway obstruction has been addressed in early infancy.

Algunas consecuencias de lo negativo en el desarrollo emocional infantil / Some consequences of the negative aspect of emotional development in childhood

El presente artículo profundiza en los efectos que tiene la depresión materna en el desarrollo emocional temprano. Un primer enfoque estadístico reúne los datos que la investigación exploratoria sobre depresión de la OMS proporciona. A continuación, se detallan las investigaciones que las disciplinas humanísticas y el psicoanálisis han realizado hasta el momento sobre el tema para describir y explicar el síndrome. El nudo teórico es la articulación entre los conceptos de "duelo blanco" y "complejo de la madre muerta" teorizados por André Green con el de "vacío" de Donald Winnicott y el de "posición depresiva" de Melanie Klein. El valor pragmático del recorrido teórico reside en la posibilidad de resignificar los diagnósticos en la infancia con la herramienta diagnóstica que la CFTMEA - R - 2000 y la categoría de lo "límite" en psicoanálisis ofrecen. También las adecuaciones técnicas imprescindibles para una dirección de la cura tendiente a contrarrestar los efectos de lo negativo en el desarrollo emocional infantil surgidas de la experiencia clínica con estos niños

In this article, the impacts of postnatal depression on emotional development in childhood are studied in depth. A first statistic approach gathers the data provided by the exploratory research on depression according to the WHO. Next, research on humanistic disciplines and psychoanalysis carried out up to the present is described in detail on this topic in order to define and explain the syndrome. The theoretical knot serves as the articulation between the concepts of "white grief" and "dead mother complex", both of them theorized by André Green based on Donald Winnicott's notion of "vacuum" and Melanie Klein's notion of "depressing position." The theoretical path's pragmatic value lies in the likelihood of resignifying diagnoses during childhood making use of the classifying tool offered by psychoanalysis: CFTMEA-R-2000 and the "borderline" category. Likewise, the essential technical adaptations towards a cure that might counteract the negative effect on child emotional development that emerge as a result of the clinical exploration on children are addressed

Impact of SIMPLE Feeding Quality Improvement Strategies on Aerodigestive Milestones and Feeding Outcomes in BPD Infants.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Delays with enteral and oral feeding milestones among premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) can be due to provider variation or infant-dependent factors. Our objectives with this study were to compare aerodigestive milestones and length of stay in BPD infants after implementing a quality improvement program to improve feeding outcomes. METHODS: Using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement model for quality improvement, we implemented the simplified, individualized, milestone-targeted, pragmatic, longitudinal, and educational (SIMPLE) feeding strategy to enhance feeding and aerodigestive milestones among BPD infants. The key interventions addressed were as follows: (1) enteral feed initiation and advancement protocol; (2) oral feeding progression guidelines, optimization of respiratory support, feeding readiness scores, nonnutritive breastfeeding, and cue-based feeding; (3) active multidisciplinary collaboration; and (4) family-centered care. Comparisons were made between baseline (January 2009 to March 2010) and SIMPLE feeding strategy (May 2010 to December 2013) groups. Both groups included infants between 23 0/7 and 32 6/7 weeks' birth gestation, and ≤34 weeks' postmenstrual age at admission and discharge. RESULTS: The baseline group and SIMPLE feeding group included 92 patients and 187 patients, respectively. Full enteral feeding, first oral feeding, full oral feeding, and length of stay milestones were (all P < .05) achieved sooner in the SIMPLE feeding group. Although the overall prevalence of BPD in the 2 groups is similar, the incidence of moderate BPD has decreased (P < .05) and severe BPD has increased (P < .05) in the SIMPLE feeding group. CONCLUSIONS: SIMPLE feeding strategy advances postnatal maturation and acquisition of feeding milestones irrespective of the severity of BPD and impacts the length of stay, thereby lowering resource use.

Curvas de Crecimiento Intrauterino Calculadas a Partir de Peso, Talla y Perímetro Cefálico en Recién Nacidos del Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga. Cuenca, 2014 - 2015 / Intrauterine Growth Curves Calculated from Weight, Size and Cephalic Perimeter in Newborns of Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga. Cuenca, 2014 ­ 2015

INTRODUCCIÓN: La determinación de la normalidad y morbimortalidad en recién nacidos se fundamenta en clasificarlos usando curvas de crecimiento intrauterino basadas en la antropometría neonatal; estos datos varían según factores raciales, genéticos, ambientales y estilos de vida maternos, por este motivo la OMS recomienda la construcción de curvas propias de cada comunidad. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar curvas de crecimiento intrauterino calculadas a partir de peso, talla y perímetro cefálico en recién nacidos del Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga, de enero 2014 a junio 2015. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal con recién nacidos vivos, sin malformaciones congénitas o genéticas y procedentes todos ellos de gestaciones únicas, atendidos en el Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga, durante el periodo enero 2014 a junio 2015. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante la observación indirecta, basada en los datos de las historias clínicas y se analizaron en los programas Excel 2010 y SPSS versión 15. RESULTADOS: 2 165 recién nacidos cumplieron criterios de inclusión, con ligero predominio de recién nacidos de sexo masculino (50.07% versus 49.93%). El mayor número de nacimientos se registraron durante las 38 y 39 semanas de gestación. Se obtuvo para un recién nacido a término peso promedio 3 070.7 gramos, talla 48.6 centímetros y perímetro cefálico 34.2 centímetros. CONCLUSIONES: Las curvas que se emplean actualmente para la estratificación de los recién nacidos, podrían no ser representativas de la realidad local, por lo que sería necesario el desarrollo de curvas con las poblaciones de cada sector para evitar sesgos erróneos por la variabilidad étnica.(AU)

BACKGROUND: Determination of normality or morbidity in newborns is based on the classification using intrauterine growth curves based on neonatal anthropometry. Data may vary according to race, genetics, environmental exposures and maternal lifestyles. For that reason, the WHO recommends the construction of community specific growth curves. The aim of this study was to determine intrauterine growth curves calculated from weight, height and cephalic perimeter in newborns of Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, from January 2014 to June 2015. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed; the universe included newborns without congenital or genetic malformations and from single gestations, attended at Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, from January 2014 to June 2015. Data was obtained through indirect observation; information was analyzed in Excel 2010 and SPSS 15. RESULTS: 2 165 newborns met inclusion criteria, with a slight predominance of male newborns (50.07% versus 49.93%). The highest number of births was registered during 38 and 39 weeks of gestation. An average full-term weight of 3 070.7 grams, size 48.6 centimeters and head circumference of 34.2 centimeters was obtained. CONCLUSIÓN: The curves currently used for the stratification of newborns, may not be representative of local population; so, it would be necessary to develop specific growth curves to avoid erroneous biases due to ethnic variability.(AU)

Growth patterns from birth to 24 months in Chinese children: a birth cohorts study across China.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of child growth is important in detecting under- and over-growth. We aimed to examine the growth patterns of healthy Chinese infants from birth to 24 months. METHODS: This study was based on six recent birth cohorts across China, which provided data (from 2015) on 4251 children (2174 boys, 2077 girls) who were born at term to mothers without gestational or preexisting diabetes, chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, or eclampsia. Analyses were performed using 28,298 longitudinal anthropometric measures in 4251 children and the LMS method to generate smoothed Z-score growth curves, which were compared to the WHO growth standards (which are based on data from 2003) and current Chinese growth references (which are based on data from 2005). RESULTS: Most (80.3%) of mother had college education or more, and maternal smoking was rare (0.4%). Compared to the WHO longitudinal growth standards for children aged 0 to 2 years, the growth references from this longitudinal study (length-, weight-, head circumference-, BMI-for-age, and weight-for-length) were significantly higher, for boys and girls; Specifically, the median length-, weight-, head circumference-, BMI-for-age, and weight-for-length was on average 0.9 (range 0.2-1.3) cm, 0.51 (range 0.09-0.74) kg, 0.17 (range - 0.24 to 0.37) cm, 0.70 (range 0.01 to 0.92) kg/m2, and 0.43 (range 0.01 to 1.07) kg higher in Chinese boys, and 1.3 (range 0.5-1.9) cm, 0.73 (range 0.10-0.91) kg, 0.45 (range 0.15-0.62) cm, 0.7 (range 0.0 to 1.0) kg/m2, and 0.42 (range 0.00 to 0.64) kg greater in Chinese girls, respectively. Compared to the current China cross-sectional growth references (based on data from a decade ago), growth references from this study were also higher, but the difference was less than that between growth references of this study and WHO growth standards. CONCLUSIONS: This recent multicenter prospective birth cohort study examined early growth patterns in China. The new growth curves represent the growth patterns of healthy Chinese infants evaluated longitudinally from 0 to 24 months of age, and provide references for monitoring growth in early life in modern China that are more recent than WHO longitudinal growth standards from other countries and previous cross-sectional growth references for China.

The effect of perinatal fish oil supplementation on neurodevelopment and growth of infants: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, the most abundant fatty acids in the brain, are essential for the growth and development of the brain and the retina. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of fish oil supplementation on the development (primary outcome) and growth of 4- and 6-month-old infants. METHODS: In this triple-blind randomized controlled trial, 150 pregnant women aged 18-35 years, who were referred to healthcare centres of Tabriz-Iran, were randomly allocated into two groups. One group of women consumed fish oil supplementation (containing 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid and 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid) daily, while the other consumed a placebo from the 20th week of pregnancy till 30 days after childbirth in a parallel design by a computer-generated block randomization scheme. The neurodevelopment of infants was the primary outcome; it was assessed using the ages and stages questionnaire (ASQ) at 4- and a-6 months of age. The growth of these infants was measured using weight, length and head circumference. The participants, the caregivers, and those assessing the outcomes were blind to the group assignment. RESULTS: Only one woman in the placebo group discontinued the intervention because of persistent severe nausea. All 75 neonates aged 4- and a-6 months in the fish oil supplementation group, along with 73 and 71 neonates aged 4 and 6 months, respectively in the placebo group, were followed and analysed. Although the mean scores of neurodevelopment at the end of 4 and 6 months were higher in the supplemented group than in the placebo group in each ASQ domain, a statistically significant difference was observed only in the communication domain at the 4th month (adjusted mean difference 2.63; 95% confidence interval 0.36-4.89). There was no significant difference in weight, length, or head circumference between the two groups of infants aged 4 and 6 months (P ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on the results, perinatal fish oil supplementation is beneficial for the communication domain of neurodevelopment of 4-month-old infants. The study results relating to the supplementation effect on other domains are inconclusive. There ought to be further studies with up-to-date lipidomic analysis to find biochemical correlate compared to an intervention and developmental finding.

Contato pele a pele entre mãe e recém-nascido e amamentação na primeira hora de vida / Skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn and breastfeeding in the first hour of life

Introdução: O contato pele a pele (CPP) entre mãe e recém-nascido (RN) é uma intervenção simples, que facilita o processo de transição deste para o meio extra-uterino e favorece o início da amamentação precoce. Este estudo objetivou analisar a prevalência de CPP entre mãe e RN e de amamentação na primeira hora de vida. Métodos: Estudo transversal, conduzido no centro obstétrico de um hospital universitário no sul do Brasil, em que se observou a interação entre mãe e RN a termo e com peso ≥2500g, durante a primeira hora de vida do neonato (n=111). Utilizou-se estatística descritiva, os testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e correção de Yates para análise dos dados. Resultados: A prevalência de CPP foi de 81%, enquanto 52% dos RN foram amamentados no período. O tempo médio para iniciar a sucção ao seio foi de 29±11 minutos de vida, sendo que 47% RN sugaram por até 15 minutos, 41% sugaram por 15-30 minutos e apenas 12% sugaram por mais de 30 minutos. Conclusão: O contato pele a pele favorece o início da amamentação na primeira hora de vida, sendo recomendado como indicador assistencial. (AU)

Introduction: Skin-to-skin contact (SSC) between mother and newborn is a simple intervention that facilitates the baby's process of transition to the extrauterine environment and favors the initiation of early breastfeeding. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of SSC between mother and newborn and of breastfeeding in the first hour of life (n=111). Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at the obstetric center of a university hospital in southern Brazil, where the interaction between mother and newborn was observed at term and weighing ≥2500g, during the neonate's first hour of life (n=111). Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Yates correction were used for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of SSC was 81%, while 52% of the newborns were breastfed in the period. The mean time to start suckling at the breast was 29 ± 11 minutes, with 47% newborns sucking for up to 15 minutes, 41% sucking for 15-30 minutes and only 12% sucking for more than 30 minutes. Conclusions: Skin-to-skin contact favors the initiation of breastfeeding in the first hour of life and is recommended as a care indicator. (AU)

Normas de atención en salud integral para primero y segundo nivel 2018 / Comprehensive health care standards for first and second level 2018

Esta guía, establece los lineamientos técnicos al personal de salud para la atención integral, integrada, diferenciada, con enfoque de derechos, para las personas, familias y comunidades a través de la red de servicios estatales del MSPAS. Incluye las normas de atención estableciendo 7 módulos: 1. Embarazo, parto y puerperio; 2. Neonato; 3. Lactante; 4. Niñez; 5. Adolescencia y juventud; 6. Persona adulta y mayor; 7. Atención a la demanda. Se centra en normas que guían al personal de salud de los servicios, para brindar un abordaje integral, estandarizado y diferenciado a la población según sus diferentes etapas de curso de vida, a través de acciones de promoción, prevención, curación y rehabilitación. Estas contienen indicaciones que deben ser aplicadas por los equipos multidisciplinarios, como un instrumento guía para los proveedores de servicios de salud, con el fin que su contenido se traduzca en acciones para mejorar la salud de la población

Variación del peso del recién nacido de bajo riesgo en las primeras 72 horas de vida, en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell en 2016 / Low risk newborns' weight variation in the first 72 hours of life at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center (CHPR) in 2016

Introducción: durante las primeras 72 horas los recién nacidos pierden peso debido a la contracción del líquido extravascular permitiéndole una adecuada adaptación a la vida extrauterina. Objetivos: conocer la variación del peso en el recién nacido sano en las primeras 72 horas de vida dependiendo de la vía de nacimiento y el tipo de alimentación. Construir gráficos de variación de peso promedio en función de las horas de vida de los recién nacidos de bajo riesgo durante la internación posparto en el CHPR, para su utilización en la práctica clínica diaria. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo de una muestra por conveniencia, realizado en las salas de alojamiento madre-hijo del CHPR, durante el período comprendido entre julio y agosto de 2016, incluyendo 431 neonatos. Se registran valores de peso al nacer, al alta y un peso intermedio entre las 6 y 72 horas de vida. Resultados: el 90,4% de los recién nacidos registraron una disminución del peso al alta, siendo su pérdida porcentual promedio de 5,3±3,2%. El porcentaje máximo de descenso de peso se observa entre las 42 - 48 horas siendo la media de este de 5,7±3.5%, estabilizándose el descenso en las horas posteriores sin mayores variaciones con respecto a éste. Conclusiones: la media de pérdida de peso al alta fue de 5,3±3,2%. La media de pérdida máxima de peso a dos desvíos estándar se observa a las 54 horas de vida, siendo ésta 10,7%, seguida de un período de recuperación.

Background: during the first 72 hours after birth, newborns lose weight due to the contraction of extravascular fluid which allows the adequate adaptation to extra uterine life. Objectives: to determine the variation in weight in low risk newborns during postpartum hospitalization depending on delivery mode and feeding type. To generate graphs of average weight variation depending on the hours of life for low risk newborns during postpartum hospitalization at CHPR, to be used in clinical practice. Methods: an observational, descriptive and prospective study of a convenience sample, at the maternity units of CHPR, from July 11, 2016 to August 31 of the same year, with a sample of 431 infants. Three weight values were recorded. The first two, weight at birth and at discharge were extracted from the Perinatal Information System (SIP) and the third weight value was measured by researchers between 6 and 72 hours of life. Results: 90.4% of newborns showed a decrease in weight at discharge, with an average of 5.3±3.2% loss. The maximum weight loss percentage was observed between 42-48 hours with mean of 5.7±3.5%, with a tendency towards stabilizing this decline in the following hours without major variations afterwards. Conclusions: the average weight loss at discharge was 5.3±3.2%. The weight loss nadir was observed at 54 hours of life, being the mean -2 standard deviations 10.7%.

A method for the assessment of facial hedonic reactions in newborns / Método para a avaliação de reações faciais hedônicas em recém-nascidos

Abstract Objective: This study describes a quantitative and qualitative methodology to assess hedonic responses to sweet stimulus in healthy newborns. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study, with healthy newborns (up to 24 h of life), between 37 and 42 gestational weeks, vaginally born and breastfed previously to all tests. The evaluation of the newborns reactions was performed by hedonic facial expression analysis, characterized by facial expressions with rhythmic serial tongue protrusion after neutral or sweet solution intake. Initially, 1 mL of water solution was provided to the newborn, followed by a 1-minute recording. Afterwards, the same amount of 25% sucrose solution was provided, performing a second recording. The concordance between researchers was analyzed by the Bland-Altman statistical method. Results: A total of 100 newborns (n = 49 males, n = 51 females; mean lifetime = 15 h 12 min ± 6 h 29 min) were recorded for neutral and sucrose solution intake, totaling 197 videos (n = 3 missing in the water treatment). These videos were double-blind analyzed and the test revealed a 90% concordance between the two trained researchers, in relation to both solutions. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.99 for both solutions, with a significant increase in frequency of hedonic expressions evoked by sucrose solution intake. Conclusions: These results confirm that the proposed method has an efficient power to detect significant differences between neutral and sucrose stimuli. In conclusion, this evaluation method of hedonic facial reactions in newborns reflects the response to a specific taste.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever quantitativamente e qualitativamente uma metodologia para avaliar as respostas faciais hedônicas, em recém-nascidos saudáveis, ao estímulo doce. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal e observacional, com recém-nascidos saudáveis (com até 24 horas de vida), entre 37-42 semanas gestacionais, nascidos por parto vaginal e alimentados previamente aos testes. A avaliação das reações hedônicas dos recémnascidos foi considerada pelas expressões faciais com séries rítmicas de protrusões de língua após a ingestão de solução neutra ou doce. Inicialmente, 1 mL de solução neutra (água) foi fornecida para o recém-nascido, seguido de uma filmagem de 1 minuto. Sequencialmente, a mesma quantidade de solução de sacarose 25% foi fornecida, realizando-se uma segunda gravação. A concordância entre os pesquisadores foi analisada pelo método estatístico de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Um total de 100 recém-nascidos (n = 49 do sexo masculino, n = 51 do sexo feminino, tempo de vida média = 15 h 12 min ± 6 h 29 min) foram registrados para a ingestão de solução neutra e de sacarose, totalizando 197 vídeos (n = 3 perdas para o tratamento água). Estes vídeos foram analisados em duplo-cego e o teste revelou uma concordância de 90%, para ambas as soluções, entre os pesquisadores treinados. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foi de 0,99 para as duas substâncias, com um aumento significativo nas frequências das expressões faciais hedônicas evocadas pela ingestão de sacarose. Conclusões: Estes resultados confirmam que o método proposto possui poder estatístico eficiente para detectar diferenças entre estímulos neutros e sacarose. Em conclusão, este método de avaliação de reações faciais hedônicas em recém-nascidos reflete a resposta para um gosto específico.

Lactancia en madres embarazadas ¿mito o realidad?: revisión de literatura / Breastfeeding during pregnancy, myth or reality?: a bibliographic review

El siguiente artículo consiste en una revisión de literatura en torno a la lactancia materna de niños/as con madres embarazadas, con el objetivo de conocer los posibles riesgos para la salud de la madre, niño/a nonato y/o niño/a amamantado que involucra esta práctica, a modo de actualizar las intervenciones de enfermería que se les entrega a las madres usuarias de un centro de salud de atención primaria en Santiago. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en tres bases de datos, donde se revisaron tres estudios: un estudio de caso control, uno comparativo y una revisión sistemática bajo el criterio de que fueran máximo de diez años de antigüedad. RESULTADOS: Los resultados encontrados se pueden agrupar en los siguientes: Sobre los riesgos de parto prematuro y aborto espontáneo, ninguno de los estudios encontró diferencias significativas entre las madres que amamantaron en su embarazo y las que no. Sobre el crecimiento del recién nacido y del niño/a que amamantó, los resultados no son concluyentes. La cantidad de la leche pareciera bajar acorde a todos los estudios revisados y su composición pareciera variar durante el transcurso del embarazo, pero se requieren mayores estudios al respecto. Si bien algunos estudios demuestran que hay diferencias en cuanto al estado nutricional de la madre y el peso al nacer del recién nacido, éstas parecen poder prevenirse mediante el uso de suplementos nutricionales. CONCLUSIÓN: Es importante actualizar los conocimientos de los profesionales respecto al tema para así ayudar al llamado de la OMS y el MINSAL a fomentar la lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los seis meses de vida del menor y complementada con otras comidas hasta al menos los dos años y luego el tiempo que la madre y el niño lo deseen.

The following article consist of a bibliographic review about breastfeeding of children with pregnant mothers, which main objective is to know the possible health risks that this practice may bring to the mother, unborn child, and/or breastfed child, in order to update the recommendations given to mothers in a primary health center in Santiago. METHODS: A bibliographic search was conducted among three databases where three studies were revised: a case control study, a comparative study, and a systematic review, under the criteria of ten years of antiquity as a maximum. RESULTS: Among the risks of premature delivery and spontaneous abortion, none of the studies found a significant difference between the mothers that kept breastfeeding during their pregnancy and the mothers that did not. On the newborn and infant growth, the results are unclear. The quantity of milk may seem to be reduced, according to all of the studies revised, while the milk's composition may reduce its fat towards the end of the pregnancy, though is still unclear. While some studies demonstratea difference in maternal nutritional status and in birth weight, it may seem that this can be prevented by using a properly dietary supplementation. CONCLUSION: In order to follow the World Health Organization and MINSAL calling to promote the exclusive lactation during the first six months of life, and at least until two years complemented with other food, is important for healthcare professionals to be updated.

Vínculo afectivo madres-hijos neonatos a término según edad y paridad: una comparación / Affective bond mother-son newborns to term according to age and birth: a comparison

Este trabajo está enmarcado en el área temática de cuidado materno perinatal con el propósito de ampliar el conocimiento del vínculo afectivo madres e hijos recién nacidos a término, un fenómeno escasamente explorado por la enfermería en el contexto ecuatoriano, específicamente, en la provincia de Bolívar, Ecuador. El vínculo afectivo es un asunto de salud pública, que se relaciona con el ejercicio de la maternidad y la dinámica de la familia. Objetivo: Comparar el vínculo afectivo que existe entre las madres y sus hijos recién nacidos a término según edad y paridad. Metodología: Estudio de diseño cuantitativo, descriptivo, realizado en dos fases. La primera fase abarcó la validez facial del instrumento Vínculo entre padres e hijos neonatos en el contexto ecuatoriano, con la participación de 168 personas con bajo nivel de escolaridad. El resultado de este proceso arrojó una comprensibilidad por encima de 90% para el instrumento global y para cada uno de los ítems. La segunda fase de la investigación indagó el vínculo afectivo entre madres e hijos neonatos a término a un total de 157 díadas de puérperas con sus hijos recién nacidos a término sanos, con edades entre 15 y 19 años para el grupo de adolescentes, y de 20 años y más para el grupo de adultas primíparas y multíparas. Se consideraron los preceptos éticos contemplados en la Resolución 008430 de 1993 y las pautas éticas internacionales para la investigación biomédica en seres humanos para el protocolo de investigación. Los resultados fueron procesados en una base de datos y analizados posteriormente con el paquete estadístico IBM® SPSS Statistics, versión 23.0. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar los grupos madres adultas primíparas, madres adultas multíparas y madres adolescentes, (p-valor = 0,02) entre los tres grupos con desventaja para el grupo de adolescentes. Las medias reportadas fueron de 116,4 para el grupo de adultas primíparas y de 115,4 para el grupo de adultas, frente a una media de 113,3 en el grupo de adolescentes. Con respecto a las dimensiones del instrumento, hubo también diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las dimensiones Apoyo emocional (p-valor = 0,04) y Unión-interacción (p-valor = 0,02) con una visible desventaja para las adolescentes.

This study was carried out in the framework of research on the subject area of maternal and perinatal care in order to enhance the knowledge of affectional bond between mothers and full-term newborn infants, a phenomenon scarcely explored by nursing in the Ecuadorian context, particularly in the province of Bolívar, Ecuador. The mother-baby bonding involves a public health issue, which bears a relation to practice of motherhood and family dynamics. Objective: To compare the affective bond that exists between mothers and their full-term newborns children according to age and parity. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive study, which was carried out in two phases. In first phase, the facial validity of the instrument Vínculo entre padres e hijos neonatos was conducted in the Ecuadorian context with the participation of 168 people with low levels of education. It resulted in comprehensibility above 90% for the global instrument and for each of the items. In the second phase, study inquired affectional bond between mothers and full-term newborn infants in total of 157 puerperal and their healthy-full-term-newborn-children dyads, aged between 15 and 19 years in thefor group of adolescent women, and 20 years and older for the group of primiparous and multiparous adult women. Ethical principles provided for Resolución 008430 de 1993 and international ethical guidelines for healthrelated research involving humans of CIOMS were considered. The results were processed in a database and they were analyzed using the IBM® SPSS Statistical 23.0. Results: The results showed a statistical significance when comparing groups primiparous adult mothers, multiparous adult mothers, and adolescent mothers (pvalor = 0,02) among three with the group of adolescents at a disadvantage. The averages reported were 116.4 for group of primiparous adults and 115.4 for multiparous adults, compared to 113.3 for group of adolescents. With regard to the instrument dimensions, there were also statistically significant differences in dimensions Apoyo emocional (p-value = 0.04) and Unión-interacción (p-value = 0.02) clearly with adolescents at a disadvantage.