Comparisons between photographic equipment for dental use: DSLR cameras vs. smartphones / Comparações entre equipamento fotográfico para uso odontológico: câmeras DSLR vs. smartphones

Objective: to compare the image quality obtained by six cameras used for dental documentation, including four DSLR cameras and two smartphones with different sensor size. Methods: the equipment determined the groups: APSCcan18-55 ­ Sensor APS-C Canon (EOS T5i) + 18-55 mm lens; APSCcan100 ­ Sensor APS-C Canon (EOS T5i) + 100 mm macro lens; APSCnik18-55 ­ Sensor APS-C Nikon (D5100) + 18-55 mm lens; APSCnik100 ­ Sensor APS-C Nikon (D5100) + 100 mm macro lens; ip1/3" ­ iPhone with 1/3-inch sensor; ga1/2.6"- Galaxy with 1/2.6-inch sensor. Two set of images -"dental documentation" and "small objects"- were obtained. The photographs were evaluated by three groups: US, undergraduate students; DS, dentists; and DP, dentists with photography experience. Scores between 0 and 10 were assigned. The results were compared by RM Anova and Tukey (α = 0.05). Results: the highest overall scores were obtained with APSCnik100 (8.5). For "dental documentation", APSCcan18-55 and APSCnik18-55 showed the lowest values, even compared to ga1/2.6" (for US, DS and DP evaluators) and ip1/3" (for US evaluators). For "small objects", DSLRs resulted in higher mean values compared to smartphones for US and DS. Conclusions: DSLR cameras with 18-55 mm lens and no circular flash should not be used for documentation photographs. DSLR cameras, regardless of lens, are superior to smartphones for small objects photographs. (AU)

Objetivo: comparar a qualidade da imagem obtida por seis câmeras utilizadas para documentação odontológica, incluindo quatro câmeras DSLR e dois smartphones com diferentes tamanhos de sensor. Métodos: a divisão dos grupos foi realizada pelo tipo de equipamento: APSCcan18-55 - Sensor APS-C Canon (EOS T5i) + lente 18-55 mm; APSCcan100 - Sensor APS-C Canon (EOS T5i) + lente macro de 100 mm; APSCnik18-55 - Sensor APS-C Nikon (D5100) + lente 18-55 mm; APSCnik100 - Sensor APS-C Nikon (D5100) + lente macro de 100 mm; ip1 / 3 "- iPhone com sensor de 1/3 de polegada; ga1 / 2.6 "- Galaxy com sensor de 1 / 2,6 polegadas. Dois conjuntos de imagens ­ "documentação odontológica" e "pequenos objetos" ­ foram realizados. As fotografias foram avaliadas por três grupos de examinadores: estudantes de graduação (US); dentistas (DS); e dentistas com experiência em fotografia (DP). Foram atribuídas pontuações entre 0 e 10. Os resultados foram comparados por Anova e Tukey (α = 0,05). Resultados: os maiores escores foram obtidos com o APSCnik100 (8,5). Para "documentação odontológica", APSCcan18-55 e APSCnik18-55 apresentaram os menores valores. Para "objetos pequenos", as DSLRs resultaram em valores médios mais altos em comparação aos smartphones. Conclusões: as câmeras DSLR com lentes de 18 a 55 mm e sem flash circular não devem ser usadas para fotografias de documentação. As câmeras DSLR, independentemente da lente, são superiores aos smartphones para fotografias de objetos pequenos. (AU)

The Average Annual Percent Change Analyzes of Preventive Dental Care in the Slovak Republic, 2014-2016

Objective: To analyse of the average annual percent change (AAPC) of registered dental patients, patients with preventive dental care and patients requiring dental treatment in the period of 2014-2016 in the Slovak Republic. Material and Methods: Data from registered dental patients (n=14,736,888), patients with preventive dental care (n=8,212,441) and patients requiring dental treatment (n=5,262,323) in the period of 2014-2016 were obtained from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic; 28,211,652 dental patients were analysed. The Theil-Sen estimator of trend line based on median and its significance was tested by nonparametric Wilcoxon test using statistical software R package. Results: The significant decrease (-4.11%) of the AAPC rates of registered dental patient (p<0.05) during the entire period (2014-2016) can be observed in age subcategory 15-18 years, while in age subcategory 19+ years the nonsignificant increase (1.08%) of the AAPC rate of registered dental patients in the same period was achieved. In the period of 2014-2016, the highest AAPC rate of patients with preventive dental care with the significant decrease was found in age subcategory 6-14 years (-17.19%; p<0.001). The AAPC rate of patients requiring dental treatment proved the significant negative values in age subcategory 0-5 years (-7.26%; p<0.01), in age subcategory 6-14 years (-9.33%; p<0.001), in age subcategory 15-18 years (-8.81%; p<0.01). Conclusion: The highest decrease AAPC rate of registered dental patients was observed in age subcategory 15-18 years. The statistical significant decrease AAPC rate of patients with preventive dental care was found in children ≤ 18 years. In patients requiring dental treatment (≤ 18 y.) was observed decrease AAPC rate.

The use of tools to support oral lesion description in oral medicine referrals

Abstract: Poor description of oral lesions jeopardize the prioritization of appointments in Oral Medicine. The present study investigated whether the use of support tools changes the quality of descriptions focusing on health care prioritization. Two oral lesions (A and B) were described by 64 dental students and 48 dentists using three methods: (a) without support tools (free); (b) using the oral examination form from the Specialties Manual in Oral Health/Brazilian Ministry of Health (SMOH form); and (c) using the OralDESC guideline. The descriptions were compared with a gold standard and percentage of agreement was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests (p<0.05). Descriptions with the OralDESC presented higher information quality. Considering items essential for prioritization, the OralDESC demonstrated better performance for lesion A; for lesion B, free descriptions and descriptions using the OralDESC were of higher quality than those using SMOH form. Therefore, the OralDESC offered greater support for the description of oral lesions for health care prioritization in Oral Medicine.

Roles y responsabilidades del odontólogo como auxiliar de la justicia / Dentists´ roles and responsibilities as auxiliaries to justice

La ciencia odontológica cuenta con diversas metodologías a la hora de brindar auxilio a la Justicia, tanto en la resolución de casos criminales como en procedimientos de índole civil y laboral. La odontología legal requiere de un trabajo interdisciplinario con las otrasespecialidades odontológicas. En ese contexto, el rol capital del perito odontólogo es contribuir al esclarecimiento de la identidad de unapersona. El diente es susceptible de variantes fisiológicas y patológicas en sus estructuras, como así también estigmas inherentes a los tratamientos restauradores, hechos que confiere información dental que individualiza a una persona. Las piezas dentarias pueden ser utilizadas como un arma en determinadas circunstancias, brindando información relevante sobre los caracteres odontológicos de la víctimay/o del agresor, pudiendo entonces desempeñar la odontología legal un importante rol en la investigación de situaciones de agresión sexual yabuso en todas las edades. El odontólogo en su tarea asistencial tiene la responsabilidad de labrar y documentar de manera fiel y completasu devenir profesional, pudiendo ser requerido por las autoridades encargadas de administrar Justicia en casos de responsabilidad profesional, negligencia, fraude, abuso, e identificación de restos humanos.

Dental science has various methodologies when providing aid to justice, both in solving criminal cases and civil procedures and labor issues.Legal Dentistry requires interdisciplinary work with other dental specialties. In this context, the principal role of the dentist expert is helpclarify the identity of a person. The tooth is subject to physiological and pathological variations in their structures, as well as inherentstigmas restorative treatments, facts which confers dental individualized information to a person. The teeth can be used as a weapon incertain circumstances, providing relevant information about dental characteristics of the victim and/or perpetrator can then LegalDentistry play an important role in investigating cases of sexual assault and abuse in all the ages. The dentist in their care task isresponsible for faithfully document and complete their professional procedure that may be required by the authorities responsible foradministering justice in cases of professional liability, negligence, fraud, abuse, and identification of human remains.

Audit of accuracy of clinical coding in oral surgery.

We aimed to study the accuracy of clinical coding within oral surgery and to identify ways in which it can be improved. We undertook did a multidisciplinary audit of a sample of 646 day case patients who had had oral surgery procedures between 2011 and 2012. We compared the codes given with their case notes and amended any discrepancies. The accuracy of coding was assessed for primary and secondary diagnoses and procedures, and for health resource groupings (HRGs). The financial impact of coding Subjectivity, Variability and Error (SVE) was assessed by reference to national tariffs. The audit resulted in 122 (19%) changes to primary diagnoses. The codes for primary procedures changed in 224 (35%) cases; 310 (48%) morbidities and complications had been missed, and 266 (41%) secondary procedures had been missed or were incorrect. This led to at least one change of coding in 496 (77%) patients, and to the HRG changes in 348 (54%) patients. The financial impact of this was £114 in lost revenue per patient. There is a high incidence of coding errors in oral surgery because of the large number of day cases, a lack of awareness by clinicians of coding issues, and because clinical coders are not always familiar with the large number of highly specialised abbreviations used. Accuracy of coding can be improved through the use of a well-designed proforma, and standards can be maintained by the use of an ongoing data quality assurance programme.

Integrating tobacco dependence counseling into electronic dental records: a multi-method approach.

Dentistry has historically seen tobacco dependence as a medical problem. As a consequence, dentistry has not adopted or developed effective interventions to deal with tobacco dependence. With the expanded use of electronic dental records, the authors identified an opportunity to incorporate standardized expert support for tobacco dependence counseling during the dental visit. Using qualitative results from observations and focus groups, a decision support system was designed that suggested discussion topics based on the patient's desire to quit and his or her level of nicotine addiction. Because dental providers are always pressed for time, the goal was a three-minute average intervention interval. To fulfill the provider's need for an easy way to track ongoing interventions, script usage was recorded. This process helped the provider track what he or she had said to the patient about tobacco dependence during previous encounters and to vary the messages. While the individual elements of the design process were not new, the combination of them proved to be very effective in designing a usable and accepted intervention. The heavy involvement of stakeholders in all components of the design gave providers and administrators ownership of the final product, which was ultimately adopted for use in all the clinics of a large dental group practice in Minnesota.

[The importance of a fixed dental notation system within the dental clinic].

A teenager began an orthodontic treatment. During his orthodontic treatment, the orthodontist refferd the teenager to an Oral and maxillofacial surgeon to extract tooth no. 25. The orthodontist used the Palmer notation method to mark the tooth - 5 - and the Oral and maxillofacial surgeon read it as the no. 15, which is a completely different tooth according to the FDI World Dental Federation notation system. As a result, the Oral and maxillofacial surgeon extracted a healthy tooth by mistake. The teenager submitted a claim in tort for the harm he had suffered as a result of the mistake.

Proforma for maxillofacial trauma.

Over a three-year period we devised, developed, and implemented a simple proforma, validated by a previous audit, to improve the accuracy of data collected on maxillofacial trauma. It covers both sides of an A4 sheet and functions as an aide-memoire for junior staff and prompts the comprehensive recording of all necessary medicolegal details should further documentation be required by the police, judiciary, or compensatory body.

Risk management in the dental office.

This article is devoted to risk-management strategies regarding oral surgical procedures in the general dental office. Lawsuits are more likely to be filed following poor outcomes related to oral surgical procedures rather than after operative or prosthetic dental procedures. The article is not meant to discourage practitioners from performing oral surgical procedures if they have the experience, training, and appropriate skill set to complete the planned procedure. Rather, it advises clinicians as to the steps one can take to limit the chances of litigation from occurring, and avoid the emotionally and painful time-consuming process associated with a malpractice lawsuit.

Frequency of errors and pathology in panoramic images of young orthodontic patients.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the frequency of errors in panoramic radiographs in young orthodontic patients, to register pathologic and abnormal conditions, and to compare these findings with the patient's record. A total of 1287 panoramic radiographs of children and adolescents (530 boys and 757 girls; mean age 14.2 years) were analyzed. The radiographs were obtained of patients referred for orthodontic treatment during a 1 year period. Four observers evaluated the radiographs for 10 common errors, pathologies, and/or anomalies. Cohen's kappa was used for the calculations of inter- and intraobserver variability. Five of the errors were divided into clinically relevant or not clinically relevant errors, i.e. errors influencing diagnosis. Only those pathological findings with a possible influence on orthodontic treatment were compared with the patient's record. Of the 1287 radiographs, 96 per cent had errors. The number of errors in each image varied between 1 and 5, and in 24 per cent of these images, the errors could be of importance for clinical decision making. The most common error was that the tongue was not in contact with the hard palate. Pathologies or anomalies were found in 558 patients and a total of 1221 findings were recorded. Findings of possible relevance for orthodontic treatment were 63, and 12 of those were registered in the patient records. Pathological findings outside the dental arches were low and could be an argument for minimizing the radiation field.

Analysis of demographic data obtained from pathology records.

INTRODUCTION: Pathologists commonly analyse patient data obtained from pathology records. Such information is useful in that it might provide an indication of changing patterns of disease, or of the aetio-pathogenesis of a disease process, but such data is seldom standardised. AIM: To determine to what extent the lack of standardisation may influence the resultant data and the conclusions drawn. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pathology reports of all cysts diagnosed from 1994 to 2004 were retrieved. The diagnosis and site of the cyst, and the age, gender and race of patient were analysed. Comparative data from 1958 to 1992 was obtained from the text "Cysts of the oral regions". The data from the different periods was statistically compared. Only the four most common cysts were included: radicular, dentigerous, odontogenic keratocyst and nasopalatine duct cysts. RESULTS: There was no difference in frequency and site of cysts or in age of patients. Statistically significant differences were found in the gender and race comparisons. CONCLUSION: Do the differences reflect a changing pattern of disease or are they due to changes in the demographics of the patient pool from which the surgical specimens were obtained? We favour the latter. Awareness of the fact that data from either survey is not reliable due to lack of standardisation is pertinent to avoid drawing fundamental conclusions from such data.

Prontuário odontológico e sua utilização em perícias de identificação humana

O prontuário odontológico é uma fonte de informação imprescindível que pode ser utilizada como evidência pericial em casos de identificação humana...

Importance of quality in referral letters sent for potentially malignant oral, head and neck lesions.

UNLABELLED: Early diagnosis of oral, head and neck cancer is very important. Delay in diagnosis and referral to a specialist unit can result in an enlarged tumour with an increased chance of metastatic spread which will result in upstaging of the tumour, thus worsening the five year survival rate. There is a great need for early identification and referral of potentially malignant lesions by general dental and medical practitioners. Referral letters are the standard and, typically, the sole method of communicating confidential information between two professionals. It is vital that the referral letters sent for potential malignant lesions are of good quality, clearly marked as urgent and contain adequate administrative and clinical data. An audit was undertaken at the Oral and Maxillofacial Department at Barnet and Chase Farm NHS Trust, to examine the quality of referral letters sent for potentially malignant oral, head and neck lesions. The outcome is discussed and a standard referral letter is also proposed if not referring using the standard local cancer network referral proforma. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A good quality referral letter should minimize delay in diagnoses and management of a patient with an oral, head and neck lesion.

Aporte de la odontología en la necroidentificación. Una alternativa más en identificación: marcadores de prótesis: segunda parte / Dental contributions to necro-identification: another alternative in identification: prosthesis markers: second part

Lograr la identificación de cadáveres como resultado de accidentes, homicidios, suicidios, etc., resulta de vital importancia no sólo por razones jurídicas, también hay motivos humanitarios y religiosos. Considerando lo expuesto, se propone un examen previo (al confeccionar la documentación de identidad) de todas las personas, tomando como referencia el sistema estomatognático, siendo este campo de incumbencia odontológica: la historia clínica completa, incluido el odontograma, la radiografía panorámica previa y la individualización de las prótesis en caso de ser portador. Resultan registros de utilidad, ya que de las coincidencias entre pre-mortem y post-mortem se obtiene el dictamen de identidad de la víctima. Muchos fueron los accidentes en los cuales fueron identificadas las víctimas gracias a estudios exclusivamente odontológicos, alcanzando un porcentual muy elevado, cercado al 70 por ciento en algunos sucesos masivos. Si en el cadáver no quedan piezas dentarias, perdemos datos de apreciable valor; pero si la víctima posee prótesis que ha sido previamente identificada, ésta nos puede revelar la identidad certeramente. Los datos extractados de los registros efectuados por odontólogos de su nómina de pacientes no siempre resultaron en las prácticas fiables al momento de cotejarlos, ya sea por la falta de una reglamentación y adopción de simbolismo de carácter universal o por distintos motivos.

Risk management in clinical practice. Part 11. Oral surgery.

Oral surgery is often an unpleasant experience for a patient and if managed inadequately can be a cause for complaint or a claim in negligence. A practitioner can reduce their risk of complaints, claims or even regulatory body investigations by following some straightforward risk management strategies. Effective communication skills deployed throughout the interaction with the patient, especially during the consent process, are a pre-requisite, as is a proper understanding of the law on consent. An honest reflection by the practitioner on their competence to carry out a procedure, considering their skills, the equipment and support available will result in fewer medico-legal cases. In this article, each stage of the patient's journey is discussed and risk management advice offered for a range of procedures that are regularly encountered in general dental practice.

A importância da correta elaboração do prontuário odontológico: [revisão] / The importance of the correct preparation of dental records: [review]

Introdução: o prontuário odontológico é o conjunto de toda documentação obtida durante o tratamento odontológico. Manter esses registros completos e atualizados demonstra eficiência técnica-administrativa do profissional, além de servir como objeto de proteção civil e de instrumento de consulta em casos de identificação humana. Objetivo: revisar a literatura, destacando a importância da elaboração, preenchimento e arquivamento do prontuário odontológico sob os aspectos jurídicos, éticos e administrativos. Conclusões: o prontuário odontológico é de extremo valor ao cirurgião dentista, sendo que esta documentação deve ser confeccionada de forma correta e detalhada, possuindo assim um registro escrito de informações do paciente sempre com a assinatura do mesmo, concordando com tudo que foi relatado e realizado.

Introduction: the clinical record is the set of all documents obtained during the dental treatment. Keeping these records complete and updated shows technical and administrative efficiency by the professional, besides it serves as an object of civil and professional protection of information tool in cases of human identification. Aim: to review the literature and to highlight the importance of preparing, completing and filing the dental records in legal, ethical and administrative matters. Conclusion: the clinical records is of extreme value to the dentist, and this documentation must be made in a correct and detailed way so they give a written record of the patient information always having his signature agreeing with all reported and performed proceedings.

Aporte de la odontología en la necroidentificación / Contributions of dentistry to identification of bodies

Lograr la identificación de cadáveres como resultado de accidentes, homicidios, suicidios, catástrofes, etc. resulta de vital importancia, no sólo por razones jurídicas, también hay motivos humanitarios y religiosos. Considerando lo expuesto, se propone un examen previo de todas las personas tomando como referencia el sistema estomatognático, siendo este campo de incumbencia odontológica: la historia clínica completa, incluido el odontograma, la radiografía previa y la individualización de la prótesis en caso de ser portador, resultan registros de utilidad, ya que de las coincidencias entre pre-mortem y post-mortem se obtiene el dictamen de identidad de la víctima. Muchos fueron los accidentes en los que fueron identificadas las víctimas gracias a estudios exclusivamente odontológicos, alcanzando un porcentual muy elevado, cercano al 70 por ciento en algunos sucesos masivos. Si en el cadáver no quedan piezas dentarias, perdemos datos de apreciable valor; pero si la víctima posee prótesis que han sido previamente identificadas, éstas nos pueden revelar la identidad certeramente. Los datos exactos de los resgistros efectuados por odontólogos de su nómina de pacientes no siemrpe resultaron fiables en la práctica al momento de cotejarlos, ya sea por la falta de una reglamentación y adopción de simbolismo de carácter universal, o por distintos motivos.

Accidents and crimes occur with increasing frequency, this produces a social impact. A team of different disciplines can help society to know the identity of the deceased. The clinical history prior to the death is essential for the recognition of dead bodies, forexample an updated dental form and X- ray. New rules and strategies for data collection make possible the task of the experts.

Questões éticas e legais no preenchimento das fichas clínicas odontológicas / Ethical and legal questions as regards filling out dental clinical charts

Objetivo: Avaliar falhas no preenchimento das fichas clínicas odontológicas dos prontuários de pacientes atendidos na Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, em 2005, sob aspectos éticos e legais. Métodos: A análise estatística descritiva e os testes Pearson Chi-Square (p<0,05), com Correção de Bonferroni, em tabela de contingência (p<0,003) e Anova - Tukey (p<0,05) foram calculados no SPSS. O estudo analisou 881 prontuários de 19 disciplinas. Resultados: O maior percentual de prontuários foi da Estomatologia (12%) e do 8º período do curso (25%). A maior parte da documentação (63,3%) apresentou campos sem preenchimento. A maioria (68%) foi preenchida com letra legível. Rasuras não justificadas estavam em 74,7% da documentação. A maioria dos documentos (98%) foi preenchida à caneta. O plano de tratamento foi assinado pelo orientador em 83%. Havia assinatura no termo de consentimento em 94,9% dos prontuários. Em relação ao número de falhas no preenchimento, 5,1% da documentação não apresentavam falhas; 27,5% uma falha; 42% duas falhas e 23,5% três erros ou mais (média 1,89(± 0,9); percentil 25%=1 e 75%=2). A diferença da proporção de falhas quanto ao preenchimento de todos os campos foi estatisticamente significativa entre os períodos (p<0,05). Conclusão: Uma preocupante proporção de documentos está preenchida de forma incorreta. Há pior preenchimento no 5º, 6º e 7º períodos (p<0,05).

Objective: Evaluate imperfections in filling out dental clinical history charts of patients attended at the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros - Unimontes, in 2005, from the ethical and legal aspects. Method: Descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson's correlation, Chi-Square test (p<0.05) with Bonferroni correction in a contingency table (p<0.003) tests were performed, and Anova - Tukey (p<0.05) were calculate using SPSS software. This study was conducted using 881 clinical history charts of 19 subjects. Results: The highest percentage of charts concerned Stomatology (12%) and 8 th period of the course (25%). The majority (63.3%) of charts had fields left blank and in 68% the handwriting was illegible. Unjustifiable erasures were found in 74.7% of charts. The majority of charts (98%) were filled out in ink. The treatment plan was signed by course tutor in 83% of the cases. The term of consent was signed in the 94.9% of the charts. As regards mistakes, 5.1% of documents had one error; 42% two errors; 23.5% three or more errors (average 1.89 (±0.9);percentile 25%=1; 50%=2 and 75%=2). The difference in the proportion of errors as regards filling out all fields differed statistically among the periods (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that an alarming number of documents were filled out incorrectly. The worst filling out performance was shown in the 5th, 6th and 7th periods (p<0.05).