Tuina Intervention in Sodium Monoiodoacetate Injection-Induced Rat Model of Knee Osteoarthritis.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA), a common degenerative joint disorder, is characterized by chronic pain and disability, which can progress to irreparable structural damage of the joint. Investigations into the link between articular cartilage, muscles, synovium, and other tissues surrounding the knee joint in KOA are of great importance. Currently, managing KOA includes lifestyle modifications, exercise, medication, and surgical interventions; however, the elucidation of the intricate mechanisms underlying KOA-related pain is still lacking. Consequently, KOA pain remains a key clinical challenge and a therapeutic priority. Tuina has been found to have a regulatory effect on the motor, immune, and endocrine systems, prompting the exploration of whether Tuina could alleviate KOA symptoms, caused by the upregulation of inflammatory factors, and further, if the inflammatory factors in skeletal muscle can augment the progression of KOA. We randomized 32 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (180-220 g) into four groups of eight animals each: antiPD-L1+Tuina (group A), model (group B), Tuina (group C), and sham surgery (group D). For groups A, B, and C, we injected 25 µL of sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA) solution (4 mg MIA diluted in 25 µL of sterile saline solution) into the right knee joint cavity, and for group D, the same amount of sterile physiological saline was injected. All the groups were evaluated using the least to most stressful tests (paw mechanical withdrawal threshold, paw withdrawal thermal latency, swelling of the right knee joint, Lequesne MG score, skin temperature) before injection and 2, 9, and 16 days after injection.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Signaling Mechanism of Glycine max Hydrolyzed with Enzymes from Bacillus velezensis KMU01 in a Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Colitis Mouse Model.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that Glycine max hydrolyzed with enzymes from Bacillus velezensis KMU01 has on dextran-sulfate-sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Hydrolysis improves functional health through the bioconversion of raw materials and increase in intestinal absorption rate and antioxidants. Therefore, G. max was hydrolyzed in this study using a food-derived microorganism, and its anti-inflammatory effect was observed. Enzymatically hydrolyzed G. max (EHG) was orally administered once daily for four weeks before DSS treatment. Colitis was induced in mice through the consumption of 5% (w/v) DSS in drinking water for eight days. The results showed that EHG treatment significantly alleviated DSS-induced body weight loss and decreased the disease activity index and colon length. In addition, EHG markedly reduced tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 production, and increased that of IL-10. EHG improved DSS-induced histological changes and intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in mice. Moreover, we found that the abundance of 15 microorganisms changed significantly; that of Proteobacteria and Escherichia coli, which are upregulated in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, decreased after EHG treatment. These results suggest that EHG has a protective effect against DSS-induced colitis and is a potential candidate for colitis treatment.

Dietary sodium restriction prevents vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor-induced hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (VEGFIs) are effective anticancer agents which often induce hypertension. VEGFI-induced hypertension is sodium-sensitive in animal studies. Therefore, the efficacy of dietary sodium restriction (DSR) to prevent VEGFI-induced hypertension in cancer patients was studied. METHODS: Cancer patients with VEGFI-induced hypertension (day mean >135/85 mmHg or a rise in systolic and/or diastolic BP ≥ 20 mmHg) were treated with DSR (aiming at <4 g salt/day). The primary endpoint was the difference in daytime mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) increase between the treatment cycle with and without DSR. RESULTS: During the first VEGFI treatment cycle without DSR, mean daytime MAP increased from 95 to 110 mmHg. During the subsequent treatment cycle with DSR, mean daytime MAP increased from 94 to 102 mmHg. Therefore, DSR attenuated the increase in mean daytime MAP by 7 mmHg (95% CI 1.3-12.0, P = 0.009). DSR prevented the rise in the endothelin-1/renin ratio that normally accompanies VEGFI-induced hypertension (P = 0.020) and prevented the onset of proteinuria: 0.15 (0.10-0.25) g/24 h with DSR versus 0.19 (0.11-0.32) g/24 h without DSR; P = 0.005. DISCUSSION: DSR significantly attenuated VEGFI induced BP rise and proteinuria and thus is an effective non-pharmacological intervention.

The protective effect of pomegranate peel aqueous extract on selenite-induced cataract in rats.

The present study was performed to evaluate the preventive effect of pomegranate peel extract on sodium-induced cataract in rats. Sprague-Dawley suckling male rats were divided into four groups: group C: rats received no treatment, group P: rats received pomegranate peel aqueous extract (PPE) orally, group Se: rats received an injection of sodium selenite, group Se + P: rats received PPE and sodium selenite concomitantly. After 4 weeks, rats were sacrificed, and their lenses were homogenized and evaluated for biochemical parameters and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the Se group, developed cataract with significant lens opacity was observed. Other changes in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative parameters, solubility of proteins, in NO and Ca levels and the electrophoresis pattern of proteins were observed in lenses of the Se group compared to control groups. After the preventive administration of PPE, most of these parameters were normalized due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Cataract is one of the leading causes of vision impairment among the elderly, and surgery is the major therapeutic step taken to cure it. However, surgery has its limitations and complications. Therefore, prevention of cataract development, especially in high-risk individuals, can be better than cure. Pomegranate peel extract has a high potential to prevent cataract in these people.

[The effect of natural mineral bicarbonate sodium-calcium water «Tib-1¼ on the antioxidant status of rats with adjuvant rheumatoid arthritis]. / Vliyanie prirodnoi mineral'noi gidrokarbonatnoi natrievo-kal'tsievoi vody «Tib-1¼ na antioksidantnyi status krys s ad"yuvantnym revmatoidnym artritom.

The combination of traditional basic pharmacotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and physiotherapeutic methods can reduce the activity of the disease and accelerate the onset of remission, and therefore the development of new non-drug methods for the treatment of RA is relevant. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Study of the effect of natural mineral water « Tib-1¼ on the lipid peroxidation system in an experiment with a model adjuvant-induced RA in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The object of the study were Wistar rats, divided into three groups: negative control (solvents), positive control (model of adjuvant-induced RA by subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant) and experimental (correction of RA with mineral water « Tib-1¼, diluted in a ratio of 1:3 during the first 2 weeks from the moment the model was formed in the ad libitum mode). On the 3rd and 7th weeks in the blood of the animals were determined: the total number of leukocytes, the content of hydroperoxides according to Gavrilov, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase activity. Pathological changes in the hip and knee joints were recorded using radiography. RESULTS: The inflammatory process in the positive control group by the 3rd week was characterized by an increase in the number of leukocytes by 66% (p<0.01) and was accompanied by an increase in MDA by 60% (p<0.001). By the 7th week, despite a relative increase in catalase activity (16%), the MDA level continued to be elevated compared to the negative control by 67% (p<0.001). Against the background of exposure to mineral water, inflammation decreased (the number of leukocytes in the "model/experiment" groups turned out to be reduced by 41%; p<0.01) and an increase in compensatory-adaptive reactions in the form of catalase activation was noted (by 8%; p<0.01), which was accompanied by a persistent (weeks 3 and 7) decrease in MDA output (by 20%; p<0.01). Using the method of radiation diagnostics, positive changes in the articular apparatus of experimental animals were revealed, consisting in the relief of signs of subchondral sclerosis of the bone heads, which were noted for animals of the model group. CONCLUSION: The use of natural mineral water «Tib-1¼ helps to reduce the acute inflammatory response during the formation of adjuvant-induced RA in Wistar rats, initiates the normalization of the balance of pro- and antioxidant processes in the body, and minimizes the intensity of degenerative-inflammatory joint lesions.

A case of anti-HMGCR myopathy triggered by sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

Inflammatory myopathies, including immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), are a rare and heterogeneous group of autoimmune diseases which can even involve extramuscular districts and seriously impact patients' quality of life. We report the case of a 76-year-old woman who developed muscle weakness, fatigue, and increased CK, following treatment with dapagliflozin, a sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, and metformin. Neurophysiology, muscle biopsy, and antibody dosage confirmed the diagnosis of IMNM. The temporal correlation between the onset of clinical manifestations and the increase in the dosage of antidiabetic drugs, the improvement of symptoms with the dechallenge of dapagliflozin, and the exclusion of other possible causes triggering myopathy suggests that this may be the first case of dapagliflozin-induced myopathy, different from the former one associated with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors.

[SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE SECRETION AS A SIDE EFFECT OF CHEMOTHERAPY FOR URACHAL CARCINOMA: A CASE REPORT].

A 54-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of gross hematuria and difficulty urinating. Cystoscopy revealed a tumor 4 cm in size with calcification on top of the bladder. After diagnosis of urachal carcinoma by transurethral resection of the bladder, partial cystectomy with en bloc resection of the median umbilical ligament and pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed. Pathological diagnosis confirmed urachal carcinoma, pT3b, ly1, v0, pN1, RM0. TS-1 and cisplatin chemotherapy (TS-1 at 100 mg/day on days 1-21, CDDP at 60 mg/m2 on day 8) was administered. On day 13, the patient was admitted because of consciousness disorder (Glasgow Coma Scale E2V1M4). Hyponatremia (Na 109 mEq/l) and renal excretion of sodium were present and the patient was diagnosed with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) induced by chemotherapy. Serum sodium level and her consciousness level gradually improved after administration of 3% saline. SIADH caused by chemotherapy containing cisplatin is a relatively rare, but potentially serious adverse effect that requires close attention.

Evaluation of exposure to effervescent drugs in a large health check-up population in France: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: The relationship between high dietary sodium intake and hypertension is well established. Some drugs are associated with high-sodium content, particularly effervescent tablets (ETs). Despite a possible cardiovascular risk associated with the use of such drugs, observational data describing exposure to ETs in ambulatory subjects are lacking.This study aims to estimate the prevalence of exposure to ETs and to highlight factors associated with this exposure in a large French health check-up population. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Participants were French individuals who underwent medical check-ups at the Investigations Préventives et Cliniques centre between April and June 2017. RESULTS: In total, 1043 subjects were included in the study. The prevalence of exposure to ETs in the last 30 days was 26.9% (95% CI 24.2% to 29.6%). Exposure was frequent (ie, two ETs per week or more in the last 30 days) for 7.3% of subjects. Self-medication was the major source of exposure (93.8%). Paracetamol, aspirin, vitamins and betaine accounted for 95.3% of the ETs used. The factors associated with this exposure by multivariate analysis were: male gender, Overseas French origin, depression and body mass index ≥25 kg/m2. A diagnosis of hypertension or treatment with diuretics were not protective factors against exposure to ETs. CONCLUSION: Exposure to ETs is frequent in the general population, particularly through self-medication. Clinical conditions associated with low-salt requirements were not associated with lower exposure to ETs, suggesting a lack of awareness by practitioners and patients about this iatrogenic issue.

Maintenance fluid therapy and fluid creep impose more significant fluid, sodium, and chloride burdens than resuscitation fluids in critically ill patients: a retrospective study in a tertiary mixed ICU population.

PURPOSE: Research on intravenous fluid therapy and its side effects, volume, sodium, and chloride overload, has focused almost exclusively on the resuscitation setting. We aimed to quantify all fluid sources in the ICU and assess fluid creep, the hidden and unintentional volume administered as a vehicle for medication or electrolytes. METHODS: We precisely recorded the volume, sodium, and chloride burdens imposed by every fluid source administered to 14,654 patients during the cumulative 103,098 days they resided in our 45-bed tertiary ICU and simulated the impact of important strategic fluid choices on patients' chloride burdens. In septic patients, we assessed the impact of the different fluid sources on cumulative fluid balance, an established marker of morbidity. RESULTS: Maintenance and replacement fluids accounted for 24.7% of the mean daily total fluid volume, thereby far exceeding resuscitation fluids (6.5%) and were the most important sources of sodium and chloride. Fluid creep represented a striking 32.6% of the mean daily total fluid volume [median 645 mL (IQR 308-1039 mL)]. Chloride levels can be more effectively reduced by adopting a hypotonic maintenance strategy [a daily difference in chloride burden of 30.8 mmol (95% CI 30.5-31.1)] than a balanced resuscitation strategy [daily difference 3.0 mmol (95% CI 2.9-3.1)]. In septic patients, non-resuscitation fluids had a larger absolute impact on cumulative fluid balance than did resuscitation fluids. CONCLUSIONS: Inadvertent daily volume, sodium, and chloride loading should be avoided when prescribing maintenance fluids in view of the vast amounts of fluid creep. This is especially important when adopting an isotonic maintenance strategy.

Comparação do consumo de sódio e fibras entre adolescentes de ambos os sexos / Comparison of sodium and fiber consumption among adolescents of both sex / Comparación del consumo de sodio y fibra entre adolescentes de ambos sexos

Embora apresentem manifestação clínica na idade adulta, há fortes evidências de que as doenças cardiovasculares podem ter início na infância e na adolescência, sendo os fatores dietéticos os mais condicionantes. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar o consumo de sódio e fibras entre adolescentes de ambos os sexos de uma escola pública de Petrolina, Pernambuco. Tratou-se de estudo transversal, realizado nos meses de fevereiro de 2013 a novembro de 2014, com alunos matriculados da faixa etária de 15-17 anos de ambos os sexos, totalizando 209 participantes. Foi usado o Recordatório 24 horas como instrumento de avaliação do consumo alimentar. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria, de ambos os sexos, apresentou o consumo de sódio superior ao recomendo (2.000 mg de sódio). Enquanto que, para ingestão de fibras, a maioria apresentou um consumo inferior. Concluiu-se que não foi observada diferença estatísticas entre sexo, faixa etária e o consumo de sódio e fibra, destacando a necessidade de intervenções nos hábitos de vida devem ser iniciadas o mais cedo possível, inclusive na adolescência, fase em que ocorrem mudanças importantes de personalidade e o indivíduo ganha autonomia para escolher seu próprio alimento, sendo considerada como uma fase favorável para a consolidação de hábitos que poderão trazer implicações diretas para a saúde na idade adulta.

Although they present clinical manifestations in adulthood, there is strong evidence that cardiovascular diseases can begin in childhood and adolescence, with dietary factors being the most conditioning factors. The objective of this research was to compare the consumption of sodium and fiber among adolescents of both genders from a public school in Petrolina, Pernambuco. It was a cross-sectional study carried out between February 2013 and November 2014, with enrolled students from age group 15-17 years of both genders, totaling 209 participants. A 24-hour Recall was used as instrument for the evaluation of food consumption. The results indicated that the majority of both genders presented sodium consumption higher than the recommendation (2.000mg of sodium). While for fiber intake, the majority presented consumption inferior to the recommendation. In conclusion, no statistical difference was observed between gender, age group and consumption of sodium and fiber, highlighting the need for interventions in life habits to begin as early as possible, including in adolescence, when important personality changes occur and the individual gains autonomy to choose his own food and is considered a favorable phase for the consolidation of habits that may have direct implications for health in adulthood.

Mismo presentando manifestación clínica en la edad adulta, hay fuertes evidencias de que las enfermedades cardiovasculares pueden comenzar en la infancia y la adolescencia, siendo los factores dietéticos más condicionantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar el consumo de sodio y fibras entre adolescentes de ambos los sexos de una escuela pública de Petrolina, Pernambuco. Para ello, se produjo un estudio transversal, realizado en los meses de febrero de 2013 a noviembre de 2014, con alumnos matriculados del grupo de edad de 15-17 años de ambos sexos, totalizando 209 participantes, siendo utilizado el Recordatorio 24 horas como instrumento de evaluación del consumo de alimentos. Los resultados indicaron que la mayoría de ambos sexos presentó el consumo de sodio superior a la recomendación (2000mg de sodio). Mientras que, para la ingestión de fibras, la mayoría presentó un consumo inferior. Se concluyó que no se observó diferencia estadística entre sexo, grupo de edad y el consumo de sodio y fibra, destacando la necesidad de que intervenciones en los hábitos de vida deben ser iniciadas lo antes posible, incluso en la adolescencia, fase en que ocurren cambios importantes de personalidad y el individuo gana autonomía para escoger su propio alimento, siendo considerada como una fase favorable para la consolidación de hábitos que pueden traer implicaciones directas para la salud en la edad adulta.

[Deaths and life expectancy losses attributable to diet high in sodium in China].

Objective: To quantitatively estimate the deaths and life expectancy losses attributable to diet high in sodium in China, and examine the gains and shifts under different control scenarios of sodium consumption. Methods: Based on data from the cause-of-death through the National Mortality Surveillance System, and 24 hours urinary sodium values from Global Burden of Disease study on Chinese's estimates, population attributable fractions with the framework of comparative risk assessment were used to analyze the deaths and life expectancy losses due to diet high in sodium. The same methods were followed to examine the gains and shifts under different control scenarios of sodium consumption. Results: In 2013, 1 430 (940 for men and 490 for women) thousand deaths were attributable to diet high in sodium, accounting for 15.6% (17.4% for men and 13.0% for women) of all-cause deaths in China, which causing 2.17 (2.49 for men and 1.71 for women) years of life expectancy loss. Diet with high sodium in 2013 caused 1 200, 50 and 180 thousand deaths from cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and stomach cancer respectively, accounting for 31.5%, 30.8% and 64.8% of those specific causes. Comparing to the baseline in 2013, if the targets of 10% decrease of sodium consumption by 2020 and 15% by 2030 for Chinese chronic disease prevention and treatment planning, and 30% decrease by 2030 for WHO non-communicable disease monitoring framework are achieved, 220, 340 and 730 thousand deaths will be averted, which may gain 0.30, 0.45 and 0.95 years of life expectancy, respectively. Conclusions: As one of the leading risk factors, diet high in sodium had caused heavy burden of disease from cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and stomach cancer on Chinese residents. Intervention programs on sodium-reduction are urgently needed in China and related cost-effectiveness is highly expected.

Hypotonic fluid reduce serum sodium compared to isotonic fluids during anesthesia induction in pediatric patients undergoing maxillofacial surgery-type of infusion affects blood electrolytes and glucose: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Reportedly, administration of hypotonic fluids containing 30.8-74 mEq/L sodium with 5 % glucose may lead to serious hyponatremia or hyperglycemia. In Japan, hypotonic fluids containing 90 mEq/L sodium with 2.6 % glucose are commonly used. We compared blood electrolyte balance and blood glucose concentration with the use of isotonic (140 mEq/L sodium with 1 % glucose) versus hypotonic fluids in pediatric patients. METHODS: We studied 77 children aged 5 months to 2 years who underwent oro-maxillofacial surgery and dental treatment under general anesthesia. Patients were categorized according to the fluids infused (hypotonic or isotonic). Blood samples were obtained from the dorsalis pedis artery between the conclusion of anesthesia induction and commencement of surgery. We compared blood sodium, potassium and glucose concentrations in the two fluid groups during the pre-anesthesia and post-anesthesia-induction periods. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in pre-anesthesia values between isotonic (n = 35) and hypotonic groups (n = 42). There were significant differences between isotonic and hypotonic groups in post-anesthesia-induction concentrations of sodium (isotonic, 138.7 ± 1.4 mEq/L; hypotonic, 137.5 ± 1.3 mEq/L; p = 0.0003) and glucose (isotonic, 88.0 ± 9.4 mg/dL; hypotonic, 109.9 ± 18.4 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), while potassium concentrations were not significantly different (isotonic, 4.0 ± 0.3 mEq/L; hypotonic, 4.0 ± 0.2 mEq/L; p = 0.6615) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Isotonic solution administration enables avoidance of serum sodium reduction and serum glucose elevation in infants, and may therefore enhance patient safety in comparison with hypotonic solutions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry ( UMIN000014648 ), registration 25 July 2014.

Sodium Amount in Hospital Meals in Rio de Janeiro / Quantidade de Sódio em Refeições de Unidade Hospitalar no Rio de Janeiro

No tratamento de hipertensos que estejam hospitalizados, o uso de medicamentos deve ser combinado à terapia não medicamentosa. Em relação à alimentação, o sódio contribui para o aumento da pressão arterial e é amplamente utilizado na preparação de produtos industrializados e nas refeições servidas aos pacientes. Estas devem estar de acordo com as diretrizes para hipertensão, visto que a internação se destina à promoção e recuperação da saúde. Objetivos: Analisar a quantidade de sódio oferecida a pacientes hospitalizados, inclusive hipertensos, nas refeições de uma unidade hospitalar e propor cardápios ajustados, se necessário. Métodos: A partir da observação dos cardápios oferecidos em sete dias, a quantidade de sódio foi contabilizada considerando o porcionamento dos alimentos por medidas caseiras e comparando com a tabela de composição dos alimentos. Posteriormente, foram propostos dois cardápios em que a quantidade de sódio não ultrapassasse a recomendação de 2000mg/dia. Resultados: Considerando a recomendação diária de sódio de 2000mg para hipertensos, encontrou-se média de3475±174mg nas refeições, superior em 73,0% ao preconizado. Os cardápios ajustados apresentaram adequação em comparação ao realizado pela unidade hospitalar, sendo um com redução de 66,0% (1682mg) e outro com redução de 47,0% (1994mg). Conclusões: Observou-se que a unidade hospitalar estudada ofereceu quantidades excedentes de sódio nas refeições dos pacientes, inclusive para os que apresentavam hipertensão. Intervenções simples, como a retirada de produtos industrializados e o controle no sal de adição, permitiram uma redução expressiva da quantidade de sódio em relação ao cardápio oferecido pela Unidade hospitalar...

In the treatment of hospitalized hypertensive patients, the use of drugs should be combined with drug therapy. As for food, sodium contributes to increased blood pressure and is widely used in the preparation of processed products and the meals served to the patients. These meals should follow the guidelines for hypertension, since hospital stay is designed to promote and restore health. Objectives: To analyze the amount of sodium offered to hospitalized patients, including hypertensive patients, in the meals of a hospital and propose adjusted menus if necessary. Methods: By observing the menus offered over seven days, the amount of sodium was assessed considering the food servings by cooking measurements and comparing with the food composition table. Subsequently, two menus have been proposed in which the amount of sodium did not exceed the recommendation of 2000mg/day. Results: Considering the daily sodium amount of 2000mg recommended for hypertensive patients, 3475±174mg was found inthe meals, which is 73.0% higher than the recommended amount. The adjusted menus were appropriate compared to that adopted by the hospital, with a reduction of 66.0% (1682mg) and another one with reduction of 47.0% (1994mg). Conclusions: It was observed that the hospital studied offered excess amounts of sodium in the patients’ meals, including those with hypertension. Simple interventions such as the removal of processed foods and control of added salt allowed a significant reduction in the amount of sodium considering the menu offered by the hospital...

Sodium intake is associated with increased disease activity in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Recently, salt has been shown to modulate the differentiation of human and mouse Th17 cells and mice that were fed a high-sodium diet were described to develop more aggressive courses of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, the role of sodium intake in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been addressed. We aimed to investigate the relationship between salt consumption and clinical and radiological disease activity in MS. METHODS: We conducted an observational study in which sodium intake was estimated from sodium excretion in urine samples from a cohort of 70 relapsing-remitting patients with MS who were followed for 2 years. The effect of sodium intake in MS disease activity was estimated using regression analysis. We then replicated our findings in a separate group of 52 patients with MS. RESULTS: We found a positive correlation between exacerbation rates and sodium intake in a multivariate model adjusted for age, gender, disease duration, smoking status, vitamin D levels, body mass index and treatment. We found an exacerbation rate that was 2.75-fold (95% CI 1.3 to 5.8) or 3.95-fold (95% CI 1.4 to 11.2) higher in patients with medium or high sodium intakes compared with the low-intake group. Additionally, individuals with high-sodium intake had a 3.4-fold greater chance of developing a new lesion on the MRI and on average had eight more T2 lesions on MRI. A similar relationship was found in the independent replication group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a higher sodium intake is associated with increased clinical and radiological disease activity in patients with MS.

Efeito antinatriorexigênico e ansiolítico da administração intracerebral de carvacrol em ratos: influência das vias serotoninérgicas, adrenérgicas e possíveis áreas cerebrais envolvidas / Antinatriorexigenic and anxiolytic effect of the intracerebral administration of carvacrol in rats: influence of serotonergic and adrenergic pathways and possible brain Areas involved

O óleo essencial do orégano apresenta entre seus principais constituintes o carvacrol (70%). O extrato de orégano administrado intraperitonealmente em camundongos inibe a recaptação e a degradação de neurotransmissores monoaminérgicos (dopamina, serotonina e noradrenalina) de modo dose dependente, além de aumentar os níveis de serotonina em diversas áreas cerebrais, e esses efeitos foram atribuídos ao carvacrol. O carvacrol administrado por via oral em camundongos demonstrou significativo aumento em todos os parâmetros observados no teste de ansiedade na cruz elevada. O controle central da ingestão de água e do apetite por sódio é feito por uma complexa rede interativa de circuitos inibitórios e estimulatórios. Sabe-se que tanto a noradrenalina quanto a serotonina participam do controle do apetite por sódio e desconhecem-se os efeitos do carvacrol neste comportamento. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da administração intracerebroventricular de carvacrol no apetite por sódio, na sede, na ansiedade e na atividade locomotora em ratos, bem como detectar a presença de FOS em áreas cerebrais relacionadas com esses comportamentos através de FOS-IR...

The essential oil of oregano has among its main constituents carvacrol (70%). The oregano extract administered intraperitoneally in mice inhibits the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters degradation (dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine) in a dose-dependent manner, and increases serotonin levels in several brain areas. The carvacrol administered orally in mice showed a significant increase in all parameters observed in the anxiety test in elevated plus maze. The control of water intake and sodium appetite is done by a complex interactive network of stimulatory and inhibitory circuits. It is known that norepinephrine, as well as serotonin, is involved in the control of sodium appetite and it is unknown the effects of carvacrol in these behaviors. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of carvacrol on sodium appetite, in the anxiety and locomotor activity in rats, as well as the FOS...

Prácticas vinculadas al consumo de sal en pacientes con enfermedad renal / Salt intake practices in patients with renal disease

Excederse en el consumo de sal es una práctica común, que conlleva a consecuencias patológicas en la población en general, más aún en el paciente renal. Un consumo elevado de este elemento se asocia con mayor riesgo de desarrollo de hipertensión, enfermedad cardiovascular y renal, patologías responsables de 60% de la morbi-mortalidad mundial. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda un consumo máximo de 5g. sal/día. Esta investigación busca determinar las prácticas vinculadas al consumo de sal y estimar su consumo en pacientes con enfermedad renal, que asisten al departamento de nefrología del hospital Guanare, Portuguesa-Venezuela. Es un estudio mixto, realizado en 66 pacientes (n=36 grupos focales, n=30 entrevistas cuantitativas). Las variables estudiadas fueron: disponibilidad de sal en hogar, consumo de alimentos con elevado contenido de sodio y prácticas cualitativas vinculadas al consumo de sal. Los pacientes consumieron 12,5 (♀) y 11,3 (♂) g/día de sal, provenientes del consumo directo y alimentos procesados. Los alimentos con elevado contenido de sodio más frecuentemente consumidos fueron: leche entera en polvo, quesos llanero y blanco pasteurizado, embutidos, enlatados, bebidas gaseosas, margarina, sazonadores y salsas (mayonesa, inglesa, ajo y soya). Los pacientes no leen el etiquetado nutricional y desconocen la cantidad de sodio de alimentos procesados. Los pacientes evitan el uso de sal de mesa, pero no el consumo de alimentos procesados. El consumo de sal de los pacientes, duplica las recomendaciones internacionales y nacionales que regulan el consumo de sodio, lo que conlleva a una disminución de la expectativa y calidad de vida(AU)

Exceed salt intake is a common practice, that leads to pathological consequences in the whole population, even more in the patient with renal disease. High salt consumption has been associated with hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease that are responsible for 60% of worldwide morbi-mortality. The World Health Organization recommends a maximum intake of 5 g of salt/day. The aim of this study is to determine practices related with salt intake, and estimate the consumption in patients with renal disease, who attended the nephrology department in Guanare´s Hospital, Portuguesa State, Venezuela. We used a mixed-method approach in 66 patients (n=36 subjects from focus groups, n=30 who participated in quantitative interviews). The main variables studied were: availability of salt at household, intake of foods with high Sodium content, practices related with use of salt. The patients consumed 12.5 (♀) and 11.3 (♂) g/day, from salt alone and processed foods. The most consumed foods with high sodium content were: whole milk powder, white local cheese, ham, canned food, soft drinks, margarine, mayonnaise, garlic and soy sauce. Patients do not read the food label, ignore the amount of sodium in processed foods, avoid the salt on the table, but not from processed food. The salt intakes of these patients exceed more than double the international and national recommendations, and as a consequence they diminished their life expectancy and reduced their quality of life(AU)