Investigation of used cooking oil on the formation of FOG deposits in sewer line clogging.

Fat, oil, and grease (FOG) deposits, resulting from saponification reaction, have been identified as the primary source of blockage of sewer pipes. This mainly emanates from the adhesion of these deposits on pipe walls, culminating in the sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs). This undesired phenomenon poses several challenges for municipalities, including environmental issues, health-related hazards, and an increase in incurred costs. Unlike the previous literature, the present study, for the first time, attempts to characterize the effect of used cooking oils (a mixture of different oils) as a perceived crux, triggering the genesis of deposits. The experimental results revealed that there exists a host of physical and chemical disparities between fresh oil calcium soaps (FOCSs) and used oil calcium soaps (UOCSs). Notably, when mixed with water, FOCSs produced non-miscible layers, whereas a homogenous, sticky, and viscous solution observed for UOCSs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis casts light on the fact that the heating process would greatly influence the oil chemical structure and its resultant calcium soaps. In comparison with calcium chloride, as time elapsed, the optical microscope images illustrated that the calcium sulfate clots formation proceeded at an accelerated rate, delivering particles with larger sizes. Viscosity and adhesion are two prominent distinctions between soaps. In sharp contrast to soap produced from oil with a higher palmitic acid content, it was discerned that the oil containing less palmitic acid generates UOCSs with higher viscosity and adhesion than FOCSs. It can therefore be inferred that the distinct chemical structures driven by high temperature during the cooking process produce soaps with different characteristics as compared with fresh oil. This phenomenon would have a profound impact on the formation of the deposits in sewer lines.

Human health risk assessment of chloroxylenol in liquid hand soap and dishwashing soap used by consumers and health-care professionals.

A quantitative human risk assessment of chloroxylenol was conducted for liquid hand and dishwashing soap products used by consumers and health-care workers. The toxicological data for chloroxylenol indicate lack of genotoxicity, no evidence of carcinogenicity, and minimal systemic toxicity. No observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) were established from chronic toxicity studies, specifically a carcinogenicity study that found no cancer excess (18 mg/kg-day) and studies of developmental and reproductive toxicity (100 mg/kg-day). Exposure to chloroxylenol for adults and children was estimated for two types of rinse-off cleaning products, one liquid hand soap, and two dishwashing products. The identified NOAELs were used together with exposure estimates to derive margin of exposure (MOE) estimates for chloroxylenol (i.e., estimates of exposure over NOAELs). These estimates were designed with conservative assumptions and likely overestimate exposure and risk (i.e., highest frequency, 100% dermal penetration). The resulting MOEs ranged from 178 to over 100, 000, 000 indicating negligibly small potential for harm related to consumer or health-care worker exposure to chloroxylenol in liquid soaps used in dish washing and hand washing.

Analysis of tensides in complex samples with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Multidimensional gas-chromatographical analysis of various tensides of natural or synthetic origin in cosmetic products is demonstrated. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry allows the qualitative and quantitative determination of alkyl polyglucosides (AG), fatty alcohol ethoxylates (FAEO), fatty alcohol sulfates (FAS), fatty alcohol ether sulfates (FAES) and cocamidopropyl betaines (CAPB) in shower gel and cleaning agents. The samples were aliquoted in two parts. The first part was silylated, diluted and analysed; then, in order to detect anionic tensides (FAES, FAS) too, the second aliquot was hydrolysed before being silylated for analysis. Because of their amphoteric character, the betaines can only be analysed by gas chromatography after thermal decomposition in the injector, which leads to the corresponding amidoamines among other products.

Cosméticos capilares / Hair cosmetics

Se realiza una revisión actualizada de los principales cosméticos capilares higiénicos (jabones y champús) y acondicionadores (bálsamos, fijadores, onduladores, decolorantes y tinturas). Se entregan nociones básicas acerca de los cuidados generales del cabello, y sobre la composición, mecanismo de acción y eventuales complicaciones o reacciones adversas que ocurren por el uso de productos destinados al cuidado y manejo del cabello

El PH de los jabones / The PH of the soups

Se cuantificó el pH de 29 jabones tanto de marcas comerciales así como de laboratorios médicos. Se observaron grados de alcalinidad, en la mayoría de ellos. Asimismo confirmamos la neutralidad de algunos jabones medicados o especiales, que se recomiendan para la piel muy sensible

Estudio del efecto irritativo de los jabones para piel delicada / Study of the irritative effect of soaps on sensitive skin

La elección de un jabón sobre otro depende principalmente de preferencias individuales, sin embargo, el tipo de piel que tiene cada paciente influye en esta elección. En este estudio investigamos el efecto irritativo de los jabones utilizados para la piel delicada. Se expusieron 15 sujetos de piel sensible (con prueba del parche positiva para lauril sulfato de sodio al 0.13 por ciento) a emulsiones de jabón al 8 por ciento durante cinco días seguidos y se registró la aparición de eritema, descamación y fisuración. De esta manera se evaluaron 22 jabones y sustitutos de jabón. Además se estudiaron las características de cada producto, su pH, contenido de detergentes, perfume y exceso de grasa. Los resultados indicaron que la mayor parte de los jabones y sustitutos de jabón poseen un pH demasiado alcalino, y que una gran cantidad de ellos no reúnen las característicasadecuadas para rotularse como jabones neutros y mucho menos útiles para piel sensible. Sin embargo, cinco de ellos prácticamente no produjeron irritación. Podemos concluir que en nuestri país contamos con productos adecuados para el aseo cotidiano en personas con piel sensible

[Determination of formaldehyde using the colorimetric method with acetylacetone. I. Determination of formaldehyde in selected cosmetic products]. / Oznaczanie formaldehydu w przedmiotach uzytku metoda kolorymetryczna z acetyloacetonem. Czesc I. Oznaczanie formaldehydu w wybranych srodkach kosmetycznych.

Total formaldehyde content was determined by the colorimetric method with acetylacetone in shampoos and foam baths. The commercial products containing formaldehyde were fortified with a solution of this compound of various amounts. Recovery in this method was 91.7-98.7%. The method was found useful in routine determinations of formaldehyde in shampoos and foam baths and can be used by the State Sanitary Inspection.

[Nickel and chromium. Analysis of 3 detergents using atomic absorption spectrophotometry]. / Nichel e cromo. Analisi allo spettrofotometro ad assorbimento atomico di tre detergenti.

It is well known that Nickel and Chromium are present, at different concentrations, in detergents used for washing-up, hand-washing and cleaning surfaces. In the present study we have analysed three trade marks of detergents (one for each different use) to evaluate, by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy, whether the concentrations previously detected are specific to a particular trade mark or are connected with the metals concentration variability typical of all detergents as commercial products. According to our results, Nickel and Chromium are always present, at different concentrations, in all the samples tested; detergents used for hand-washing contain the highest Nickel percentage; the concentrations observed show discrete variations also within the same trade mark.

[Analysis of formaldehyde in various chemical products for household use and in shampoos and bath liquids]. / Oznaczanie formaldehydu w niektórych wyrobach chemii gospodarczej oraz badanie, jego obecnosci w szamponach i plynach kapielowych.

In the years 1987-1988 in cooperation with 34 Province Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations 938 samples of shampoos and bathing fluids were investigated, among them 40 imported shampoos, besides that 829 samples of chemical products for household use were analysed for the presence of formaldehyde. In the products which should not contain formaldehyde this compound was found in amounts from 0 to 50 mg/kg in 84.75% of shampoos and bathing fluids (77.18% of the samples contained no formaldehyde), 87.03% of fluids for washing of vessels, rinsing and softening of fabrics, and for washing or refrigerators (in 75.13% of these products formaldehyde was not found). The authors suggest that the permissible formaldehyde level for these products should be 50 mg/kg and should be accepted as contamination. In these products in which the permitted formaldehyde level was 0.1% already 99.12% of the samples was below that value.

Gas chromatographic methods for determination of gamma-BHC in technical emulsifiable concentrates and water-dispersible powder formulations and in lindane shampoo and lotion: collaborative study.

Although the gas chromatographic separation of the isomers of BHC was demonstrated two decades ago, the present AOAC method of analysis of BHC for gamma-isomer (lindane) content is based on a separation carried out on a liquid chromatographic partition column. A method of analysis has been developed that uses an OV-210 column for separation of the gamma-isomer from the other isomers and impurities in technical BHC. Di-n-propyl phthalate was chosen as an internal standard. The same system allows quantitation of lindane in lotion and shampoo after these products are extracted with ethyl acetate-isooctane (1 + 4). The analytical methods were subjected to a collaborative trial with 10 laboratories. The coefficient of variation for technical BHC was 2.83%. For the water-dispersible powder and emulsifiable concentrate, the coefficients of variation were 2.89% and 4.62%, respectively. Coefficients of variation for 1% lindane lotion and shampoo were 4.36% and 11.92%, respectively. The method has been adopted official first action.

Simultaneous determination of neopynamine and piperonyl butoxide by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography.

A method is developed for the simultaneous determination of neopynamine and piperonyl butoxide by chromatography on a quartz capillary column using flame ionization detection. Benzyl mandelate is used as an internal standard. Calibration graphs are linear down to at least 3.75 mg% and 3 mg% for neopynamine and piperonyl butoxide, respectively.

Contamination of toiletries and cosmetic products with volatile and nonvolatile N-nitroso carcinogens.

Commercially available cosmetics and toiletries were analyzed for contamination with volatile and nonvolatile N-nitrosamines. Of a total of 145 samples analyzed 50 were found to contain N-nitrosodimethylamine (max. value found 24 micrograms/kg), 26 samples were contaminated with N-nitrosomorpholine (max. value found 640 micrograms/kg), and 25 samples contained N-nitrosodiethanolamine, a non-volatile carcinogen (max. value found 1400 micrograms/kg). These results are discussed and compared with other published data on NDE1A in cosmetics, with reference to potential human exposure and to possible preventive measures.

Influencia de algunos aditivos sobre las caracteristicas de los jabones de tocador / Some aditives influence over soap

En la presente investigación se ha estudiado la influencia de diferentes grasas y 3 aditivos sobre la textura del sistema así como las variaciones del indice y la calidad de la espuma. Se prepararon jabones básicos con diferentes porcentajes de sebo vacuno, aceite de coco y ácidos grasos vegetales previamente purificados. A la mescla obtenida se añadieron perfume, engrasante y arcilla coloidal para observar las variacioens en los parámetros indicados. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en los estudios físico quimico y biológicos.

Differing degrees of coal-tar shampoo-induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella/liver test system in vitro.

Hexane extracts of four commercial preparations of coal tar shampoos were studied for their mutagenic properties in the Salmonella/liver test system in vitro. Three of the four shampoos were highly mutagenic, whereas the fourth was not - under our experimental conditions. By high-performance liquid chromatographic, gas-liquid chromatographic, and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analyses, more than 35 distinct fractions could be resolved; seven polycyclic aromatic chemicals believed to be present in coal tar were tentatively assigned as the major component of some of these fractions. The shampoo extract that was most mutagenic had a greater number of distinct fractions and contained approximately 50 times more benzo[a]pyrene, compared with the one shampoo extract that was not mutagenic under our experimental conditions. The possible clinical hazards of this observed mutagenicity of certain coal tar shampoos are presently not known.