Effect of Tea Tree Oil Addition to Denture Liners Against Candida albicans and Bond Strength to Acrylic Denture Bases.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of adding tea tree oil to denture liners on Candida albicans and bond strength to the acrylic denture base. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from silicone-based resilient liner (Tokuyama, Molloplast), acrylic-based hard liner (GC Reline), and acrylic-based soft liner (Visco-gel). Tea tree oil (TTO) was incorporated into the liners at varying concentrations (0% [control], 2%, 5%, 8%). C albicans were counted by viable colony count, and optical density (OD) was measured with a spectrophotometer. The tensile strength to heat polymerized acrylic denture base was measured in a universal testing machine. The compliance of the data to the distribution of normality was evaluated using the Shapiro Wilk test. Two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni correction, and paired sample t test were performed (α = .05). RESULTS: The addition of TTO into liners provided a significant decrease in the OD values (P < .001). The control groups of the liners presented the highest colony counts, whereas increasing TTO decreased the results (P < .01). According to tensile bond strength test, 8% TTO addition resulted in a significant decrease for Tokuyama (P < .01) and Molloplast liners (P < .05), while 2% TTO resulted in significance for GC Reline (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Denture liners containing increasing percentages of TTO presented lower amounts of C albicans colonies and decreased bond strength to the denture bases. When using TTO for its antifungal properties, the amount added should be carefully selected because the tensile bond strength may be affected.

Application of Laser Treatment in Adhesive Bonding of Liners to Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Resins: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the influence of laser treatment on adhesive bonding of liners to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resins. Methods: The focused question was: "Does the application of laser treatment (Intervention) influence the adhesive bonding strength (Outcome) of liners to PMMA denture base resins (Population) as compared with untreated or unconditioned surfaces (Control)?" In vitro and clinical reports as well as reports on influence of laser treatments on bonding strength of liners to PMMA denture resins in comparison with untreated surfaces were included. Reports without any control group[s], without any application of laser[s] for PMMA denture bases that did not utilize PMMA denture bases, and not evaluate bond strength of PMMA denture base resins were excluded. An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Meta-analyses were performed for calculating the standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Nine of the 12 included studies found that laser irradiation treatment produced significant surface texture alterations of the PMMA denture base and improved the adhesion between the PMMA denture base and soft lining. According to the meta-analysis, tensile bond strength showed an SMD of -2.49% (95% CI: -3.89 to -1.08; p = 0.0005), suggesting a statistically significant difference between the control and test groups (i.e., favoring laser-treated samples than untreated samples). Regarding shear bond strength scores, the outcomes showed an SMD of -2.24% (95% CI: -3.79 to -0.69; p = 0.005), suggesting a statistically significant difference between the control and test groups (i.e., favoring laser-treated samples than untreated samples). Conclusions: Despite the high heterogeneity among the included studies, it can be concluded that laser treatment might improve the bonding strengths of liners to PMMA denture base resins as compared with untreated surfaces. To validate the aforementioned conclusions, further verification is required through the implementation of well-designed randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes.

Satisfaction with resilient denture liner versus acrylic resin telescopic prostheses for patients with ectodermal dysplasia: A nonrandomized crossover clinical trial.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Patients with ectodermal dysplasia are characterized by anodontia or oligodontia. How their challenging prosthodontic rehabilitation might be optimized is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this crossover study was to evaluate the effect of resilient denture liner versus acrylic resin copings in complete overdentures for patients with ectodermal dysplasia. Outcome measures included patient satisfaction, retention, and periodontal health of the abutment tooth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten partially edentulous participants diagnosed with ectodermal dysplasia were recruited from the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Egypt, and enrolled in this crossover clinical trial. All participants received acrylic resin coping-retained maxillary complete overdentures (group N, stage 1). The acrylic resin copings were then replaced by a resilient denture liner (group S, stage 2). Patient satisfaction, retention, and periodontal health parameters were evaluated 1 week and 3 months after the completion of each stage. Patient satisfaction was assessed with a validated, reliable questionnaire. The results of the periodontal probing depths were tested with repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni correction for pairwise comparisons. Tooth mobility, patient satisfaction, retention, and gingival index were tested by using the Wilcoxon signed ranked test. Ordinal data as the sixth and seventh domains of patient satisfaction were tested by using the McNemar test for paired comparisons (α=.05). RESULTS: Three months after overdenture delivery, a statistically significant difference was found between the groups regarding retention (P=.025), probing depth (P<.001), and gingival index (P=.011) favoring the acrylic resin coping-retained overdentures. Results of tooth mobility (P=.035), overall attitude (P=.041), ease of eating (P=.023), denture comfort (P=.024), and degree of teasing (P=.038) on wearing the denture showed a statistically significant difference between the groups, favoring the resilient denture liner. CONCLUSIONS: In children with oligodontia and ectodermal dysplasia, the resilient denture liner-retained maxillary complete overdenture enhanced patient satisfaction and tooth mobility of anterior teeth, while minimally jeopardizing the periodontal condition of the abutment teeth.

Microbiological evaluation for antifungal activity of some metal oxides nanofillers incorporated into cold cured soft lining materials: clinical based study / Avaliação microbiológica da atividade antifúngica de algumas nanopartículas de óxidos metálicos incorporadas em materiais de revestimento macio curados a frio: estudo clínico

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da adição de nanopartículas de óxido de zircônio (ZrO2), óxido de titânio (TiO2) e óxido de sílica (SiO2) a um material de revestimento macio curado a frio na adesão de Candida albicans (CA). Material e Método: Cinquenta e quatro pacientes foram selecionados e divididos em três grupos de acordo com a modificação do revestimento com nanopartículas de ZrO2, TiO2 e SiO2 (18 cada). Cada paciente recebeu prótese total maxilar com três cavidades, as cavidades foram revestidas com forro macio curado a frio modificado com diferentes concentrações (0%, 3% e 7%) de nanopartículas de óxido metálico. Nos dias 14 e 28, as trocas foram retiradas do local de realinhamento e imediatamente cultivadas para avaliação fúngica. O número de colônias foi contado, os dados coletados e explorados para normalidade usando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e a transformação logarítmica da contagem de CA foi realizada. ANOVA para medidas repetidas e de uma via (one-way) foram usados, seguidos por teste de Tukey (HSD). O teste t independente foi usado para comparar as contagens de CA em diferentes períodos. Resultados: A adesão do CA foi significativamente diminuída pela adição de nanopartículas de ZrO2, TiO2 e SiO2 em comparação com o grupo controle, também a cobertura antifúngica aumentou com o aumento da concentração de nanopartículas (p <0,005). A maior contagem de CA foi identificada no grupo SiO2 seguido por ZrO2, enquanto TiO2apresentou a menor contagem de CA (p <0,001). Conclusão: Adição de diferentes nanopartículas; ZrO2, TiO2 e SiO2para revestimento macio curado a frio é um método eficaz para reduzir a adesão de CA (AU)

Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of addition of zirconium oxide (ZrO2), titanium oxide (TiO2), and silica oxide (SiO2) nanoparticles to cold-cured soft liner on adhesion of Candida albicans (CA). Material and Methods: Fifty-four patients had been selected and divided into three groups according to the modification of soft liner with ZrO2, TiO2, and SiO2 nanoparticles (18 each of). Each patient received maxillary complete denture having three cavities, the cavities were lined using cold cured soft liner modified with different concentration (0%, 3%, and 7%) of metal oxide nanoparticles. On days 14 and 28, swaps were taken out from relining site and immediately cultured for fungal evaluation. The number of colonies were counted, data collected and explored for normality using Shapiro-Wilk test, logarithmic transformation of CA count was performed. Repeated and one-way ANOVA were used followed by Tukey HSD. Independent-t test used to compare between CA counts at different periods. Results: The CA adhesion was significantly decreased by the addition of ZrO2, TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles in comparison with control group, also the antifungal coverage increased with nanoparticles concentration increased (P<0.005). The highest CA count was identified in group SiO2 followed by ZrO2, while TiO2 showed the lowest CA count (P <0.001). Conclusion: Addition of different nanoparticles; ZrO2, TiO2 and SiO2 to cold-cured soft liner is an effective method for reducing CA adhesion. (AU)

Influência de espessuras de fibromucosa e de material reembasador de próteses totais na distribuição de tensões sobre implantes cone morse durante fase de osseointegração: análise pelo método dos elementos finitos - 3D / Influence of fibromucosal thickness and reline material of complete dentures on stress distribution on cone morse implants during osseointegration phase: analysis by the finite element method - 3D

Durante o período de osseointegração de implantes em uma reabilitação oral com prótese do tipo protocolo ou overdenture, uma prótese total convencional provisória poderá ser utilizada e revestida com materiais reembasadores macios, os quais têm por objetivo reduzir o estresse para a interface ossoimplante. A avaliação mecânica de tal situação clínica é de extrema relevância, a fim de se estabelecer protocolos mais seguros durante esta fase inicial da implantodontia. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise biomecânica pelo método dos elementos finitos 3D, da distribuição de tensões durante a fase provisória de reabilitação com implantes osseointegrados simulando uma situação clínica de protocolo/overdenture inferior sobre 4 implantes do tipo cone morse, na fase de cicatrização. Para este estudo foram confeccionados 6 modelos 3D, sob carregamento em 2 direções (vertical e oblíquo em relação ao plano oclusal), simulando osso tipo II, variando a altura do tecido gengival (2 mm e 3 mm) e a espessura do material reembasador (0 mm - sem material, 2 mm e 4 mm), sendo utilizado um cicatrizador compatível com a altura + 0,5 mm para cada situação gengival. A posição dos 4 implantes cone morse (UNITITE, UCM 3510N, SIN) foi sempre a mesma, nas posições perdidas dos dentes 46, 43, 33 e 36. Para a altura gengival de 2 mm foi utilizado cicatrizador de 2,5 mm de altura (UNITITE, CIMU 4525, SIN) e para a altura gengival de 3 mm, o cicatrizador de 3,5 mm de altura (UNITITE, CIMU 4535, SIN). Os modelos utilizados foram: (G2C2,5-SR) altura gengival de 2mm, cicatrizador de 2,5mm, sem material reembasador; (G2C2,5-R2) altura gengival de 2mm, cicatrizador de 2,5mm, com soft rreembasador de 2mm; (G2C2,5-R4) altura gengival de 2mm, cicatrizador de 2,5mm, com material reembasador de 4mm; (G3C3,5-SR) altura gengival de 3mm, cicatrizador de 3,5mm, sem material reembasador; (G3C3,5-R2) altura gengival de 3mm, cicatrizador de 3,5mm, e reembasador de 2mm e (G3C3,5-R4) altura gengival de 3mm, cicatrizador de 3,5mm e soft reembasador de 4mm. A metodologia para modelagem se baseou em um escaneamento de superfície de uma prótese total inferior montada, sob um modelo inferior padrão, e de seu modelo de assentamento. As geometrias dos implantes (CM 3,5x10mm) e de seus cicatrizadores foram obtidas por simplificação do desenho dos mesmos no programa SolidWorks e no programa Rhinoceros 3D. O software utilizado para análise foi o ANSYS 17.0. A visualização dos resultados foi qualitativa através de mapas de deslocamento, von Mises e tensão máxima principal. As regiões com maiores deslocamentos foram as dos implantes mais anteriores (#33 e #43), sendo os do modelo 6 submetidos a forças verticais os que apresentaram maiores deslocamentos, próximos a 0,05 mm. A força oblíqua, de forma geral, tendeu a sobrecarregar mais os implantes do lado onde as cargas foram aplicadas. No tecido ósseo foi possível observar que o osso cortical se mostrou com mais concentração de tensão de tração que o osso trabecular. A utilização do material reembasador gerou menores tensões transmitidas para o tecido gengival, concentrando estas tensões principalmente no material reembasador. A não utilização de material reembasador aumenta as concentrações de tensões nos implantes/cicatrizadores, independentemente de sua espessura ou da espessura gengival. Concluiu-se que o uso de reembasador soft diminuiu as tensões nos implantes/cicatrizadores e tecido gengival; o aumento da espessura do material reembasador não influenciou na diminuição das tensões aos tecidos de suporte e tecidos gengivais mais espessos foram favoráveis em diminuir as tensões transmitidas ao tecido ósseo, mas concentram mais tensões nos implantes/cicatrizadores(AU)

During the period of osseointegration of implants in an oral rehabilitation with a protocol or overdenturetype prosthesis, a conventional temporary complete denture can be used and coated with soft reline materials, which aim to reduce the stress to the bone-implant interface. The mechanical assessment of such a clinical situation is extremely relevant in order to establish safer protocols during this initial phase of implantology. The objective of this study was to perform a biomechanical analysis by the 3D finite element method, of the stress distribution during the provisional phase of rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants simulating a clinical situation of protocol/lower overdenture on 4 cone morse implants, in the healing phase. For this study, 6 3D models were made, under loading in 2 directions (vertical and oblique in relation to the occlusal plane), simulating type II bone, varying the height of the gingival tissue (2 mm and 3 mm) and the thickness of the reline material (0 mm - without material, 2 mm and 4 mm), using a healer compatible with the height + 0.5 mm for each gingival situation. The position of the 4 cone morse implants (UNITITE, UCM 3510N, SIN) was always the same, in the missing positions of teeth 46, 43, 33 and 36. For the 2 mm gingival height, a 2.5 mm high healer was used. (UNITITE, CIMU 4525, SIN) and for a gingival height of 3 mm, the healer with a height of 3.5 mm (UNITITE, CIMU 4535, SIN). The models used were: (G2H2,5-WS) 2mm gingival height, 2.5mm healing, without soft material; (G2H2,5-S2) 2mm gingival height, 2.5mm healing, with 2mm reline; (G2H2,5-S4) 2mm gingival height, 2.5mm healing, with 4mm reline; (G3H3,5-WS) gingival height of 3mm, healing of 3.5mm, without soft material; (G3H3,5-S2) 3mm gingival height, 3.5mm healing, and 2mm reline and (G3H3,5-S4) gingival height of 3mm, healing of 3.5mm and reliner of 4mm. The methodology for modeling was based on a surface scan of a complete lower denture assembled, under a standard lower model, and its seating model. The geometries of the implants (CM 3.5x10mm) and their healers were obtained by simplifying their design in the SolidWorks program and in the Rhinoceros 3D program. The software used for analysis was ANSYS 17.0. The visualization of the results was qualitative through displacement maps, von Mises and maximum principal stress. The regions with the greatest displacements were those of the most anterior implants (#33 and #43), and those of model 6 submitted to vertical forces presented the greatest displacements, close to 0.05 mm. The oblique force, in general, tended to place more stress on the implants on the side where the loads were applied. In the bone tissue, it was possible to observe that the cortical bone showed a higher concentration of tensile stress than the trabecular bone. The use of soft material generated lower tensions transmitted to the gingival tissue, concentrating these tensions mainly in the soft material. The non-use of soft material increases stress concentrations on implants/healers, regardless of their thickness or gingival thickness. It was concluded that the use of a soft reliner reduced the stresses on the implants/healers and gingival tissue; the increase in the thickness of the reline material did not influence the reduction of tensions to the supporting tissues and thicker gingival tissues were favorable in reducing the tensions transmitted to the bone tissue, but concentrated more tensions in the implants/healing agentes(AU)

Minimally important differences for the EORTC QLQ-C30 in prostate cancer clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to estimate the minimally important difference (MID) for interpreting group-level change over time, both within a group and between groups, for the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) scores in patients with prostate cancer. METHODS: We used data from two published EORTC trials. Clinical anchors were selected by strength of correlations with QLQ-C30 scales. In addition, clinicians' input was obtained with regard to plausibility of the selected anchors. The mean change method was applied for interpreting change over time within a group of patients and linear regression models were fitted to estimate MIDs for between-group differences in change over time. Distribution-based estimates were also evaluated. RESULTS: Two clinical anchors were eligible for MID estimation; performance status and the CTCAE diarrhoea domain. MIDs were developed for 7 scales (physical functioning, role functioning, social functioning, pain, fatigue, global quality of life, diarrhoea) and varied by scale and direction (improvement vs deterioration). Within-group MIDs ranged from 4 to 14 points for improvement and - 13 to - 5 points for deterioration and MIDs for between-group differences in change scores ranged from 3 to 13 for improvement and - 10 to - 5 for deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings aid the meaningful interpretation of changes on a set of EORTC QLQ-C30 scale scores over time, both within and between groups, and for performing more accurate sample size calculations for clinical trials in prostate cancer.

Effect of cigarette smoke on color stability and surface roughness of different soft denture lining materials. An in vitro study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke on the surface roughness and color stability of three different soft denture liners. METHODS: Three commonly used commercially available, chair-side, long-term vinyl polysiloxane soft denture liners were used for this study [Sofreliner Tough (S) Soft, Silagum Comfort Soft Relining, and GC Reline Soft\. Thirty disk-shaped specimens of each material, with a diameter of 25 mm and thickness of 2 mm, were fabricated. Initial color and surface roughness readings were recorded. The specimens of each group were randomly divided into two groups (n= 15): the control group (C) and the study group (S). The control group specimens were stored in distilled water and the study group samples were exposed to cigarette smoke in a custom-made smoking chamber. Final color and surface roughness readings were recorded. A single operator performed all the measurements. The differences in color and surface roughness were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey test, and paired t-test. For all the analyses, a P< 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. RESULTS: After exposure to smoke, all groups showed a significantly perceptible color change (ΔE > 3.7). The greatest color change was seen in the Silagum group (ΔE= 8.94 ± 0.42), followed by the Sofreliner group (ΔE= 7.85 ± 0.47), with the least change in the GC reline group (ΔE= 3.87 ± 0.46). The mean color change after smoke exposure showed a statistically significant difference among all three study groups. The highest change in surface roughness was observed in the Silagum group (ΔR= 0.687 ± 0.14) followed by the GC reline group (ΔR= 0.265 ± 0.12), with the least change in the Sofreliner group (ΔR= 0.238 ± 0.06). There was a statistically significant difference between each group before and after exposure to smoke. Exposure to cigarette smoke caused significant changes in the color and surface roughness of all three soft denture liners tested in this study. The extent of these changes varied for each material. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Proper selection of soft denture liners is essential to avoid premature replacement, due to esthetic and hygiene reasons in cigarette smokers.

Estimation of the autoclave and different surface treatments on microleakage between soft liner and heat-cured acrylic / Estimativa da autoclavagem e diferentes tratamentos de superfície na microinfiltração entre o soft liner e o acrílico termopolimerizável

Objective: The present study was oriented to estimate the effect of different surface treatments on the microleakage between the soft liner and acrylic with and without the use of autoclave as disinfection method. Material and Methods: Sixty samples were split into two groups: the autoclaved groups and non-autoclaved groups. Each one subdivided into three groups: first one without any treatments as a control group; in the second group surface of the samples were treated with CO2 laser (10.6 nm wavelength for 15 seconds), and in the third group the surface was treated with sandblasting (250 µm Al2O3). All the samples exposed to thermocycling, then the microleakage test was evaluated by gauging dye penetration depth between the soft liner and acrylic disc using a digital microscope. Data analyzed statistically by One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests. In addition, t-test was used for comparison between two groups (P-value ≤ 0.05). Results: The maximum mean values for the microleakage were observed in the untreated group (control) followed by the group treated by CO2 laser and the lowest mean value of microleakage was related to the third group for both non-autoclaved and autoclaved groups with significant differences among them. In addition, depending on the use of autoclave, there was non-significant in all studied groups. Conclusions: There was a decrease in the microleakage when the surface treated with CO2laser and sandblast. The use of autoclave did not badly change the microleakage between the soft liner and denture base. (AU)

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos de superfície na microinfiltração entre o soft liner e o acrílico usando ou não a autoclve como método de desinfecção. Material e Métodos: Sessenta amostras foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo com uso da autoclave e grupo sem uso da autoclave. Cada um subdivide em três grupos: o primeiro sem nenhum tratamento como grupo controle; no segundo grupo, a superfície das amostras foi tratada com laser de CO2 (comprimento de onda de 10,6 nm por 15 segundos) e, no terceiro grupo, a superfície foi tratada com jateamento (250 µm Al2O3). Todas as amostras foram expostas à termociclagem, em seguida o teste de microinfiltração foi realizado medindo-se a profundidade de penetração do corante entre o soft liner e o disco de acrílico em microscópio digital. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por One-way ANOVA e testes post-hoc de Tukey. Além disso, o teste t foi usado para comparação entre dois grupos (P-valor ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Os valores médios máximos de microinfiltração foram observados no grupo não tratado (controle) seguido pelo grupo tratado com laser de CO2 e o valor médio mínimo de microinfiltração foi relacionado ao terceiro grupo para ambos os grupos não autoclavado e autoclavado com diferenças significativas entre eles. Além disso, dependendo do uso de autoclave, não houve significância em todos os grupos estudados. Conclusão: Houve diminuição da microinfiltração quando a superfície foi tratada com laser de CO2e jateamento. O uso de autoclave não alterou a microinfiltração entre o soft liner e a base da prótese (AU)

Surface morphology and in vitro leachability of soft liners modified by the incorporation of antifungals for denture stomatitis treatment

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the surface morphology and in vitro leachability of temporary soft linings modified by the incorporation of antifungals in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for Candida albicans biofilm. Methodology:Specimens of soft lining materials Softone and Trusoft were made without (control) or with the addition of nystatin (Ny), miconazole (Mc), ketoconazole (Ke), chlorhexidine diacetate (Chx), or itraconazole (It) at their MIC for C. albicans biofilm. The surface analyses were performed using Confocal laser scanning microscopy after 24 h, 7 days, or 14 days of immersion in distilled water at 37ºC. In vitro leachability of Chx or Ny from the modified materials was also measured using Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy for up to 14 days of immersion in distilled water at 37ºC. Data (µg/mL) were submitted to ANOVA 1-factor/Bonferroni (α=0.05). Results: Softone had a more irregular surface than Trusoft. Morphological changes were noted in both materials with increasing immersion time, particularly, in those containing drugs. Groups containing Chx and It presented extremely porous and irregular surfaces. Both materials had biexponential release kinetics. Softone leached a higher concentration of the antifungals than Trusoft (p=0.004), and chlorhexidine was released at a higher concentration than nystatin (p<0.001). Conclusions: The surface of the soft lining materials changed more significantly with the addition of Chx or It. Softone released a higher concentration of drugs than Trusoft did, guiding the future treatment of denture stomatitis.

Antibiofilm activity of an experimental ricinus communis dentifrice on soft denture liners

Abstract The disadvantage of liners materials is the difficulty of biofilm control. It was compared an experimental dentifrice contained Ricinus communis, with commercials dentifrices as antibiofilm activity against microorganisms on denture liner. Six hundred specimens were distributed in 5 groups (n=18/ microorganism): water; experimental dentifrice; specific dentifrice for denture and two conventional dentifrices against C. albicans; C. glabrata; S. mutans; S. aureus; E. coli. Each group had a negative (n=5; without contamination) and positive control (n=15/ microorganism; without cleaning). The antibiofilm activity was evaluated by the method of biofilm formation in triplicate. The specimens were contaminated in a standard way and incubated. After that, manual brushing was performed (60 s), washed with PBS, immersed in liquid culture medium for resuspension and sowing in solid medium. The results (mean of triplicates) were expressed in CFU/mL. The data was submitted to Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). The specific dentifrice (1.27±1.20) was the most effective against S. mutans, followed by conventional (Trihydral, 3.13±0.88; Colgate, 2.16±2.02) and experimental (3.81±1.37) dentifrices, which were similar to each other (p=0.008). All of them were different from water (4.79±1.42). The specific (0.21±0.21) and experimental (0.36±0.25) dentifrices were similar against S. aureus, with a higher mean of CFU when compared to conventional (Colgate, 0.06±0.13), which was more efficient (p=0.000). For C. albicans, C. glabrata and E. coli, all dentifrices were similar to water (p=0.186). It was concluded, that the experimental dentifrice was effective against S. aureus and had not efficacy against Candida spp.; S. mutans; E. coli, as occurred with the commercials dentifrices.

Resumo A desvantagem dos materiais resilientes é a dificuldade de controle do biofilme. Este estudo comparou um dentífrico experimental contendo Ricinus communis, com dentifrícios comerciais quanto atividade contra biofilme formado em reembasador de próteses totais. Seiscentos espécimes foram distribuídos em 5 grupos (n=18/microrganismo): água; dentifrício experimental; dentifrício específico para próteses totais e dois convencionais; contra C. albicans; C. glabrata; S. mutans; S. aureus; E. coli. Cada grupo teve um controle negativo (n=5; sem contaminação) e um positivo (n=15/ microrganismo; sem higienização). A atividade contra biofilme foi avaliada pelo método de formação do biofilme, em triplicata. Os espécimes foram contaminados, padronizadamente, e incubados. Posteriormente, foi realizada escovação manual (60 s), lavagem em PBS, imersão em meio de cultura líquido para ressuspensão e semeadura em meio sólido. Os resultados (média das triplicatas) foram expressos em UFC/mL. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA e Tukey (p<0,05). O dentifrício específico (1,27±1,20) foi o mais eficaz contra S. mutans, seguido dos convencionais (Trihydral, 3,13±0,88; Colgate, 2,16±2,02) e experimental (3,81±1,37), que foram semelhantes entre si (p=0,008). Todos eles foram diferentes da água (4,79±1,42). O dentifrício específico (0,21±0,21) e o experimental (0,36±0,25) foram semelhantes contra S. aureus, com maiores médias de UFC quando comparado ao convencional (Colgate, 0,06±0,13), que foi mais eficiente (p=0,000). Para C. albicans, C. glabrata e E.coli, todos os dentifrícios foram similares à água (p=0,186). Conclui-se que o dentifrício experimental foi efetivo somente contra S. aureus e não foi eficiente perante Candida spp.; S. mutans; E. coli, como ocorrido com os dentifrícios comerciais.

Effect of surface characteristics of soft liners and tissue conditioners and saliva on the adhesion and biofilm formation.

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of surface characteristics and saliva on the adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida glabrata and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to soft liners and tissue conditioners. METHODS: For each material (Ufi Gel P - UG; Sofreliner S - SS; Trusoft - TR; Coe Comfort - CC; Softone - ST), specimens were prepared and roughness (Ra), hydrophobicity (water contact angles-WCA) and surface free energy (SFE) were measured. Surface morphology was also analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were incubated in C. glabrata or MRSA suspensions for 90 minutes (adhesion) or 48 hours (biofilm). The absorbance (AB) was measured by XTT assay. Experiments were performed using specimens that were either uncoated or had been coated with saliva. Data were analyzed using one- or two-way ANOVAs, followed by Tukey's test (α= 0.05). RESULTS: TR exhibited the highest Ra and UG the lowest. SEM images also showed that UG and SS had smooth surfaces, while TR presented several irregularities and pores. In the absence of saliva, UG and SS presented higher WCA and lower SFE than the other materials. XTT results showed that, in the C. glabrata adhesion assay, the AB value was higher for TR followed by UG > CC> SS> ST. For the biofilm formation of C. glabrata, AB values were in the following order TR > CC = UG > ST = SS. In the adhesion assay, AB values obtained for MRSA were TR > UG = CC > ST > SS and for the biofilm formation were TR > ST > CC > UG > SS. Saliva decreased the WCA and increased the SFE for all materials. In general, the presence of saliva decreased the adhesion and biofilm formation of both microorganisms to the acrylic-based material (TR) and tissue conditioners (CC and ST), and increased for the silicone-based soft liners (UH and SS). Surface characteristics and the influence of saliva varied among materials. Roughness seemed to favor C. glabrata and MRSA adhesion and biofilm formation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The presence of microorganisms on denture liners can irritate the oral tissues and contribute to systemic diseases. Colonization with more tolerant microorganisms such as C. glabrata and MRSA may expose patients to a greater risk of infection, mainly in immunocompromised hosts, such as aged individuals after treatment of oral cancer. For this, it is important to investigate the surface characteristics of soft liners and tissue conditioners, as well as saliva, and their influence on the adhesion and biofilm formation of C. glabrata and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Satisfação e qualidade de vida em pacientes desdentados após reembasamento com material resiliente / Installation of implant-supported provisional prosthesis: case report

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a satisfação e a qualidade de vida de pacientes desdentados que tiveram suas próteses totais mandibulares reembasadas com material resiliente (Ufi Gel SC, VOCO, Alemanha). Foram selecionados 20 pacientes desdentados divididos aleatoriamente nos grupos de reembasamento direto ou indireto (n=10). Foram aplicados dois questionários, o OHIP Edent para avaliar a qualidade de vida e um questionário desenvolvido para verificar a satisfação dos pacientes com o uso do reembasador. Os testes clínicos foram realizados em quatro fases durante o tratamento: inicialmente com as próteses totais sem intervenção, 30, 60 e 90 dias após o reembasamento. A análise de variância ANOVA demonstrou que houve uma diferença estatisticamente significante para o fator tempo tanto para a qualidade de vida como para a satisfação (p d" 0,05). Observamos que a qualidade de visa e a satisfação aumentaram após o reembasamento, mas não houve diferença entre os métodos de polimerização testados. O método de polimerização direto é mais simples, menos demorado e menos oneroso para o paciente. Portanto, se não houver diferença entre os métodos de polimerização a longo prazo, não há porque submeter o paciente ao reembasamento indireto(AU)

The aim of this paper was to assess the quality of life and satisfaction for edentulous individuals who had their complete dentures relined with a soft liner material (Ufi Gel SC, VOCO, Germany). A total of 20 patients were selected and divided into two experimental groups, one for a chairside procedure and one for a laboratorial reline (n=10). Two questionnaires were used, the OHIP Edent and a satisfaction form to assess information on the reline material. The tests were performed initially and at 30, 60 and 90 days after the reline. The analysis of variance ANOVA presented a difference for the period evaluation, the quality of life improved after the procedure, but there was no difference between the polymerization methods. The chairside procedure is more simple, faster and more practical for both, professionals and patients. Therefore, if there are no difference in long term results, there is no reason to the patient undergo the laboratorial reline process(AU)

Avaliação da qualidade de vida, força de mordida e halitose após reembasamento resiliente com diferentes métodos de polimerização / Influence of quality of life, satisfaction, bite force and halitosis after soft reline in edentulous patients, with different polymerization techniques

Os reembasadores resilientes têm sido amplamente utilizados em pacientes portadores de próteses totais para melhorar a adaptação da base de resina ao rebordo. Esses apresentam dois métodos de polimerização, um feito diretamente na boca do paciente e outro feito indiretamente em laboratório. Não há estudos na literatura que avaliem a percepção dos pacientes com relação a esse tratamento. Portanto o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a satisfação a qualidade de vida, força de mordida e halitose de pacientes desdentados que tiveram suas próteses totais mandibulares reembasadas com material resiliente (Ufi Gel SC, Voco, Alemanha). Foram selecionados 20 pacientes desdentados seguindo critérios de inclusão e exclusão predefinidos para terem suas próteses mandibulares reembasadas. Estes foram divididos aleatoriamente nos grupos de reembasamento direto ou indireto (n=10). Os ensaios clínicos verificaram a qualidade de vida (OHIP Edent), a satisfação com o reembasamento, a força de mordida e também presença e etiologia de halitose. Os testes clínicos foram realizados inicialmente com as próteses totais sem intervenção, após o reembasamento, aos 30, 60, 90 e 180 dias após o reembasamento. A análise de variância ANOVA (significância de 5%) demonstrou que houve uma diferença estatisticamente significante para o fator tempo para todos os testes, mas a técnica de reembasamento não. Observamos que a qualidade de vida, a satisfação, a força de mordida e halitose melhoraram após o reembasamento. A halitose foi influenciada pelo reembasamento e pela higiene bucal dos pacientes. Apesar de não ter demonstrado diferença estatisticamente entre os métodos de polimerização, foi um resultado favorável tanto para o clínico como para o paciente. Portanto, se não houver diferença entre os métodos de polimerização a longo prazo, não há porque submeter o paciente ao reembasamento indireto. Independentemente do método de polimerização escolhido, o reembasamento com material resiliente a base de silicone demonstrou ser uma alternativa viável para melhorar os aspectos funcionais e a satisfação em pacientes que apresentem dificuldades em utilizar próteses totais mandibulares(AU)

Resilient reliners have been widely used for patients wearing complete dentures to improve the adaptation of the base. They present two polymerization methods, one done directly in the patient's mouth and another done indirectly in the laboratory. There are no studies in the literature that assess the perception of patients regarding this treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to assess, the satisfaction, quality of life of edentulous patients who had their total mandibular prostheses rebased with resilient material (Ufi Gel SC, Voco, Germany). 20 edentulous patients were selected according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. These were randomly divided into the direct or indirect soft reline groups (n = 10). The clinical trial evaluated the quality of life (OHIP Edent), the satisfaction regarding the treatment, the bite force and presence and prevalence of halitosis. The assays were performed in six phases during the treatment: initially with the total prostheses without intervention, after the reline procedure, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days after the reline. The analysis of variance ANOVA (5% significance) demonstrated a statistically significant difference for period in all parameters, but the technique did not influence any of the parameters (P ≤ 0.05). We observed that the QoL, satisfaction, bite force and halitosis increased after the reline. The halitosis was influenced by patients' oral hygiene and the reline procedure. Although it has not demonstrated a statistical difference between polymerization methods, it was a favorable result for both clinicians and patients. The direct polymerization method is simpler, less time consuming and less costly for the patient. Therefore, if there is no long-term difference between polymerization methods, there is no need to perform an indirect procedure. Regardless of the method of polymerization chosen, relining with resilient silicone-based material is a viable alternative to improve the quality of life, satisfaction, bite force and halitosis in patients who have difficulties wearing mandibular dentures(AU)

Eficácia do diacetato de clorexidina incorporado a um reembasador macio no tratamento da estomatite protética: um ensaio clínico randomizado / Efficacy of chlorhexidine diacetate incorporated into a soft liner rebase in the treatment of denture stomatitis: a randomized clinical trial

O objetivo deste estudo piloto foi comparar a eficácia de um reembasador acrílico macio com ou sem diacetato de clorexidina a 1% no tratamento de pacientes com estomatite protética. As hipóteses testadas foram: (I) o eritema seria melhorado (IIa): a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias seria reduzida, (IIb): a predominância de um tipo morfológico de Candida seria correlacionada com características clínicas e, (IIc) se uma concentração inibitória mínima do antimicrobiano, poderia ser capaz de atuar sobre o crescimento do fungo. Dezesseis pacientes desdentados totais, portadores de prótese e com estomatite protética foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para os grupos controle (reembasamento com Trusoft) e grupo teste (reembasamento com Trusoft contendo 1% de clorexidina) sendo acompanhados por exames clínicos e laboratoriais por 14 dias. Os parâmetros analisados nas duas consultas de acompanhamento foram: avaliação clínica (exame e fotos) e avaliações microbiológicas (esfregaços e culturas de palato e prótese total). Este estudo foi um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego,controlado.Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a superfície do eritema foi significativamente reduzida, mas não diferiu significativamente entre os dois grupos (P> 0,05), assim como a redução da contagem de Candida durante o tratamento entre os grupos (P> 0,05). O tipo de Candida não pôde ser correlacionado ao estágio clínico alcançado. Os resultados dos testes de concentração inibitória mínima, revelaram que uma concentração de 0,05 µg/ml de clorexidina já é capaz de inibir o crescimento de 85% das cepas de testadas.A hipótese principal foi confirmada, o que pode ser interpretado como uma remissão clínica acelerada em ambas as terapias propostas. Embora as hipóteses secundárias não tenham sido confirmadas, a persistência de Candida pode ser apenas a colonização, e a plasticidade morfológica de Candida parece ser fortemente influenciada pela virulência fúngica. Sendo assim, os resultados da análise de concentração inibitória mínima sugerem que uma concentração subinibitória de clorexidina possa estar atuando na virulência da Candida spp. No entanto, não foram encontrados resultados para confirmar a eficácia clínica do diacetato de clorexidina a 1% incorporado ao reembasador macio testado no tratamento da estomatite protética.

The aim of this pilot study was to compare the efficacy of rebase using soft acrylic liner with or without 1% chlorhexidine diacetate in denture stomatitis patients. It was hypothesised that: (I) erythema would be improved (IIa): colony forming unit count would be reduced, (IIb): the predominance of a morphological type of Candida would be correlated with clinical features and, (IIc) a minimum inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobial, could be able to act on the growth of the fungus.Sixteen patients who wearing removable dentures and diagnosed with denture stomatitis were randomly assigned to the control groups (rebase with resilient liner) and test group (rebase with resilient liner containing 1% of chlorhexidine), followed by clinical and laboratory tests for 14 days. The analyzed parameters at two follow-up were: clinical evaluation (examination and photos) and microbiological evaluations (smears and cultures of palates and dentures). This study was a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. The results obtained showed that the erythema surface was significantly reduced, but did not differ significantly between the two groups (P> 0.05), as did the reduction of colony forming unit during treatment between the groups (P> 0.05) . The Candida type could not be correlated to the achieved clinical stage. The minimum inhibitory concentration test results showed that a concentration of 0,05 µg/ml chlorhexidine is already able to inhibit the growth of 85% of the tested strains. The primary hypothesis was confirmed, which can be interpreted as an accelerated clinical remission in both proposed therapies. Although secondary hypotheses have not been confirmed, Candida's persistence may be just colonization, and the morphological plasticity of Candida seems to be strongly influenced by fungal virulence. Thus, the results of the minimum inhibitory concentration analysis suggest that a subinhibitory concentration of chlorhexidine may be acting on the virulence of Candida spp. However, no results were found to confirm the clinical efficacy of 1% chlorhexidine diacetate incorporated into the soft liner in denture stomatitis.

Recent advances in tissue conditioners for prosthetic treatment: A review.

Tissue conditioners (TCs) are short-term soft liners, formed in situ from a mixture of a polymer powder and a liquid plasticizer. This article reviews the recent advances in the composition, functions, clinical use, gelation process, and physical properties of TCs and their effects on denture bases and oral mucosa. TCs are used to improve the fit and function of an ill-fitting denture. They can also be used to treat abused mucosal tissues underlying ill-fitting acrylic dentures as temporary expedients. TCs are recommended as provisional liners to maintain the fit of removable dentures and to prevent mechanical irritation from the denture. TCs may also be used to rehabilitate cancer patients. The polymer powder, used in the formulation of TCs generally consists of polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) and the liquid plasticizer is ester-based in ethyl alcohol solution without an acrylic monomer. The plasticizers are low molecular weight aromatic esters. Mixing of the powder and liquid results in polymer chain entanglement and the formation of a coherent gel characterized by viscoelastic behavior appropriate to its intended clinical use. The loss of surface integrity and surface roughness of TCs are regarded as the main problems in the denture bearing oral mucosa conditions resulting in inflammation of oral mucosa of the denture-bearing area - denture stomatitis. TCs provide an even distribution of masticatory force, accurately modeling itself to the changes which occur during the healing of lesion of substrate and can act therapeutically by incorporating antifungal or antibacterial agents.

Surface Properties of Temporary Soft Liners Modified by Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Antifungals

Abstract Evaluating the addition of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antifungals for Candida albicans biofilm on the hardness and roughness of temporary denture soft liners. Specimens (n=8; 36×7×6 mm) of tissue conditioner (Softone) and resilient liner (Trusoft) were produced either without (control) or with incorporation of drugs at MICs: nystatin (0.032 g/mL), chlorhexidine diacetate (0.064 g/mL), ketoconazole (0.128 g/mL), miconazole (0.256 g/mL) and itraconazole (0.256 g/mL). Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h, 7 days and 14 days prior to the hardness/roughness measurements. Data were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (α=0.05). The addition of the antifungals into both materials demonstrated no evident hardness change or decrease of this property compared with the control, except for miconazole in Softone, which increased the hardness after 14 days (p=0.003). The addition of nystatin into both materials, chlorhexidine in Trusoft and ketoconazole in Softone resulted in no significant changes of roughness compared with the control, after 7 days and 14 days (p>0.05). In these periods, itraconazole increased the roughness of both materials (p<0.001). The addition of all antifungals, except for the miconazole in Softone, resulted in no deleterious effects on the materials’ hardness over the evaluation time. The MICs of nystatin in both temporary soft lining materials, ketoconazole in Softone and chlorhexidine in Trusoft resulted in no deleterious effects for roughness up to 14 days.

Resumo Avaliar a adição de antifúngicos nas mínimas concentrações inibitórias (MCIs) para o biofilme de Candida albicans sobre a dureza e rugosidade da reembasadores resilientes temporários. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova (n=8; 36×7×6 mm) a partir de um condicionador de tecido (Softone) e um reembasador resiliente (Trusoft), sem (controle) ou com a incorporação de fármacos nas MCIs: nistatina (0,032 g/mL), diacetato de clorexidina (0,064 g/mL), cetoconazol (0,128 g/mL), miconazol (0,256 g/mL) e itraconazol (0,256 g/mL). Os corpos de prova foram armazenados em água destilada a 37 °C durante 24 h, 7 dias e 14 dias antes das mensurações de dureza e rugosidade. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA 3-fatores e teste de Tukey HSD (α=0,05). A adição dos antifúngicos em ambos os materiais não demonstrou nenhuma alteração evidente na dureza ou diminuiu esta propriedade em comparação com o controle, exceto para o miconazol no Softone que aumentou a dureza após 14 dias (p=0,003). A adição de nistatina aos dois materiais, clorexidina no Trusoft e cetoconazol no Softone não resultou em alterações significativas de rugosidade em comparação com o controle após 7 e 14 dias (p>0,05). Nestes períodos, o itraconazol aumentou a rugosidade de ambos os materiais (p<0,001). A adição de todos os antifúngicos, exceto para o miconazol no Softone, não resultou em efeitos deletérios sobre a dureza dos materiais ao longo do tempo de avaliação. As MCIs de nistatina em ambos os materiais reembasadores resilientes temporários, cetoconazol no Softone e clorexidina no Trusoft não produziram efeitos deletérios para a rugosidade em até 14 dias.

Prevalence of Candida albicans and Streptococcus aureus on maxillary obturators, maxillary defects and in saliva: A cross-sectional study / Prevalência de Candida albicans e Streptococcus aureus em obturadores superiores, nos defeitos maxilares e na saliva: Um estudo transversal

Objetivo: este estudo investigou a incidência da adesão de Candida albicans e Staphylococcus aureus em próteses superiores obturadoras com materiais de reembasamento macio utilizados por protesistas. Material e Métodos: entre os anos 2013 e 2014, foram avaliados clinicamente, pacientes com defeitos maxilares devido a cirurgia para remoção de tumores e usuários de próteses obturadoras (n = 21, grupo de estudo) e, as consequências microbiológicas foram comparadas com usuários de prótese total superior (n = 21, controle grupo). Os dados foram coletados sobre características demográficas, tipo histológico de câncer, emprego de quimioterapia ou radioterapia, identificação dos materiais reembasamento macio utilizados e métodos de limpeza praticados nas próteses obturadoras e totais. A presença de Candida albicans foi determinada nos materiais de reembasamento macio ou nas superfícies de polimetilmetacrilato e na cavidade bucal e, Staphylococcus aureus na mucosa nasal e na saliva. Os dados foram analisados utilizando os testes Kruskal Wallis, Fisher-Freeman-Halton (p<0,05). Resultados: A maior quantidade de Candida albicans foi encontrada nas superfícies das próteses, na saliva, nos defeitos no palato duro e no material de reembasamento macio definitivo com 90%, 90% e 70%, respectivamente. A maior quantidade de Staphylococcus aureus foi observada na saliva e na cavidade nasal no grupo de material de reembasamento macio definitivo (50%). Conclusão: o curto período de renovação dos materiais de revestimento pode causar menos colonização de Candida albicans e estomatite protética na cavidade bucal. Os pacientes que sofreram maxilectomia foram mais propensos à colonização de Staphylococcus aureus.(AU)

Objective: This study investigated on the incidence of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus adhesion onto maxillary obturator prostheses with soft lining materials placed by prosthodontists. Material and Methods: Between years 2013 and 2014, patients with maxillary defects due to maxillary tumor surgery and acquired obturator prostheses (n = 21, study group) were clinically evaluated and microbiological outcomes were compared with complete maxillary denture wearers (n = 21, control group). Data were collected on demographic features, histological type of cancer, presence of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, identification of soft lining materials used on obturator prostheses, cleansing methods practiced for obturator and maxillary complete prostheses. The presence of Candida albicans was determined on soft lining materials or polymethylmethacrylate surfaces and in the oral cavity, and Staphylococcus aureus in nasal mucosa and saliva. Data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis, Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests (p<0.05). Results: The highest amount of Candida albicans was found on surfaces of prostheses, in the saliva and on maxillary defects on the hard palate and on definitive soft lining material with 90%, 90%, and 70%, respectively. The highest amount of Staphylococcus aureus was observed in the saliva and nasal cavity in the definitive soft lining material group (50%). Conclusion: Short renewal period of lining materials may cause less Candida albicans colonisation and denture stomatitis in the oral cavity. Patients who have undergone maxillectomy were more prone to Staphylococcus aureus colonisation.(AU)

Porosity of temporary denture soft liners containing antifungal agents

ABSTRACT Incorporation of antifungals in temporary denture soft liners has been recommended for denture stomatitis treatment; however, it may affect their properties. Objective: To evaluate the porosity of a tissue conditioner (Softone) and a temporary resilient liner (Trusoft) modified by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antifungal agents for Candida albicans biofilm. Material and Methods: The porosity was measured by water absorption, based on exclusion of the plasticizer effect. Initially, it was determined by sorption isotherms that the adequate storage solution for specimens (65×10×3.3 mm) of both materials was 50% anhydrous calcium chloride (S50). Then, the porosity factor (PF) was calculated for the study groups (n=10) formed by specimens without (control) or with drug incorporation at MICs (nystatin: Ny-0.032 g, chlorhexidine diacetate: Chx-0.064 g, or ketoconazole: Ke-0.128 g each per gram of soft liner powder) after storage in distilled water or S50 for 24 h, seven and 14 d. Data were statistically analyzed by 4-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=.05). Results: Ke resulted in no significant changes in PF for both liners in water over 14 days (p>0.05). Compared with the controls, Softone and Trusoft PFs were increased at 14-day water immersion only after addition of Ny and Chx, and Chx, respectively (p<0.05). Both materials showed no significant changes in PF in up to 14 days of S50 immersion, compared with the controls (p>0.05). In all experimental conditions, Softone and Trusoft PFs were significantly lower when immersed in S50 compared with distilled water (p<0.05). Conclusions: The addition of antifungals at MICs resulted in no harmful effects for the porosity of both temporary soft liners in different periods of water immersion, except for Chx and Ny in Softone and Chx in Trusoft at 14 days. No deleterious effect was observed for the porosity of both soft liners modified by the drugs at MICs over 14 days of S50 immersion.

Evaluation of correlations between frequencies of complete denture relines and serum levels of 3 bone metabolic markers: A cross-sectional pilot study.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Continuous bone resorption is the primary reason for complete denture relines. Because resorption rates vary, the frequency at which individuals require relines also varies. Currently, there are no predictors to identify individuals at risk of frequent relines or to guide clinicians in decisions related to relines. PURPOSE: The purpose of this cross-sectional pilot study was to determine the utility of measuring bone metabolic markers (C-terminal telopeptide, osteocalcin, 25-OH hydroxy vitamin D) to predict the frequency of complete denture relines. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred adult participants with complete dentures (either maxillary, mandibular, or both) participated in 1 dental clinic visit involving a dental examination and brief interview to obtain relevant medical and dental history, information on medication/supplement use, and 1 laboratory blood draw for the measurement of bone metabolic markers. Data were analyzed by using the Pearson correlation, independent Student t test, or analysis of variance (α=.05). RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between the frequency of relines and C-telopeptide and osteocalcin levels but not with vitamin D or age. No significant associations with reline frequency and other factors (sex, ethnicity, presence or absence of diabetes, use of calcium and vitamin D supplements) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of bone turnover markers in individuals with edentulism were associated with increased frequency of denture relines.