The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone associated with nasal and paranasal malignant tumors.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical characteristics of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) associated with nasal and paranasal malignant tumors. METHODS: Patients with locally advanced or recurrence/metastatic malignant tumors of the nasal and paranasal sinuses were included. The SIADH was diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria. The clinical characteristics of SIADH patients were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Six patients (6/188, 3.2%) met the diagnostic criteria of SIADH, including four olfactory neuroblastoma (4/26, 15.4%), one neuroendocrine carcinoma (1/9, 11.1%), and one squamous cell carcinoma (1/63, 1.6%). Five patients (83.3%) had severe hyponatremia; however, the hyponatremia could be improved by fluid restriction or tolvaptan. Three patients' SIADH were recovered during the chemotherapy and the other three were recovered after the surgery. CONCLUSION: The incidence of SIADH associated with nasal and paranasal malignant tumors is relatively more common in olfactory neuroblastoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma. The hyponatremia caused by SIADH may be corrected by fluid restriction or tolvaptan, and the SIADH may be recovered through anti-tumor therapy.

Tolvaptan for Treatment of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) in a Child with Corpus Callosum Agenesis.

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is one of the common causes of euvolemic hyponatremia (serum Na+ < 135 mEq/L) in hospitalized children. It is characterized by increased serum ADH, leading to water retention via its action on V2 receptors in the distal renal tubules. Various conditions such as pain, the postoperative state, drugs, central nervous system infections, tumors, malformations, and pneumonia can predispose a person to SIADH. The conventional treatment of SIADH includes fluid restriction and salt supplementation. Occasionally, this may fail to control hyponatremia, mandating pharmacological therapy. V2-receptor antagonists are an FDA-approved therapy for adults with euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. However, there is limited experience with their use in the pediatric population. Here, the authors present a girl with corpus callosum agenesis with severe symptomatic hyponatremia due to SIADH who was successfully managed with the V2-receptor antagonist tolvaptan.

Acid base homeostasis and serum bicarbonate concentration in syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) with hyponatremia.

The Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) presents with excess ADH release caused by a range of conditions; including pneumonia, brain tumors, certain lung cancers, and diseases of the hypothalamus. It presents with significant reduction in both sodium and chloride concentrations in the blood. However, reports examining the acid base status indicate a normal serum bicarbonate concentration and systemic acid base homeostasis. The mechanisms for the absence of abnormalities in acid base homeostasis remain speculative. This mini review is highlighting the recent advances in renal molecular physiology to provide answers for the maintenance of acid base status and serum bicarbonate in a physiological range.

[Reset osmostat syndrome - when hyponatremia become «a normal¼: diagnostics, case report].

Reset osmostat syndrome (ROS) is characterized by a change of normal plasma osmolality threshold (decrease or increase), which leads to chronic dysnatremia (hypo- or hypernatremia). We have described a clinical case of ROS and chronic hyponatremia in a patient with chordoid glioma of the III ventricle. It is known that the patient had previously been diagnosed with hyponatremia (131-134 mmol/l). She has not hypothyroidism and hypocorticism. There is normal filtration function of the kidneys was (CKD-EPI 91.7 ml/mi/1,73m2). Urine osmolality and sodium level were studied to exclude of concentration kidney function disorder. During first three days after removal of the tumor of the third ventricle (chordoid glioma, WHO Grade II), the sodium level decreased to 119 mmol/l. Repeated infusions of 200-300 ml hypertonic 3% sodium chloride solution, gluco- and mineralocorticoid therapy was ineffective, increasing plasma sodium levels by 2-3 mmol/l with the return to the initial level during 6-8 hours. Hypopituitary disorders did not develop after surgery. With further observation, the sodium level remained within 126-129 mmol/l for 6 months after surgery. The water load test make exclude the classic syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, and confirmed the diagnosis of RSO. Because of absence of clinical symptoms associated with hyponatremia, no medical correction was required, patient was recommended to clinical follow-up.

Pituitary Apoplexy-associated Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review.

PURPOSE: This is a case report of a patient experiencing hyponatremia who was ultimately diagnosed with pituitary apoplexy-associated cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS). METHODS: Laboratory tests, clinical evaluations, and magnetic resonance imaging were performed by specialists. FINDINGS: The patient presented with severe headache, thirst, and polyuria. Results of laboratory tests indicated hyponatremia, decreased plasma osmolality, and elevated urine osmolality. Fluid restriction worsened the situation, and normal saline treatment helped return serum sodium and chloride levels to normal. Pituitary apoplexy-associated CSWS was finally considered. IMPLICATIONS: Pituitary apoplexy is a rare but reasonable etiology for CSWS with hyponatremia. Saline therapy is usually effective.

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone with recurrent giant cabergoline-resistant prolactinoma.

A macro pituitary tumour or giant pituitary tumour is regarded as a rare causal factor in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) cases. Previous reports have presented findings showing that blood flow insufficiency related to stress caused by an obstructive mass may lead to inappropriate secretion of arginine vasopressin. On the other hand, prolactin is known to influence water metabolism, and several cases of a macroprolactinoma or giant prolactinoma (PRLoma) in patients with SIADH have been reported. Nevertheless, few studies have examined such a relationship with SIADH and discussion of pathophysiological factors has been limited. The present report provides details of an elderly patient with SIADH in a chronic giant PRLoma. Of note, exacerbation of prolactin level accompanied the occurrence of SIADH. Findings obtained in this case suggest the possibility of development of SIADH in PRLoma cases due to more than only the effect of the mass.

Long-term low-dose tolvaptan efficacy and safety in SIADH.

PURPOSE: Tolvaptan, a selective vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, is approved for the treatment of SIADH-related hyponatremia, but its use is limited. The starting dose is usually 15 mg/day, but recent clinical experience suggests a lower starting dose (<15 mg/day) to reduce the risk of sodium overcorrection. However, long-term low-dose efficacy and safety has not been explored, so far. Aim of our study is to characterize safety and efficacy of long-term SIADH treatment with low-dose Tolvaptan. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 11 patients receiving low-dose Tolvaptan (<15 mg/day) for chronic SIADH due to neurological, idiopathic and neoplastic causes. Plasma sodium levels were measured before and 1, 3, 5, 15 and 30 days after starting Tolvaptan and then at 3-month intervals. Anamnestic and clinical data were collected. RESULTS: Mean time spanned 27.3 ± 29.8 months (range 6 months-7 years). Mean plasma sodium levels were within normal range 1, 3 and 6 months after starting Tolvaptan as well as after 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 years of therapy. Neither osmotic demyelination syndrome nor overcorrection were observed. Plasma sodium levels normalization was associated with beneficial clinical effects. Neurological patients obtained seizures disappearance, improvement in neurological picture and good recovery from rehabilitation. Neoplastic patients were able to start chemotherapy and improved their general condition. Patients did not show hypernatremia during long-term follow-up and reported mild thirst and pollakiuria. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that long-term low-dose Tolvaptan is safe and effective in SIADH treatment. No cases of overcorrection were documented and mild side effects were reported.

Tolvaptan resistance is related with a short-term poor prognosis in patients with lung cancer and syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuresis.

Purpose: Tolvaptan (TVP), a vasopressin receptor antagonist, represents a therapeutic option in the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuresis (SIAD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TVP to treat and solve hyponatremia in oncologic patients. Methods: 15 oncologic patients who developed SIAD have been enrolled. Patients receiving TVP belonged to group A, whereas group B was characterized by hyponatremic patients treated with hypertonic saline solutions and fluid restriction. Results: In group A, the correction of serum sodium was achieved after 3.7±2.8 days. In group B, the target levels were obtained more slowly, after 5.2±3.1 days (p: 0.01) than in group A. The hospital stay and incidence of re-hospitalization were higher in group B than in group A. In this latter, 37% of patients had hyponatremic relapses, notwithstanding the progressive increase of doses from 7.5 to 60 mg per day of TVP, revealing a complete lack of response to TVP. In these patients, a growth of tumor mass or new metastatic lesions has been revealed. Conclusion: TVP improved hyponatremia more efficiently and stably than hypertonic solutions and fluid restrictions. Positive consequences have been obtained about the rate of chemotherapeutical cycles concluded, hospital stay, rate of relapse of hyponatremia, and re-hospitalization. Our study also suggested potential prognostic information that could be deduced from TVP patients, in whom sudden and progressive hyponatremia occurred, despite TVP dosage increase. A re-staging of these patients to rule out tumor mass growth or new metastatic lesions is suggested.

Triphasic response after endoscopic craniopharyngioma resection and its dependency on infundibular preservation or sacrifice.

OBJECTIVE: Surgery is the primary treatment for craniopharyngioma with the preservation of hypothalamic function of paramount importance. Infundibular preservation is debated, as maximal resection decreases recurrence rates but causes hypopituitarism. A triphasic response of diabetes insipidus (DI), syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), and recurrent DI has been described after pituitary surgery, but the impact of infundibular preservation on the triphasic response following craniopharyngioma resection has not been well established. The authors' objective was to assess postoperative fluid and sodium balance and differences in ADH imbalance management following endonasal craniopharyngioma resection based on infundibular transection status. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of 19 patients with craniopharyngioma treated with endoscopic endonasal resection between 2014 and 2021. Resection was dichotomized into infundibular transection or preservation. Postoperative triphasic response, time to DI, and time to ADH replacement were compared using Fisher's exact test and Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Based on surgeon impression, 10 patients had infundibular transection and 9 had infundibular preservation. Overall, 16 patients experienced DI, 12 experienced persistent DI, and 6 experienced SIADH. A postoperative triphasic response occurred in 40% (n = 4) of transection patients without preoperative DI and 11% (n = 1) of preservation patients without preoperative DI. The median time to postoperative DI (0.5 vs 18.0 hours, p = 0.022) and median time to ADH replacement therapy (4.5 vs 24 hours, p = 0.0004) were significantly shorter in the transection group than in the preservation group. CONCLUSIONS: Following endonasal craniopharyngioma resection, the triphasic response occurs in nearly half of infundibular transection cases. DI begins earlier with infundibular transection. On the basis of the study findings in which no patients met the criteria for SIADH or were endocrinologically unstable after postoperative day 6, it is reasonable to suggest that otherwise stable patients can be discharged at or before postoperative day 6 when ADH fluctuations have normalized and endocrinopathy is appropriately managed with oral desmopressin. Infundibular transection status may impact postoperative hormonal replacement strategies, but additional studies should evaluate their efficacies.

Urea as safe treatment for hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone in infant with solitary central incisor and neurofibromatosis-1.

OBJECTIVES: Classic treatment for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is fluid restriction. However, this is not ideal for infants who need large fluid volumes to ensure adequate caloric intake for growth. The use of urea has not been thoroughly studied in children. CASE PRESENTATION: This infant had SIADH complicated by poor growth, solitary central incisor, and NF1. Following failed attempts to correct hyponatremia with fluid restriction and other therapeutics, urea normalized sodium levels and allowed liberalization of formula volumes, which resulted in improved weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: Urea is a safe, cost-effective, long-term treatment for SIADH in infants who are unable to fluid restrict due to caloric goals.

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis as a rare cause of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a rare multisystem necrotizing vasculitis that involves small- to medium-sized blood vessels. We report a rare case of syndrome of the inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion (SIADH) secondary to EGPA. A 53-year-old man applied with complaints of pain in the large joints and morning stiffness in knee for 2 months. The patient had the history of impaired fasting glucose, asthma, nasal polyps, and urticaria. Physical examination revealed intrinsic muscle atrophy and weakness in the right hand. Peripheral eosinophil count was 9.78 × 109/L (0.02-0.5), erythrocyte sedimentation rate 39 mm/h (0-20), and C-reactive protein 5.77 mg/dL (0-0.5). Migratory ground-glass pulmonary opacities had been reported in previous chest computed tomography scans. Echocardiography revealed findings compatible with eosinophilic involvement. Electroneuromyographic evaluation showed acute distal axonal neuropathy of right ulnar nerve. EGPA was considered. Oral methylprednisolone treatment was initiated. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and cyclophosphamide treatment and gradual tapering of oral steroids were planned. In 24-h urine analysis, sodium was 387 mEq, creatinine was 1156 mg, and volume was 3000 mL. When his medical records were investigated, it was observed that hyponatremia was present for nearly 2 years. While serum osmolality was 270, urine osmolality was 604 mOsm/kg H2O. So, SIADH diagnosis was made. Fluid intake was restricted. Although the patient's sodium level did not return to normal, it rose up to 130 mEq/L. After second cycle of EGPA treatment (cyclophosphamide and IVIG), serum sodium was normal. There is only four other documented cases of SIADH associated with EGPA. We hypothesized that blood supply to the hypothalamus and/or posterior hypophysis might be affected from EGPA vasculitis. Here, in this case, with effective treatment of EGPA, SIADH was resolved which implies a causality between two conditions.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis and Diabetes Insipidus as Two Sides of the Same Coin in Hypothalamic Lymphoma: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Hypothalamic-pituitary region lymphoma is rare and diabetes insipidus (DI) represents one of the most common endocrine manifestations. We report the first case of hypothalamic lymphoma associated with both the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) and DI. CASE PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old woman with a history of stage IV large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, underwent atypical right lung resection for pulmonary nodules. A few days after surgery, the patient presented severe normovolemic hyponatremia and serum hypo-osmolarity, therefore, we suspected a paraneoplastic syndrome (SIAD) related to the lung neoplasm, histologically diagnosed as typical carcinoid. The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a 9 mm lesion in the hypothalamic region that significantly increased one month later with the onset of neurological symptoms. A trans-sphenoidal biopsy showed localization of the large B-cell lymphoma. After surgery, the patient presented with polyuria and polydipsia, so desmopressin therapy was started. In the following days, serum osmolarity and sodium fluctuated between normal and low values, then DI was excluded, and SIAD became more likely. Desmopressin therapy was discontinued and hyponatremia was treated with sodium infusion. Hypothalamic lymphoma was treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy with substantial shrinkage. The hyponatremia persisted during anticancer treatments and improved only after radiotherapy, confirming paraneoplastic SIAD. CONCLUSION: Lymphomas of the hypothalamic region can cause electrolyte imbalance for various causes. The differential diagnosis between SIAD, DI and impaired thirst centers may not be straightforward and the electrolyte disorders must be evaluated step by step in all different stages of the disease.

Functional Olfactory Neuroblastoma Inducing Symptomatic SIADH.

Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare malignancy of the sinonasal cavity, originating from neuroepithelial olfactory cells. Olfactory neuroblastoma can be difficult to diagnose due to its anatomic position and variable symptomatic presentation, leading to diagnosis at a more advanced stage. Here, we present the case of a 35-year-old man with no previous medical history who had a bicycle accident secondary to syncope. He was found to be hyponatremic and suspected to have syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). In the workup of SIADH, a brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass in the left middle meatus. The lesion secreted inappropriate amounts of ADH, resulting in symptomatic paraneoplastic SIADH. This ultimately led to the early recognition and successful resection of this rare ONB. The patient has remained disease-free for over 5 years. This case is a fortunate example of a functional malignancy of the sinonasal tract that was discovered early and successfully treated as a result of symptomatic SIADH.

Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone as an initial sign of primary central nervous system lymphomas in the hypothalamus.

BACKGROUND: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) rarely originates in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic PCNSL can present with various symptoms specific to dysfunction of the hypothalamus, including consciousness disturbance, cognitive impairment, hypopituitarism, and diabetes insipidus (DI). However, it remains unclear whether syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) can present as an initial sign of hypothalamic PCNSL. METHODS: Ninety-nine patients with PCNSL were diagnosed between January 2006 and December 2020 at our institutes. The initial symptoms and signs, hypothalamic-pituitary functions, serum sodium (Na) value, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score on admission, and duration from onset to diagnosis were retrospectively investigated from the medical charts. RESULTS: Eight and 91 patients had hypothalamic PCNSL (hypothalamic group) and PCNSL located in other regions (control group), respectively. Patients' pathological diagnoses were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (97 patients) and intravascular lymphoma (two patients). Six patients presented with hyponatremia derived from SIADH or suspected SIADH, and one presented with DI. Statistically significant differences between the hypothalamic and control groups were detected only in the preoperative serum Na values and KPS scores. CONCLUSION: SIADH can be an initial presentation of hypothalamic PCNSL. Early detection of hypothalamic PCNSL from SIADH may lead to proper management and improved prognosis.

Esthesioneuroblastoma presenting as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

Hyponatremia is the most common fluid electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is the main cause of normovolemic hyponatremia, it can be caused by diverse etiologies: malignant tumors are the most feared cause that clinician persists in finding. Exceptionally, SIADH can complicate Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) or olfactory neuroblastoma, a rare tumor of the nasal sinus cavities. We report the case of a 26-year-old female patient admitted for recurrent headaches and vomiting, with a profound normovolemic hyponatremia at the initial assessment. Biological explorations have concluded in a SIADH. Imaging showed a mass of the left nasal cavity with extensions to the ipsilateral paranasal sinuses. The biopsy of the lesion, under endoscopic control, was inconclusive. The anatomopathological study, after surgical removal, concluded in ENB. The postoperative evolution was marked by the normalization of the natremia.

Case report: Twice-daily tolvaptan dosing regimen in a challenging case of hyponatremia due to SIAD.

Background: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) is one of the most frequent causes of euvolemic hyponatremia (serum sodium levels < 135 mEq/L) and it represents more than 35% of hyponatremia cases in hospitalized patients. It is characterized by an inappropriate vasopressin (AVP)/antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, which occurs independently from effective serum osmolality or circulating volume, leading to water retention via its action on type 2 vasopressin receptor in the distal renal tubules. Corpus callosum agenesis (CCA) is one of the most common congenital brain defects, which can be associated to alterations in serum sodium levels. This report presents a rare case of chronic hyponatremia associated with SIAD in a woman with CCA, whose correction of serum sodium levels only occurred following twice-daily tolvaptan administration. Case presentation: A 30-year-old female was admitted to our hospital for non-acute hyponatremia with dizziness, headache, distal tremors, and concentration deficits. She had profound hyponatremia (Na 121 mmol/L) with measured plasma hypo-osmolality (259 mOsm/Kg) and urinary osmolality greater than 100 mOsm/Kg (517 mOsm/Kg). She presented clinically as normovolemic. After the exclusion of other causes of normovolemic hyponatremia, such as hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency, a diagnosis of SIAD was established. We have ruled out paraneoplastic, inflammatory, and infectious causes, as well as ischemic events. Her medical history showed a CCA and frontal teratoma. We administered tolvaptan initially at a low dosage (15 mg once a day) with persistence of hyponatremia. Therefore, the dosage was first doubled (30 mg once a day) and then increased to 45 mg once a day with an initial improvement in serum sodium levels, although not long-lasting. We therefore tried dividing the 45 mg tolvaptan administration into two doses of 30 mg and 15 mg respectively, using an off-label treatment schedule, thus achieving long-lasting serum sodium levels in the low-normal range associated with a general clinical improvement. Conclusions: This report underlines the importance of the correct diagnosis, management and treatment of SIAD, as well as the need for further studies about the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vasopressin receptor antagonists.

Disorders of Salt and Water Balance After Pituitary Surgery.

Transsphenoidal surgery is the first-line treatment for many clinically significant pituitary tumors and sellar lesions. Although complication rates are low when performed at high-volume centers, disorders of salt and water balance are relatively common postoperatively. Both, or either, central diabetes insipidus (recently renamed arginine vasopressin deficiency - AVP-D), caused by a deficiency in production and/or secretion of arginine vasopressin, and hyponatremia, most commonly secondary to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, may occur. These conditions can extend hospital stay and increase the risk of readmission. This article discusses common presentations of salt and water balance disorders following pituitary surgery, the pathophysiology of these conditions, and their diagnosis and management.

Paraneoplastic syndromes: A focus on pathophysiology and supportive care.

PURPOSE: This article aims to increase awareness of, outline pathophysiology for, and offer guidance on supportive care strategies for specific endocrine, neurological, and immunological syndromes associated with paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs). SUMMARY: PNS refers to remote effects that cannot be attributed to the direct or invasive effects of a malignancy. These syndromes are considered clinically important because they may provide early recognition, diagnosis, and management of the malignancy in a timely manner. Many of their presenting symptoms such as ectopic Cushing's syndrome, hypercalcemia of malignancy (HCM), syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), neurological dysfunctions, and paraneoplastic autoimmune thrombocytopenia overlap with those of nonneoplastic disorders, yet their pathogenesis and responses to treatments differ. Management of ectopic Cushing's syndrome due to a PNS consists of treatment of the underlying malignancy and its comorbidities. Drug therapies may include ketoconazole, mitotane, metyrapone, somatostatin analogs, and dopamine agonists. Hypercalcemia may be classified into cases with parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent causes or PTH-independent causes such as HCM, in which osteoclast inhibitors may be deployed. Treatments of PNS-mediated SIADH include treatment of the underlying malignancy and strategies to increase serum sodium levels. Amifampridine is now considered the first-line agent for paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, whereas steroids, intravenous immune globulin, thrombopoietin receptor agonists (eg, romiplostim, eltrombopag, and avatrombopag), fostamatinib, and rituximab may find their niche in treatment of PNS-mediated autoimmune thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSION: Supportive care for PNSs lends opportunities to pharmacists to add quality, value, and safety.

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. / Síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética.

Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolytic disorder in hospitalized patients, and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), the most frequent cause of hiponatremia with clinically normal extracellular volume. It consists of a disorder of the regulation of body water that obeys to different causes, mainly cancer, pulmonary illnesses, disorders of the central nervous system and diverse drugs. As in any hiponatremia it a physiological knowledge of the regulation of body water and sodium is essential as well as the application of precise diagnostic criteria in order to manage the problem with an effective treatment. The available data until the moment show that the clinical diagnosis of SIADH made by professionals is mainly not supported on the established criteria drawn by experts and this lack of accuracy probably hits in the therapeutic result. The basis of the treatment of the SIADH is to correct its cause, water restriction, solutes (sodium chloride) and the use of vaptans in case of failure of the previous measures.

An observational study on clinico aetiological profile and response to treatment and outcome of patients diagnosed with severe hyponatremia in medicine intensive care unit of a tertiary care centre.

Hyponatremia is defined as serum sodium concentration less than 135meq/l. More severe symptoms are seen when serum sodium falls below 120 meq/l. Hyponatremia in ICU is a very common scenario. Treatment strategy is decided after thorough history taking and clinical examination. Judicious treatment is necessary as rapid correction and delayed correction both can lead to various neurological sequelae. This study was done on critically ill patients who had hyponatremia on the day of admission and clinical and aetiological profile was studied. MATERIAL: An observational study was conducted between March 2020 to July 2021. With in this period of time 210 patients got admitted in medical ICU with serum sodium value less than 120meq/L on the day of admission. Clinico aetiological profile in terms of age, gender, symptoms, co morbidities, response to standard treatment approach, time taken for correction and complications were studied. OBSERVATION: Mean age was 65.5 years. 52.3 % of patients were male. SYMPTOMS: 92.3% had generalised weakness. 89.5% had confusion. 83.8% had nausea and vomiting. 23.8% had body swelling. 26.1% had restlessness. 9% had loss of consciousness and 7.6% had diarrhoea. Comorbidities: Hypertension was present in 41.4% of the patients. Diabetes was present in 24.7%. Hypothyroidism was present in 14.2%. Heart failure, cirrhosis or chronic kidney disease was present in 22.8%. Known pulmonary disease was present in 11.9%. 11.9% patients had history of taking diuretic drugs along with other factors. 1.1% patients were taking other SIADH causing drugs. 94.2% patients had history of low solute intake. In 93.3% Patients hyponatremia was multifactorial. 70.4% patients had hyponatremia due to increased renal excretion of sodium. 82.8% patients were having SIADH. 12.3 % patients had hypokalemia too. DIAGNOSIS: 35.7% patients had intracerebral pathology like CVA, meningitis or SOL. 32.3% had sepsis or underlying infection. 21.9% had dilutional hyponatremia due to underlying CKD/HF/CLD. 7.1% had adrenal insufficiency. 3% patients had other causes of hyponatremia like SIADH causing drugs and malignancy. Mean time to correction of hyponatremia with standard treatment methods was observed to be 3.5 days after admission. COMPLICATIONS: 20.9% patients died in ICU stay. One Patient presenting with Acute liver failure, sepsis developed locked in syndrome. Two Patients developed rest tremor. CONCLUSION: Hyponatremia in ICU in seen in elderly patients more commonly. Hyponatremia remains associated with diseases involving every organ system. Treatment strategies differ with clinical presentation of the patient. Prompt diagnosis and correction at proper pace prevents dreaded complications.