Chemical and Bioactive Evaluation of Essential Oils from Edible and Aromatic Mediterranean Lamiaceae Plants.

The Lamiaceae family, which includes several well-known aromatic plants, is scientifically relevant due to its essential oils (EOs). In this work, four EOs from Mediterranean species, namely Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris L., were evaluated for their volatile profiles and the biological activity in vitro to assess their potential use in the food and cosmetic sector. GC/MS analysis revealed dominant compounds, such as carvacrol, thymol, and eucalyptol. Regarding biological action, the samples exhibited antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities, with O. vulgare and T. officinalis standing out. T. vulgaris showed the lowest EC50 in the reducing power assay, and O. vulgare had the lowest EC50 in the DPPH assay. Most EOs also displayed excellent anti-inflammatory responses and antifungal properties, with O. vulgare and T. vulgaris also demonstrating antibacterial activity. All EOs from Mediterranean species showed cytotoxicity against tumoral cell lines. Overall, the selected EOs stood out for their interesting bioactivities, with the obtained results underscoring their potential as natural preservatives and bioactive agents in various industrial applications, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

Computational-based investigation of antioxidative potential polyphenolic compounds of Salvia officinalis L.: combined DFT and molecular docking approaches.

CONTEXT: The antioxidant properties of the three polyphenolic compounds (carnosol, cirsiliol, and luteolin) of Salvia officinalis L. were investigated employing the density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP of basis set at 6-311 + + G (d, p) in order to evaluate their antioxidant activity. The enthalpies of reactions associated with the SET-PT, SPLET, and HAT mechanisms were analyzed in gas and in different solvents using the CPCM (conductor-like polarizable continuum) model. For all possible hydrogen donor sites, the corresponding parameters (BDE, AIP, PDE, PA, ETE, HOMOs, and LUMOs) and reactivity indices (IPE, EA, Χ, η, S, and ω) were also evaluated. The calculated results showed that derivatives 12-OH, 11-OH, 4'-OH, and 3'-OH had the lowest antioxidant activity. The results showed as well that carnosol, cirsiliol, and luteolin have higher reactivity compared to ascorbic acid and could be considered better antioxidants. According to research, the catechol group is crucial in influencing the studied compounds antioxidant activity. The theoretically predicted order of antioxidant efficiencies in this work agrees well with the QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) data. The findings show that in the vacuum as well as benzene media. HAT would be the most effective mechanism; in contrast, the thermodynamic equilibrium approach in polar media is the SPLET mechanism. Likewise, the outcomes of the docking modeling confirm that the selected molecules have high inhibitory activity to glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) receptors. Moreover, they have very important pharmacokinetic, chemical, and biological profiles. Finally, all the results show that the three natural molecules have good pharmacokinetic profiles, particularly the bioavailability and permeability toward biological membranes. METHODS: The software packages used in this investigation are Gaussian 16, Discovery studio Visualizer, and AutoDock vina. The three compounds (carnosol, cirsiliol, and luteolin) of Salvia officinalis L. were optimized with DFT/B3LYP of basis set at 6-311 + + G (d, p). The optimized structures were established via vibrational analysis (i.e., no imaginary frequencies in the frequency set). All enthalpies were zero-point (ZPE) corrected. Vibrational frequency calculations were performed at 298.15 K and 1 atmosphere pressure to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of the investigated reactions. The descriptors were associated with the antioxidant mechanisms for investigated molecules in vacuum and in various solvents. The molecular docking was used by AutoDock vina to estimate and evaluate the title compounds compatibility as potential antioxidant drugs utilizing appropriate receptor proteins. The solvation effect in the medium of benzene (ɛ = 2.27) and water (ɛ = 78.39) was taken into account. Furthermore, a methanol solvent (ɛ = 32.61) was also taken into consideration to compare with the empirical data.

Charge Transfer Copper Chelating Complex and Biogenically Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Salvia officinalis Laves Extract in Comparative Spectrofluorimetric Estimation of Anticancer Dabrafenib.

Cancer is a broad category of disease that can affect virtually any organ or tissue in the body when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, invade surrounding tissue, and/or spread to other organs. Dabrafenib is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. In the present study, two newly developed spectrofluorimetric probes for the detection of the anticancer drug Dabrafenib (DRF) in its authentic and pharmaceutical products using an ecologically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticle (CuONPs) from Salvia officinalis leaf extract and a copper chelate complex are presented. The first system is based on the influence of the particular optical properties of CuONPs on the enhancement of fluorescence detection. The second system, on the other hand, acts through the formation of a copper charge transfer complex. Various spectroscopic and microscopic studies were performed to confirm the environmentally synthesized CuONPs. The fluorescence detections in the two systems were measured at λex 350 and λem of 432 nm. The results showed the linear concentration ranges for the DRF-CuONPs-SDS and DRF-Cu-SDS complexes were determined to be 1.0-500 ng mL- 1 and 1.0-200 ng mL- 1, respectively. FI = 1.8088x + 21.418 (r = 0.9997) and FI = 2.7536x + 163.37 (r = 0.9989) were the regression equations. The lower detection and quantification limits for the aforementioned fluorescent systems were determined to be 0.4 and 0.8 ng mL- 1 and 1.0 ng mL- 1, respectively. The results also showed that intra-day DRF assays using DRF-CuONPs-SDS and DRF-Cu(NO3)2-SDS systems yielded 0.17% and 0.54%, respectively. However, the inter-day assay results for the above systems were 0.27% and 0.65%, respectively. The aforementioned two systems were effectively used in the study of DRF with excellent percent recoveries of 99.66 ± 0.42% and 99.42 ± 0.56%, respectively. Excipients such as magnesium stearate, titanium dioxide, red iron oxide, and silicon dioxide used in pharmaceutical formulations, as well as various common cations, amino acids, and sugars, had no effect on the detection of compound.

Effects of sage (Salvia officinalis) essential oil on growth, health and antioxidant capacity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

In the study, effects of S. officinalis essential oil on growth performance, health and antioxidant activity in C. carpio were investigated. The fish (13 ± 0.21 g) were fed with diet containing 1 and 3 ml kg- 1 of sage oil for 60 days. At the end of study, growth performance was not affected in fish fed with sage essential oil (p > 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hepatopancreas increased with addition of 1ml kg- 1 sage oil to the diet. However, Catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) values were not significantly altered in common carp. Total protein, albumin, glucose and hepatopancreas enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) in blood serum were not affected by sage essential oil supplementation. At the histological examinations, no pathological findings were observed in hepatopancreas and intestine of carp. Goblet cells number and villi length in intestine increased with sage supplementation (p < 0.001). In addition, fertility, granulation and number of follicles increased in common carp fed with sage essential oil. Mortality after challenged with A. hydrophila was not observed in carp fed with 1ml kg- 1 concentration of sage essential oil. As a result, use of sage oil can be recommended in carp farming to improve gut health, provide disease resistance against A. hydrophila infection, and increase of fertility.

Green Synthesis of Chitosan-Capped Gold Nanoparticles Using Salvia officinalis Extract: Biochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities.

Increasing antimicrobial resistance to the action of existing antibiotics has prompted researchers to identify new natural molecules with antimicrobial potential. In this study, a green system was developed for biosynthesizing gold nanoparticles (BAuNPs) using sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaf extract bioconjugated with non-toxic, eco-friendly, and biodegradable chitosan, forming chitosan/gold bioconjugates (Chi/BAuNPs). Characterization of the BAuNPs and Chi/BAuNPs conjugates takes place using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and zeta potential (Z-potential). The chemical composition of S. officinalis extract was evaluated via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This study evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of human pathogenic multidrug-resistant (MDR) and multisensitive (MS) bacterial isolates using the agar diffusion method. Chi/BAuNPs showed inhibition of the MDR strains more effectively than BAuNPs alone as compared with a positive standard antibiotic. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that the human breast adenocarcinoma cancer cells (MCF7) were more sensitive toward the toxicity of 5-Fu + BAuNPs and 5-Fu + Chi/BAuNPs composites compared to non-malignant human fibroblast cells (HFs). The study shows that BAuNPs and Chi/BAuNPs, combined with 5-FU NPs, can effectively treat cancer at concentrations where the free chemical drug (5-Fu) is ineffective, with a noted reduction in the required dosage for noticeable antitumor action.

Immunity, rumen metagenomics, ruminal variables, and growth performance of calves fed milk with sage (Salvia officinalis) essential oil.

The study aimed to determine the effect of sage (Salvia officinalis) essential oil (EO) to the drinking milk until the weaning stage of Holstein calves on the growth performance, body measurements, ruminal fermentation, rumen metagenomic profile, proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and IL-1ß], immune globulins (IgG, IgM, and IgE), and acute phase proteins (serum amyloid-A, SAA). In the study, 24 Holstein calves were divided into three groups as 0 µL (SAG0; control group), 100 µL (SAG100), or 200 µL (SAG200) of sage EO to the milk per calf per day. The addition of sage EO to the milk linearly increased the live weight, feed intake, and daily body weight gain (P < 0.05). The addition of sage EO to the milk in calves linearly increased serum IgG titter dose dependently (P < 0.05), but serum IgM and IgE titters did not change (P > 0.05). The concentrations of serum TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in the weaned calves linearly decreased by the sage aromatic oil addition to the milk (P < 0.05). The serum SAA concentrations of calves did not differ among the control and treatment groups (P > 0.05). Probiotic Bifidobacterium and Acidaminococcus genus in calf rumen fluid can increase by sage EO addition to milk. The relative abundance of genus Prevotella, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and Prevotella_9 increase with sage EO. The ruminal ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration and total short chain fatty acid (T-SCFA) molarity decreased by sage EO addition to the drinking milk (P < 0.05). The molarities of iso butyric (IBA) and iso valeric acids (IVA) in rumen fluid of the weaned calves linearly reduced by the increasing sage EO dose to the milk (P < 0.05). The butyric acid (BA) and iso caproic acid (ICA) molarities in rumen fluid did not change by the sage EO addition (P > 0.05). Consequently, it has been observed that sage EO addition to the milk of calves positively affected the immune system variables and performance parameters. Sage EO addition of calves before weaning may support the immune system in the eventual immunosuppression at the weaning stage.

Salvia officinalis flowers extract ameliorates liver and kidney injuries induced by simultaneous intoxication with ethanol/castor oil.

The current study investigated the possible mechanisms of aqueous extract Salvia officinalis flowers (SF-AE) and its protective effects against hepatorenal toxicities produced by simultaneous acute administration of ethanol (EtOH)/castor oil (CO). Healthy male rats (N = 50) were separated into five equal groups: control, Ethanol (EtOH) + Castor oil (CO), doses of increasing orders of SF-AE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) during 15 days. Liver and kidney injuries were induced by EtOH (4 g/kg, b.w., p.o.) combined with CO (5 mL/kg, b.w., p.o.). Compared to the control group, SF-AE pretreatment protected against simultaneous administration of EtOH and CO-caused serious histological alterations in liver and kidney tissues. SF-AE also reversed liver and kidney biochemical parameters and lipid profile alterations. More importantly, SF-AE significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and counteracted the depletion of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. SF-AE also prevents against inflammation induced by EtOH combined with CO, expressed by the rise of inflammation biomarkers (C-reactive protein: CRP and alkaline phosphatase: ALP). Additionally, combined EtOH intoxication and CO poisoning exerted an increase in H2 O2 , free iron and calcium levels. Impressively, SF-AE treatment regulated levels of these studied intracellular mediators in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, SF-AE can potentially improve liver and kidney injuries associated with biochemical parameter deregulations, possibly by controlling oxidative stress and inflammation.

Salvia officinalis restores semen quality and testicular functionality in cadmium-intoxicated male rats.

The present study investigated the potential ability of Salvia officinalis, one of the oldest medicinal plants, to protect male rats against cadmium reproductive toxicity. Twenty-eight healthy male rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 7); control, Salvia-extract treated group, cadmium treated group and a group treated with both Cd and Salvia. Administration of cadmium reduced the relative testis to body weight and significantly affected sperm parameters by decreasing motility, viability, count and increasing morphological aberrations. Comet assay was used to detect DNA fragmentation in sperms of the rats exposed to Cd. Serum levels of testosterone T, follicle stimulating hormone FSH, and luteinizing hormone LH were significantly decreased. The biochemical analysis of testicular tissue showed a significant rise in Malondialdehyde MDA level coupled with a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase SOD, glutathione peroxidase GPx and catalase CAT). The histological examination of testis sections after Cd administration revealed severe degeneration of spermatogenic cells. Seminiferous tubules were filled with homogenous eosinophilic fluid associated with atrophy of other seminiferous tubules. Co-treatment with the Salvia officinalis extract restored the oxidative enzymes activities and decreased the formation of lipid peroxidation byproduct, which in turn ameliorated the effect of Cd on sperm parameters, DNA damage and testis histopathology. Taken together, it can be concluded that the synergistic antioxidant and radical savaging activities of Salvia officinalis prevented the effect of Cd on semen quality, sperm DNA damage, along with the oxidative stress and histological abnormalities in the testis tissues.

Exogenous Putrescine Changes Biochemical (Antioxidant Activity, Polyphenol, Flavonoid, and Total Phenol Compounds) and Essential Oil Constituents of Salvia officinalis L.

Polyamines are small polycationic molecules containing amines that are present in almost all cells of living organisms and act in a wide range of physiological processes, growth, and development, biological and protection of cells against free radicals. This research is based on principal component analysis (PCA) and calculation of selection criteria (SC) to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of polyamine putrescine on essential oil yield, essential oil compounds, antioxidant activity, and biochemical compounds (polyphenol, flavonoid, and total phenol compounds) of Salvia officinalis. The treatments used included four levels of putrescine, Put (Control: 0, Put1: 500, Put2: 1000, and Put3: 1500 mg L-1 ) with five replications. Based on our results, four factors had eigenvalues≥1 and showed a cumulative variance percentage of 92.57 % by applying different concentrations of putrescine. According to the results of this research, putrescine had significant effects on the amount of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. The best attention to improving the essential oil yield of sage was 1000 mg L-1 . The crucial essential oil compounds of different Put treated sage were: cis-thujone (35.34 %), camphor (15.60 %), trans-thujone (9.90 %), 1,8-cineole (9.46 %), α-humulene (3.85 %), viridiflorol (3.62 %), camphene (3.58 %), α-pinene (3.50 %), ß-pinene (2.78 %), and limonene (1.23 %). The results showed that the amount of total phenol, the phenolic composition of catechin, and the antioxidant activity of sage plant extract increased significantly when putrescine was used at 1000 mg/liter. Results can use the current research to optimize the production management of medicinal plants and improve the quality of their products. In addition, the advantage of using putrescine is that it increases antioxidants and reduces oxidative damage, and can replace medicinal plants as suitable natural preservatives, thus improving food quality and safety.

The Use of Ultrasound-Assisted Maceration for the Extraction of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol from Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Directly into Fish Oil.

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of ultrasonic maceration (U) on the extraction of carnosic acid (CA) and its derivative-carnosol (C)-directly from sage into fish oil, compared to homogenization-assisted maceration (H). It was shown that the ultrasonic maceration process (U) allowed for obtaining a macerate enriched in carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (C), also containing rosmarinic acid (RA), total polyphenols, and plant pigments, and showing antioxidant properties (DPPH test). There was no unequivocal difference in the efficiency of extracting ingredients from sage into the oil macerate between U and H, with the use of ultrasound in most cases resulting in a greater extraction of C and less extraction of pigments from sage into the macerate than in H. The highest simultaneous contents of CA (147.5 mg/100 g) and C (42.7 mg/100 g) in the macerate were obtained after 60 min of maceration U when using a higher power (320 W). The amount of determined compounds also depended on the concentration of methanol (methanol; 70% methanol) used for the analysis. The maceration U is a simple, safe, "green method" of obtaining active substances, with a reduced number of steps, enabling an interesting application form of CA and C, e.g., for food or cosmetics.

Salvia officinalis L. Methanolic Extract Reduces Lead and Nicotine-Induced Sperm Quality Degeneration in Male Rats.

Most heavy metals and industrial chemicals such as nicotine and lead cause harm to the reproduction process through a decrease in sperm motility, fertilization process, and sperm binding to the oocyte. Salvia officinalis L. (sage) has been reported to enhance serum testosterone levels and other certain biochemical enzymes. Thus, the current study is aimed at evaluating the potential health benefits of S. officinalis L. methanol extract on lead and nicotine hydrogen tartrate-induced sperm quality degeneration in male rats and also identifying some of the non-polar volatile bioactive compounds that might be attributed to the bioactivity of S. officinalis extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In the study, fifty-four mature male albino rats of about 220-250 g [were divided randomly and equally into 9 groups (n=6)]. Sperm quality degeneration was induced through the oral administration of 1.5 g/L of lead acetate in drinking water or peritoneal injection of 0.50 mg/kg (animal weight) nicotine hydrogen tartrate for sixty days. Two doses (200 & 400 mg/kg b.w.) of S. officinalis L. were used. The rats were anesthetized after the experimental period and then sacrificed. Blood samples were collected while the epididymis, testicle, and accessory sex organs (prostates and seminal vesical) were taken for histopathological studies. Twelve major compounds were identified through the GC/MS analysis of S. officinalis L. methanol extract. Lead and nicotine toxicity had a great effect on the rats' sperm quality causing a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the quantity of sperm and sperm motility as well as an upsurge in the abnormalities of the sperm and a reduction in the length & diameter of seminiferous tubules and size & weight of sexual organs (accessory sex glands, epididymis, and testis). The administration of S. officinalis L. methanol extract, however, had a positive impact on the sexual organ weights, semen quality & quantity, and rats' fertility, thus, ameliorating the adversative effects of both lead and nicotine. Further evaluation and isolation of the bioactive components are recommended as potential drug leads.

Phenolic, Headspace and Sensory Profile, and Antioxidant Capacity of Fruit Juice Enriched with Salvia officinalis L. and Thymus serpyllum L. Extract: A Potential for a Novel Herbal-Based Functional Beverages.

Since certain constituents are not naturally present in pure fruit juices, incorporating herbal extracts can provide specific sensory properties to the beverages and improve their biopotential. In our previous research, it was found that sage (Salvia officinalis L.), wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.), and combinations of their extracts had the highest total phenolic content and a unique composition of volatile compounds, which can contribute to the aromatic and antioxidant qualities of functional products. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the potential of sage and wild thyme extracts, as well as their mixture (wild thyme:sage at 3:1, v/v), to enrich fruit juices (apple, pineapple, and orange). Obtained beverages were evaluated for sensory properties as well as phenolic and headspace composition (UPLC-MS/MS and HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis) and antioxidant capacity (ORAC assay). The incorporation of wild thyme extract in pineapple juice provided the most harmonious flavor and the highest content of volatile compounds (on PDMS/DVB fiber). The orange juice formulations were the most enriched with phenolic and volatile compounds (on DVB/CAR/PDMS fibers). The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in the formulation with orange juice and sage extract (22,925.39 ± 358.43 µM TE). This study demonstrated that enriching fruit juices with sage and wild thyme extracts could create functional beverages with improved sensory and health-promoting properties, providing valuable insights for the food and beverage industry to meet the growing demand of health-conscious consumers for natural and functional products.

Foliar application of silicon, selenium, and zinc nanoparticles can modulate lead and cadmium toxicity in sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants by optimizing growth and biochemical status.

Different techniques have been used to alleviate metal toxicity in medicinal plants; accordingly, nanoparticles (NPs) have a noticeable interest in modulating oxidative stresses. Therefore, this work aimed to compare the impacts of silicon (Si), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) NPs on the growth, physiological status, and essential oil (EO) of sage (Salvia officinalis  L.) treated with foliar application of Si, Se, and Zn NPs upon lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) stresses. The results showed that Se, Si, and Zn NPs decreased Pb accumulation by 35, 43, and 40%, and Cd concentration by 29, 39, and 36% in sage leaves. Shoot plant weight showed a noticeable reduction upon Cd (41%) and Pb (35%) stress; however, NPs, particularly Si and Zn improved plant weight under metal toxicity. Metal toxicity diminished relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll, whereas NPs significantly enhanced these variables. The noticeable raises in malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL) were observed in plants exposed to metal toxicity; however, they were alleviated with foliar application of NPs. The EO content and EO yield of sage plants decreased by the heavy metals but increased by the NPs. Accordingly, Se, Si, and Zn NPS elevated EO yield by 36, 37, and 43%, respectively, compared with non-NPs. The primary EO constituents were 1,8-cineole (9.42-13.41%), α-thujone (27.40-38.73%), ß-thujone (10.11-12.94%), and camphor (11.31-16.45%). This study suggests that NPs, particularly Si and Zn, boosted plant growth by modulating Pb and Cd toxicity, which could be advantageous for cultivating this plant in areas with heavy metal-polluted soils.

Effect of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extract in antioxidant status and intestinal morphology of pulmonary hypertensive chickens.

OBJECTIVES: The effects of dietary sage on the growth performance, antioxidant status, intestinal mucosa morphology, and pulmonary hypertensive response were investigated in broiler chickens with pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: Chicks (Ross 308) were reared under cold stress for 35 days and treated with 0.05% vitamin C (positive control) and 0 (control), 0.1 or 0.2% sage extracts, then performance, oxidant and antioxidant status, and intestinal morphology were evaluated. RESULTS: The index of pulmonary hypertension (RV:TV) was decreased, and weight gain (days 22-35) was increased in all treatments (except for sage 0.1%) compared with control (P < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation was decreased, whereas the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GPX, CAT, and SOD) was increased in the sage 0.2% group compared with control (P < 0.05). In the lung, SOD, CAT, and GPX transcripts were decreased in the sage 0.2% group compared with control (P < 0.05). In the right ventricle of the heart, SOD and CAT transcripts were increased in the sage 0.2% group compared with other groups of chickens, whereas GPX transcript was decreased (P < 0.05). The jejunal villus length in the chickens fed sage was significantly lower than in control (P < 0.05). The ileal villus width, villus surface area, and lamina proporia thickness in the chickens fed sage (0.2%) were increased compared with control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation of sage (0.2%) could modulate pulmonary hypertensive response, improve antioxidant status (enzymatic activity), intestinal morphometry, and absorptive surface in the broiler chickens.

The Different Phytochemical Profiles of Salvia officinalis Dietary Supplements Labelled for Menopause Symptoms.

Phytochemical screening of four commercial products containing Salvia officinalis was carried out. Total phenolic content was estimated spectrophotometrically through the use of the Folin-Ciocalteau method, flavonoid content was measured through the use of aluminum chloride and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine colorimetric assays, and isoflavones and α/ß-thujones were analyzed through the use of high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and the gas chromatographic method. The analyses revealed the absence of thujones and isoflavones (i.e., genistin, genistein, and daidzein) in all four different extracts. The content of polyphenolic compounds varied among the samples, with the extract T being richer in both polyphenols and flavonoids than the other products by 1.8-3.2 and 1.4-4.0 times, respectively (p-value < 0.05). These results highlight the importance of quality control in salvia-based products since a thujone-free extract rich in polyphenols and flavonoids could be a good candidate for further preclinical and clinical studies to identify an effective herbal approach suitable for the long-term therapy of menopausal symptoms.

Evaluation of antiobesity and hepatorenal protective activities of Salvia officinalis extracts pre-treatment in high-fat diet-induced obese rats.

The present study evaluated the effects of Hail Salvia officinalis total extract (SOTE) and its high flavonoid fraction (SOHFF) on the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and hepatorenal damage in rats. Salvia officinalis plants were collected from Hail region, Saudi Arabia. Rats were fed HFD and supplemented orally with SOTE (250 mg kg-1) or SOHFF (100 mg kg-1) or simvastatin (SVS; 10 mg kg-1) every day for 8 weeks. Compared to the controls, HFD-induced obesity led to significant increases in body weight, body weight gained, blood insulin, leptin, cardiac enzymes (LDH and CPK) activity, and atherogenic index (AI). HFD rats also showed higher levels of hepatic and renal function biomarkers (ALT, urea, and creatinine), as well as lower levels of PPARγ and Nrf2-gene expression and a disrupted lipid profile. Moreover, HFD rats had lower levels of hepatic and renal antioxidant biomarkers (CAT, GPx, SOD, GR, and GSH), accompanied by higher levels of hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory mediators (interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)). In addition, histological examination of hepatic and renal tissues revealed histopathological changes that validated the biochemical findings. Compared to HFD group, SOTE and SOHFF treatment led to marked amelioration of all the aforementioned parameters. Collectively, supplementation with SOTE and SOHFF effectively reversed HFD-induced alterations through its antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, SOTE and SOHFF have therapeutic potential in controlling obesity and related pathologies.

Beneficial effects of Salvia officinalis essential oil on vanadium-induced testicular injury, DNA damage and histological alterations in Wistar rats.

Vanadium has been shown to catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species. Since free radical production and lipid peroxidation are potentially important mediators in testicular physiology and pathophysiology, the present study was conducted to elucidate vanadium-induced oxidative damage in rat testis and the ameliorative role of Salvia officinalis essential oil (SEO) against the adverse effects of this heavy metal. Adult male Wistar rats were treated daily during 10 days either with ammonium metavanadate (5 mg/kg bw, intraperitoneally), SEO (15 mg/kg bw, orally) or their combination. A group of rats receiving daily a saline solution served as a negative control. Vanadium treatment induced a significant decrease in body and reproductive organ weights, serum testosterone level and sperm number and motility. An increase in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation as well as a marked inhibition in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the testes and seminal vesicles indicated the occurrence of oxidative stress after vanadium toxicity. Histopathological changes in testis and seminal vesicles were also observed following vanadium administration. However, co-administration of SEO to vanadium-treated rats resulted in an appreciable improvement of these parameters, emphasizing the therapeutic effects of SEO. It can be suggested that SEO mitigates vanadium-induced reproductive damage due to its antioxidant capacity. Thus, we can hypothesize that SEO supplementation could protect against vanadium poisoning.

Dietary Salvia officinalis leaves enhances antioxidant-immune-capacity, resistance to Aeromonas sobria challenge, and growth of Cyprinus carpio.

The current perspective is a pioneer to assess the efficacy of Salvia officinalis leave powder (SOLP) on growth, intestinal enzymes, physiological and antioxidant status, immunological response, and gene expression of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). We also looked into fish resistance after being challenged with Aeromonas sobria, a pathogenic zoonotic bacteria. Fish (N = 120) were fed four different experimental diets in triplicate for 8 weeks. The control diet (SOLP0 - without SOLP); meanwhile, the other three diets included SOLP of 2, 4, and 8 g kg-1 concentrations (SOLP2, SOLP4, and SOLP8), respectively. Findings demonstrated that fish fed SOLP4 and SOLP8 diets had better growth performance and improved digestion by noticeable enhancing lipase and amylase enzymes activity than other groups. Additionally, the antioxidant (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and immune activities (immunoglobulin M, nitric oxide, and antiprotease) clarified a significant increase (p < 0.05) in SOLP4 and SOLP8 groups. Enriched diets with SOLP4 and SOLP8 exhibited better expression of splenic genes (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TLR-2, and SOD), intestinal genes (Slc26a6) and (PepT1 or Slc15a1), and muscular genes (IGF-1 and SOD), while MSTN was down-regulated. After 8 weeks of the experimental trial, C. carpio challenged by A. sobria exhibited the highest cumulative mortality (66.67%), while SOLP8-dietary intervention showed the best results in enhancing the fish resistance against A. sobria by lessening mortalities to 13.33% followed by SOLP4 diet (20%). The outcomes indicate that the expression of splenic, muscular, and intestinal genes confirm the efficacy of SOLP on enhancing growth, digestion, and immune-antioxidant status, and recommend the potential use of SOLP especially at 4 g kg-1 level as a valuable natural economic diet additive in C. carpio culture for sustaining aquaculture.

Antioxidant Properties of Salvia officinalis Decoction Extract and Mechanism of Its Protective Effects on Ethanol-Induced Liver and Kidney Injuries.

This study assessed the hepato- and nephroprotective effects of Salvia officinalis flowers decoction extract (SODE) against ethanol (EtOH)-induced oxidative stress in rats as well as the possible mechanism implicated in such protection. Animals were divided into four groups: control, EtOH, and EtOH+SODE. Wistar rats were pretreated with SODE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, body weight [b.w.], p.o.) for 15 days and intoxicated during 2 h by acute oral administration of EtOH (4 g/kg, b.w.) 60 min after the last dose of SODE. We found that SODE pretreatment, in vivo, protected against EtOH-induced liver and kidney injuries evident by plasma transaminases activity and preservation of the hepatic tissue structure. Compared with the control group, the animals treated with the SODE showed a significant decrease (68.81 ± 6.89-50.65 ± 3.97 UI/L) of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 144.38 ± 6.58-113.64 ± 8.03 UI/L) in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, the plant extract significantly and dose dependently increased (0.175 ± 0.077-0.302 ± 0.011 mmol/L) the uric acid. The SODE counteracted EtOH-induced liver and kidney lipoperoxidation, preserved sulfhydryl groups (-SH) and glutathione reduced (GSH) contents. Our extract prevented the depletion of antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). We also showed that acute alcohol administration increased tissue and plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), calcium and free iron levels. Of interest, SODE pretreatment reversed all EtOH-induced disturbances in intracellular mediators. More importantly, SODE treatment significantly protected against alcohol-induced inflammation by reducing C-reactive protein (CRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in plasma. It was concluded that the SODE exerted a potential protective effect against EtOH-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in the rat organs. This study recommends that the consumption of sage flowers is useful for patients who suffer from hepato- and nephrotoxicity.

Silicon and nitric oxide synergistically modulate the production of essential oil and rosmarinic acid in Salvia officinalis under Cu stress.

The individual impact of silicon (Si) and nitric oxide (NO) on secondary metabolism in several plant species has been reported, but their combined effect has never been evaluated yet. Therefore, in this study, single and combined impacts of NO and Si on the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid (RA) and essential oil (EO) content in leaves of Salvia officinalis were investigated under both non-stress and Cu stress conditions. The results indicated that high Cu concentration decreased biomass and the content of polyphenols, but elevated electrolyte leakage, while lower Cu concentrations, especially 200 µM Cu, increased the content of polyphenols, EO, and antioxidant capacity in leaves of S. officinalis. The foliar application of sodium silicate (1 mM Si) and sodium nitroprusside (200 µM SNP as a NO donor) alone and particularly in combination improved shoot dry biomass, restored chlorophyll and carotenoids, increased EO content, the amounts of flavonoids, and phenolic compounds especially RA, and enhanced antioxidant capacity in the leaves of S. officinalis under both non-stress and Cu stress conditions. Copper treatment increased NO content, upregulated expression of PAL, TAT, and RAS genes, and enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in the leaves, which were responsible for improving the production of phenolic compounds, particularly rosmarinic acid. Foliar spraying with Si and SNP intensified these attributes. All responses were more pronounced when NO and Si were simultaneously applied under Cu stress. These findings suggest that NO and Si synergistically modulate secondary metabolism through upregulation of related gene expression and enzyme activities under both non-stress and Cu stress conditions.