Ley 21331: nuevos desafíos de la Ley del reconocimiento y protección de los derechos de las personas en la atención de salud mental / Law 21331: new challenges of the law of recognition and protection of people's rights in mental health care

Since the dawn of the Republic, the question regarding the diagnosis, management and treatment of mental illnesses has been an unresolved issue to this day. Since before the time of the colony, at the time of the conquest, mental illnesses abounded, both in the Mapuche population - autochthonous indigenous - and in the Spanish. The presence in the river basins of heavy metals and minerals toxic for human consumption, as was originally the Mapocho River, whose waters were not drinkable and were only used for crops adopted from the Inca culture, were consumed by the population of the Spanish conquerors, who manifested various types of mental disorders, either due to the consumption of polluted water and the neurological damage that it caused them, the high levels of stress due to the same occupation and the isolation in which they found themselves and the diseases venereal that they carried, which they progressively transmitted to the aboriginal population. (1) On the other hand, the Mapuche population had magical-ritual treatments and methods to treat these and other diseases based on herbalism, phytotherapy and rituals (2) for the evil of melancholy (depression), anxiety disorders, panic attacks and schizophrenia. (3) Centuries later, when medicine and hard science are presented in society giving way to the scientific method, key people make their appearance within mental health studies, who made their way into the national and world panorama, and who, despite the dark past and the tortuous evolution of this branch of medicine, stand out figures who were pioneers and who gave rise to a reality that today continues in constant development and debate. Today mental health is an issue on the table, and Law 21331, promulgated on April 23, 2021 (4) is a response to changes in the perception that society currently has of the concept of disease, which is contrasted to the thinking and management that existed for years, decades and centuries ago around mental health

Desde los albores de la República, la cuestión referente al diagnóstico, manejo y tratamiento de las enfermedades mentales ha sido un tema sin resolver hasta nuestros días. Desde antes del tiempo de la colonia, en la época de la conquista, las enfermedades mentales abundaban, tanto en la población mapuche -indígena autóctona- como en la española. La presencia en las cuencas fluviales de metales pesados y minerales tóxicos para el consumo humano, como fue en su origen el río Mapocho, cuyas aguas no eran bebestibles y solo se utilizaban para los cultivos adoptados de la cultura inca, fueron consumidas por la población de los conquistadores españoles, los cuales manifestaron diversos tipos de trastornos mentales, ya fuese por el consumo de aguas contaminadas y el daño neurológico que les provocaba, los altos niveles de estrés debido a la misma ocupación y al aislamiento en el que se encontraban y las enfermedades venéreas que portaban, las cuales transmitieron progresivamente a la población aborigen. (1) Por otra parte, la población mapuche tenía tratamientos y métodos mágico-rituales para tratar estas y otras enfermedades basados en la herbolaria, la fitoterapia y los rituales (2) para el mal de la melancolía (depresión), trastornos ansiosos, crisis de pánico y la esquizofrenia.(3) Siglos más tarde, cuando la medicina y la ciencia dura se presentan en sociedad dando paso al método científico, hacen su aparición personas clave dentro de los estudios en salud mental, quienes se abrieron camino dentro del panorama nacional y mundial, y que, pese al pasado oscuro y a la evolución tortuosa de esta rama de la medicina, se destacan figuras que fueron pioneras y que dieron pie a una realidad que hoy en día continúa en constante desarrollo y debate. Hoy la salud mental es un tema sobre la mesa, y la Ley 21331, promulgada el 23 de abril del año 2021 (4) es una respuesta a los cambios en la percepción que la sociedad actualmente tiene frente al concepto de enfermedad, que se contrasta al pensamiento y manejo que durante años, décadas y siglos atrás existió en torno a la salud mental

Impact of closure of the in-house psychiatric care unit on prehospital and emergency ward length of stay and disposition locations in patients who attempted suicide: A retrospective before-and-after cohort study at a community hospital in Japan.

ABSTRACT: Suicide is an increasingly serious public health care concern worldwide. The impact of decreased in-house psychiatric resources on emergency care for suicidal patients has not been thoroughly examined. We evaluated the effects of closing an in-hospital psychiatric ward on the prehospital and emergency ward length of stay (LOS) and disposition location in patients who attempted suicide.This was a retrospective before-and-after study at a community emergency department (ED) in Japan. On March 31, 2014, the hospital closed its 50 psychiatric ward beds and outpatient consultation days were decreased from 5 to 2 days per week. Electronic health record data of suicidal patients who were brought to the ED were collected for 5 years before the decrease in in-hospital psychiatric services (April 1, 2009-March 31, 2014) and 5 years after the decrease (April 1, 2014-March 31, 2019). One-to-one propensity score matching was performed to compare prehospital and emergency ward LOS, and discharge location between the 2 groups.Of the 1083 eligible patients, 449 (41.5%) were brought to the ED after the closure of the psychiatric ward. Patients with older age, burns, and higher comorbidity index values, and those requiring endotracheal intubation, surgery, and emergency ward admission, were more likely to receive ED care after the psychiatric ward closure. In the propensity matched analysis with 418 pairs, the after-closure group showed a significant increase in median prehospital LOS (44.0 minutes vs 51.0 minutes, P < .001) and emergency ward LOS (3.0 days vs 4.0 days, P = .014) compared with the before-closure group. The rate of direct home return was significantly lower in the after-closure group compared with the before-closure group (87.1% vs 81.6%, odds ratio: 0.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.45-0.96).The prehospital and emergency ward LOS for patients who attempted suicide in the study site increased significantly after a decrease in hospital-based mental health services. Conversely, there was significant reduction in direct home discharge after the decrease in in-house psychiatric care. These results have important implications for future policy to address the increasing care needs of patients who attempt suicide.

Knowledge of managers on the National Mental Health Policy / Conocimiento de los gestores respecto de la Política Nacional de Salud Mental / Conhecimento de gestores sobre a Política Nacional de Saúde Mental

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the knowledge of mental health service managers about the national mental health policy. Method: This is a qualitative study conducted with 20 coordinators, who were submitted to a structured interview. Data were categorized in a thematic analysis using ALCESTE software. Results: The results produced the following categories: Back to society: protagonism and autonomy of patients; Interprofessional team: assignments and activities; Structuring of a psychosocial care network; Challenges affecting the service; Distance between policy and practice. Final Considerations: Public managers demonstrated they are aware of the key concepts for effective structuring of a psychosocial care network based on patient protagonism and autonomy, the assignments and activities performed by interprofessional teams, and the challenges found while structuring a psychosocial care network.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar el conocimiento de los gestores de servicios de salud mental acerca de la política nacional de salud mental. Método: Investigación cualitativa, realizada con 20 coordinadores, sometidos a entrevista estructurada. Datos categorizados de acuerdo a análisis temático, con ayuda del software ALCESTE. Resultados: Los resultados determinaron las siguientes categorías: De vuelta a la sociedad: protagonismo y autonomía de los pacientes; Equipo multiprofesional: atribuciones y actividades; Estructuración de la Red de Atención Psicosocial: Trabas que afectan el servicio; Distancia entre la política y la práctica. Consideraciones Finales: Los gestores demostraron conocimientos sobre los conceptos clave para la efectiva construcción de la red de atención psicosocial a partir del protagonismo y la autonomía de los pacientes, de las atribuciones y actividades desempeñadas por el equipo multiprofesional, y de las dificultades para estructurar la red de atención psicosocial.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o conhecimento dos gestores de serviços de saúde mental sobre a política nacional de saúde mental. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada com 20 coordenadores, submetidos à entrevista estruturada. Os dados foram categorizados sob a análise temática, auxiliada pelo software ALCESTE. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram as seguintes categorias: De volta à sociedade: protagonismo e autonomia dos usuários; Equipe multiprofissional: atribuições e atividades; Estruturação da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial; Entraves que afetam o serviço; Distanciamento entre a política e a prática. Considerações Finais: Os gestores demonstraram conhecimento sobre os conceitos-chave para a efetiva construção da rede de atenção psicossocial a partir do protagonismo e autonomia dos usuários, das atribuições e atividades desempenhadas pela equipe multiprofissional, e das dificuldades em estruturar a rede de atenção psicossocial.

A practice framework to enhance the implementation of the Policy on Integration of Mental Health Care into primary health care in KwaZulu-Natal province.

BACKGROUND:  Mental health care at primary health care (PHC) still remains a challenge despite the Policy on Integration of Mental Health Care into PHC which was developed in 1997 at the time when the White Paper for the Transformation of the Health System in South Africa was published. The White Paper made provision for a new health care system based on the principles of the PHC approach to care. This was followed by the promulgation of the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 which is based on the principle that mental health care should be integrated into PHC; however, there have been challenges with regard to the implementation of this policy. AIM:  This study aimed to analyse the implementation of Policy on Integration of Mental Health Care into PHC with the ultimate aim of developing a practice framework for PHC nurses to enhance such implementation in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). SETTING:  The study took place in selected health districts in KZN, namely, Ugu, eThekwini, iLembe and uMgungundlovu. METHODS:  A qualitative approach using grounded theory design was used to develop a practice framework to enhance the implementation of Policy on Integration of Mental Health Care into PHC. A theoretical sampling method was used to select the sample from PHC managers, operational managers and professional nurses for the collection of data. The sample consisted of 42 participants. Data were collected by means of one-on-one interviews and focus group interviews. Strauss and Corbin's approach of data analysis was used for analysing data. The paradigm model was used as a guide to develop a practice framework to enhance the implementation of the Policy on Integration of Mental Health Care into PHC in KZN. RESULTS:  This study found that integration of mental health care into PHC is understood as a provision of comprehensive care to mental health care users using either a supermarket approach or a one-stop-shop approach at PHC clinics. Strategies that are used at PHC clinics in KZN ensure that the integration of mental health care into PHC is implemented, includes the screening of all patients that come to the PHC clinic for mental illness, fast tracking of mental health care users once they have been assessed, and found to be mentally ill and management of all mental health care users as patients with chronic diseases. CONCLUSION:  The practice framework developed identifies comprehensive mental health care being offered to mental health care users using either a supermarket approach or a one-stop-shop approach, depending on the availability of staff with a qualification in psychiatric nursing science.

[Specialism, specificity and identity - the controversiessurrounding autism in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS)]. / Especialismo, especificidade e identidade - as controvérsias em torno do autismo no SUS.

The passing of federal law 12,764/2012 marked a victory for the political activism of parents of autistic individuals in Brazil, but it also drew attention to the serious antagonism between parents of autistic individuals and the mental health network. This article examines the perspectives of social actors involved in the controversy that took place after the enactment of this law and seeks to show why this controversy precedes the passing of the law and is not resolved by it. The argument is that the troubled relationship between the political movement of parents of autistic individuals and the mental health network can be better understood when the construction and consolidation of a network of expertise around autism spectrum disorders as being inseparable from the construction of a social and political identity for autistic people in Brazil is taken into consideration. The article draws inspiration from the Studies of Expertise and Experience, which discuss the new regime of relations between scientific research and civil society. Nevertheless, it is also seen that the consolidation of this expertise network has arisen despite the absence of a broad specialized treatment network and of a profound reconfiguration in the regime of scientific research and production of knowledge about autism in Brazil.

A aprovação da Lei no 12.764/2012 representou uma vitória do ativismo político de familiares de autistas no Brasil, mas também deu visibilidade a um enorme antagonismo entre uma parcela significativa de pais de autistas e a rede de saúde mental. Este artigo analisa o posicionamento dos diferentes atores envolvidos na controvérsia que se sucedeu à aprovação e regulamentação da lei, e procura demonstrar as razões pelas quais essa polêmica antecede à lei e não se resolve com ela. Argumenta-se que a conturbada relação entre o movimento político de pais de autistas e a rede de saúde mental pode ser mais bem entendida se tomarmos a construção e a legitimação de uma rede de "expertise" a respeito dos transtornos do espectro autista como indissociável da construção de uma identidade social e política para os autistas no Brasil. O artigo utiliza como referência teórica os Estudos sobre Expertise e Experiência, que têm como principal pano de fundo uma discussão acerca do novo regime de relações entre a pesquisa científica e a sociedade civil. Entretanto, demonstramos também que a consolidação dessa rede de expertise vem ocorrendo apesar da ausência de uma ampla rede de tratamentos especializados e de uma reconfiguração profunda no regime de pesquisa e de produção de conhecimento sobre autismo no Brasil.

Especialismo, especificidade e identidade - as controvérsias em torno do autismo no SUS / Specialism, specificity and identity - the controversiessurrounding autism in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS)

Resumo A aprovação da Lei no 12.764/2012 representou uma vitória do ativismo político de familiares de autistas no Brasil, mas também deu visibilidade a um enorme antagonismo entre uma parcela significativa de pais de autistas e a rede de saúde mental. Este artigo analisa o posicionamento dos diferentes atores envolvidos na controvérsia que se sucedeu à aprovação e regulamentação da lei, e procura demonstrar as razões pelas quais essa polêmica antecede à lei e não se resolve com ela. Argumenta-se que a conturbada relação entre o movimento político de pais de autistas e a rede de saúde mental pode ser mais bem entendida se tomarmos a construção e a legitimação de uma rede de "expertise" a respeito dos transtornos do espectro autista como indissociável da construção de uma identidade social e política para os autistas no Brasil. O artigo utiliza como referência teórica os Estudos sobre Expertise e Experiência, que têm como principal pano de fundo uma discussão acerca do novo regime de relações entre a pesquisa científica e a sociedade civil. Entretanto, demonstramos também que a consolidação dessa rede de expertise vem ocorrendo apesar da ausência de uma ampla rede de tratamentos especializados e de uma reconfiguração profunda no regime de pesquisa e de produção de conhecimento sobre autismo no Brasil.

Abstract The passing of federal law 12,764/2012 marked a victory for the political activism of parents of autistic individuals in Brazil, but it also drew attention to the serious antagonism between parents of autistic individuals and the mental health network. This article examines the perspectives of social actors involved in the controversy that took place after the enactment of this law and seeks to show why this controversy precedes the passing of the law and is not resolved by it. The argument is that the troubled relationship between the political movement of parents of autistic individuals and the mental health network can be better understood when the construction and consolidation of a network of expertise around autism spectrum disorders as being inseparable from the construction of a social and political identity for autistic people in Brazil is taken into consideration. The article draws inspiration from the Studies of Expertise and Experience, which discuss the new regime of relations between scientific research and civil society. Nevertheless, it is also seen that the consolidation of this expertise network has arisen despite the absence of a broad specialized treatment network and of a profound reconfiguration in the regime of scientific research and production of knowledge about autism in Brazil.

Screening for psychosocial distress among patients with cancer: implications for clinical practice, healthcare policy, and dissemination to enhance cancer survivorship.

Accreditation standards are at the forefront of evolving healthcare systems, setting metrics for high-quality care. Healthcare outcomes (health, experience, cost, provider satisfaction/burn out) are becoming mutual goals of the patient, provider, payer, and healthcare system. Achieving high-quality outcomes in cancer care necessitates collaboration among interdisciplinary teams of clinical providers, administrators, patient advocates, caregivers, and researchers. Dissemination and implementation science provides necessary frameworks to organize the efforts of these implementation teams, inclusive of identifying facilitators and barriers to implementation of accreditation standards. Since 2015, cancer distress screening has been mandated for continued cancer center accreditation by the American College of Surgeon's Commission on Cancer. Cancer centers have thus become real world implementation laboratories. We present the current context of distress screening, highlighting prior research and key areas of future research. We consider multiple levels of cancer care delivery and the use of interdisciplinary teams to help cancer center teams adopt, implement, and maintain efficient distress screening programs. Finally, we present a case study to identify methods for successful implementation of distress screening at one cancer center and then describe efficiencies that can be introduced using elements from human factors engineering, e- and m-health screening platforms, and community partnerships.

Sistema único de saúde e a reforma psiquiátrica: desafios e perspectivas / Unified health system and psychiatric reform: challenges and perspectives / Sistema de salud y reforma psiquiátrica: retos y perspectivas

Este artigo apresenta as transformações no processo de constituição da saúde mental e suas aproximações e distanciamentos com a Saúde Coletiva no Brasil, em especial entre os movimentos das reformas psiquiátrica e sanitária. Analisando os paradoxos, lacunas, impasses, desafios e perspectivas da construção da autonomia do sujeito em situação de sofrimento grave, discute como as dificuldades encontradas na desinstitucionalização psiquiátrica entrelaçamse em campos de consonância e conflito. Nesse contexto, torna-se fundamental a desconstrução e desnaturalização das perspectivas epistemológicas dificultadoras da autonomia do sujeito, cabendo resgatar importantes influências do pensamento fenomenológico que percorreram o processo de reforma psiquiátrica e continuam a se fazer ouvir na consideração da totalidade da existência dos sujeitos e no questionamento do determinismo sobre a subjetividade. A articulação de propostas de problematização e reinvenção das relações humanas nos dispositivos substitutivos permitem a crítica a uma miscigenação das concepções manicomiais nos próprios serviços de saúde mental.

This article presents the transformations in the mental health constitution process and their approximations and distancing with the collective health in Brazil, specially between the Psychiatric and sanitary reform movements. Analyzing the paradoxes, gaps, impasses, challenges and perspectives of the subject autonomy construction in a grave suffering situation, discuss how the difficulties found in the psychiatric deinstitutionalization intertwine themselves on consonance and conflict fields. In this context, it becomes fundamental the deconstruction and denaturalization of the epistemological perspective that difficult the subject's autonomy, fitting to rescue important influences of the phenomenological thought that went through the psychiatric reform process and are still making themselves to be listened in the consideration of the subjects existence totality and in the questioning of the determinism over the subjectivity. The proposals articulation of the human relations questioning and reinvention in the substitutive devices allows the critic to the manicomials conceptions miscegenation in the same mental health services.

Este artículo presenta los cambios en la constitución del proceso de salud mental y sus similitudes y diferencias con la salud pública en Brasil, especialmente entre los movimientos de la reforma psiquiátrica y la reforma sanitaria. El análisis de las paradojas, las lagunas, callejones sin salida, retos y perspectivas de la construcción de la autonomía de la persona en situación de peligro grave, discute cómo las dificultades encontradas en entrelazar desinstitucionalización psiquiátrica en campos de las líneas y los conflictos. En este contexto, es esencial para deconstruir y desnaturalizar causan dificultades perspectivas epistemológicas de la autonomía del sujeto, dejando de rescate influencias importantes del pensamiento fenomenológico que pasaron por el proceso de reforma psiquiátrica y continuar con el conocimiento en consideración de la totalidad de la existencia de los sujetos y cuestión del determinismo sobre la subjetividad. El interrogatorio conjunto de propuestas y reinvención de las relaciones humanas en los dispositivos sustitutivos permitió la crítica a un mestizaje de los conceptos de los manicomios en los propios servicios de salud mental.

El control de la correspondencia de los enfermos mentales en las instituciones psiquiátricas españolas: entre el cuidado y la censura, 1852-1987 / Monitoring the correspondence of the mentally ill in Spanish psychiatric institutions: from care to censorship, 1852-1987

Resumen Este trabajo pretende aproximarse a la legislación que ha permitido retener la correspondencia de los enfermos mentales en los hospitales psiquiátricos. Amparándose en el cuidado, las cartas eran leídas por médicos y administradores. Se ha realizado una búsqueda de los reglamentos que avalaban esta práctica en diferentes instituciones españolas desde el siglo XIX, medida ejercida por el personal subalterno por orden de sus superiores. Esta arbitraria decisión ha provocado que numerosa correspondencia permanezca en archivos de establecimientos psiquiátricos de diferentes latitudes, de modo que, actualmente, se pueden utilizar como valiosos documentos clínicos para conocer la vida cotidiana de dichas instituciones y, sin duda, la experiencia subjetiva de los enfermos mentales ante el internamiento.

Abstract This article examines the legislation allowing confiscation of the correspondence of the mentally ill in psychiatric hospitals. Arguing a duty of care, patients' letters were read by physicians and administrators. A study was performed of the regulations governing this practice in different Spanish institutions from the nineteenth century on; the measure was implemented by staff members under orders from their superiors. This arbitrary decision meant that a great deal of correspondence remains in the archives of psychiatric establishments in different locations; nowadays, these letters can be used as valuable clinical documents that help us to understand daily life in those institutions and, obviously, mental health patients' subjective experience of their confinement.

Complete smokefree policies in mental health inpatient settings: results from a mixed-methods evaluation before and after implementing national guidance.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is extremely prevalent in people with severe mental illness (SMI) and has been recognised as the main contributor to widening health inequalities in this population. Historically, smoking has been deeply entrenched in the culture of mental health settings in the UK, and until recently, smokefree policies tended to be only partially implemented. However, recent national guidance and the government's tobacco control plan now call for the implementation of complete smokefree policies. Many mental health Trusts across the UK are currently in the process of implementing the new guidance, but little is known about the impact of and experience with policy implementation. METHODS: This paper reports findings from a mixed-methods evaluation of policy implementation across 12 wards in a large mental health Trust in England. Quantitative data were collected and compared before and after implementation of NICE guidance PH48 and referred to 1) identification and treatment of tobacco dependence, 2) smoking-related incident reporting, and 3) prescribing of psychotropic medication. A qualitative exploration of the experience of inpatients was also carried out. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed, and the feasibility of collecting relevant and complete data for each quantitative component was assessed. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic framework analysis. RESULTS: Following implementation of the complete smokefree policy, increases in the numbers of patients offered smoking cessation advice (72% compared to 38%) were identified. While incident reports demonstrated a decrease in challenging behaviour during the post-PH48 period (6% compared to 23%), incidents relating to the concealment of smoking materials increased (10% compared to 2%). Patients reported encouraging changes in smoking behaviour and motivation to maintain change after discharge. However, implementation issues challenging full policy implementation, including covert facilitation of smoking by staff, were reported, and difficulties in collecting relevant and complete data for comprehensive evaluation purposes identified. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the implementation of complete smokefree policies in mental health settings may currently be undermined by partial support. Strategies to enhance support and the establishment of suitable data collection pathways to monitor progress are required.

Development of indicators for a nationwide cross-sectoral quality assurance procedure for mental health care of patients with schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders in Germany.

PURPOSE: This paper describes the development of quality indicators for an external statutory and cross-sectoral quality assurance (QA) procedure in the context of the German health care system for adult patients suffering from schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders (F20-F29). METHODS: Indicators were developed by a modified RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method with 1) the compilation of an indicator register based on a systematic literature search and analyses of health care claims data, 2) the selection of indicators by an expert panel that rated them for relevance and for feasibility regarding implementation. Indicators rated positive for both relevance and feasibility formed the final indicator set. RESULTS: 847 indicators were identified by different searches. Out of these, 56 were selected for the indicator register. During the formal consensus process the expert panel recommended another 45 indicators so that a total of 101 indicators needed to be considered by the panel. Of these, 27 indicators rated both relevant and feasible were included in the final set of indicators: this set included 4 indicators addressing structures, 19 indicators addressing processes and 4 indicators addressing outcomes. 17 indicators of the set will be reported by hospitals and 8 by psychiatric outpatient facilities. Two indicators considered to be cross-sectoral will be reported by both sectors. DISCUSSION: F20-F29 and its treatment show some specific features which so far have not been addressed by any procedure within the statutory QA program of the German health care system. These features include: Schizophrenia and related disorders a) are potentially chronic conditions, b) are mainly treated in outpatient settings, c) require a multi-professional treatment approach and d) are treated regionally in catchment areas. These specific features in combination with the peculiarities of some legal, political and organizational characteristics of the German health care system and its statutory QA program have strongly influenced the development of indicators. The result was a seemingly "imbalanced" set of indicators with a greater number of indicators for inpatient than for outpatient care despite the fact that clinical reality is otherwise. CONCLUSIONS: The circumstances of the German health care system that restricted the development of this cross-sectoral QA procedure addressing care for F20-F29 are also most likely to emerge with the development of cross-sectoral QA procedures for other (potentially) chronic conditions that are mainly treated in the outpatient setting by multi-professional teams or by networks of different providers. In order to be able to develop a QA procedure that mirrors the reality of service provision for (potentially) chronic diseases such as F20-F29 we need to explore further current and new data sources, diminish sectoral borders, and implement health care responsibility on the level of catchment areas.

Effect of implementation of a smoke-free policy on physical violence in a psychiatric inpatient setting: an interrupted time series analysis.

BACKGROUND: Smoke-free policies are important to protect health and reduce health inequalities. A major barrier to policy implementation in psychiatric hospitals is staff concern that physical violence will increase. We aimed to assess the effect of implementing a comprehensive smoke-free policy on rates of physical assaults in a large UK mental health organisation. METHODS: We did an interrupted time series analysis of incident reports of physical assault 30 months before and 12 months after the implementation of the policy in the inpatient wards of South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK. We used a quasi-Poisson generalised additive mixed model to model the monthly incidence of physical assaults as a function of several explanatory variables. FINDINGS: 4550 physical assaults took place between April 1, 2012, and Sept 30, 2015; 225 (4·9%) of which were smoking-related. After adjustment for temporal and seasonal trends and key confounders (sex, age, schizophrenia or related disorders, or having been sectioned under the Mental Health Act), there was a 39% reduction in the number of physical assaults per month after the policy introduction compared with beforehand (incidence rate ratio 0·61, 95% CI 0·53-0·70; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION: Introduction of a comprehensive smoke-free policy appeared to reduce the incidence of physical assaults. Adequately resourced smoke-free policies could be part of broader violence reduction strategies in psychiatric settings. FUNDING: National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London (King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust).

[Smoking policy in mental health care]. / Rookbeleid in de ggz; documentonderzoek en enquête.

BACKGROUND: People with mental illnesses tend to smoke more often and more heavily than other members of the public and their addiction to tobacco also has harmful effects on their physical health. So far, however, limited priority was given to smoking cessation in mental health care settings. AIM: To provide insight into the formal and informal smoking policies of Dutch mental health care organisations and into the nature and extent of the smoking cessation support they offer, and, additionally, to look at the opportunities for improvement in clinical settings. METHOD: Document research on formal policies of 61 mental health care facilities, interviews with workers directly involved (n = 10), and a survey on policy implementation among staff members of treatment facilities (n = 600). RESULTS: One-third of the facilities did not have a formalised smoking policy document, and there was a marked difference between the smoking policies at the rest of the facilities. Treatment provision was limited, strongly dependent on the individual staff member, and was often not the most effective form of care (like medication). CONCLUSION: Many mental health patients really do want to give up smoking and often respond well to treatment. Psychiatrists play a key role in integrating and implementing an anti-smoking policy which will benefit their patients.

The Impact of the Massachusetts Behavioral Health Child Screening Policy on Service Utilization.

OBJECTIVE: In 2008, Massachusetts Medicaid implemented a pediatric behavioral health (BH) screening mandate. This study conducted a population-level, longitudinal policy analysis to determine the impact of the policy on ambulatory, emergency, and inpatient BH care in comparison with use of these services in California, where no similar policy exists. METHODS: With Medicaid Analytic Extract (MAX) data, an interrupted time-series analysis with control series design was performed to assess changes in service utilization in the 18 months (January 2008-June 2009) after a BH screening policy was implemented in Massachusetts and to compare service utilization with California's. Outcomes included population rates of BH screening, BH-related outpatient visits, BH-related emergency department visits, BH-related hospitalizations, and psychotropic drug use. Medicaid-eligible children from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2009, with at least ten months of Medicaid eligibility who were older than 4.5 years and younger than 18 years were included. RESULTS: Compared with rates in California, Massachusetts rates of BH screening and BH-related outpatient visits rose significantly after Massachusetts implemented its screening policy. BH screening rose about 13 per 1,000 youths per month during the first nine months, and BH-related outpatient visits rose to about 4.5 per 1,000 youths per month (p<.001). Although BH-related emergency department visits, hospitalization and psychotropic drug use increased, there was no difference between the states in rate of increase. CONCLUSIONS: The goal of BH screening is to identify previously unidentified children with BH issues and provide earlier treatment options. The short-term outcomes of the Massachusetts policy suggest that screening at preventive care visits led to more BH-related outpatient visits among vulnerable children.

Day hospital and psychosocial care center: Expanding the discussion of partial hospitalization in mental health.

INTRODUCTION: Since the second half of the twentieth century the discussions about mental patient care reveal ongoing debate between two health care paradigms: the biomedical/biopsychosocial paradigm and the psychosocial paradigm. The struggle for hegemony over the forms of care, on how to deal optimally with the experience of becoming ill is underpinned by an intentionality of reorganizing knowledge about the health/disease dichotomy, which is reflected in the models proposed for the implementation of actions and services for the promotion, prevention, care and rehabilitation of human health. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the guidelines of care in mental health day hospitals (MHDH) in contrast to type III psychosocial care centers (CAPS III). METHOD: Review of mental health legislation from 1990 to 2014. RESULTS: A definition of therapeutic project could not be found, as well as which activities and techniques should be employed by these health services. CONCLUSION: The MHDH and PCC III are services that replace psychiatric hospital admission and are characterized by their complementarity in the care to the mentally ill. Due to their varied and distinctive intervention methods, which operate synergistically, the contributions from both models of care are optimized. Discussions on the best mental health care model reveal polarization between the biomedical/biopsychosocial and psychosocial paradigms. This reflects the supremacy of the latter over the former in the political-ideological discourse that circumscribes the reform of psychiatric care, which may hinder a better clinical outcome for patients and their families.

Day hospital and psychosocial care center: Expanding the discussion of partial hospitalization in mental health / Hospital-dia e Centro de Atenção Psicossocial: ampliando o debate da internação parcial em saúde mental

Summary Introduction: Since the second half of the twentieth century the discussions about mental patient care reveal ongoing debate between two health care paradigms: the biomedical/biopsychosocial paradigm and the psychosocial paradigm. The struggle for hegemony over the forms of care, on how to deal optimally with the experience of becoming ill is underpinned by an intentionality of reorganizing knowledge about the health/disease dichotomy, which is reflected in the models proposed for the implementation of actions and services for the promotion, prevention, care and rehabilitation of human health. Objective: To discuss the guidelines of care in mental health day hospitals (MHDH) in contrast to type III psychosocial care centers (CAPS III). Method: Review of mental health legislation from 1990 to 2014. Results: A definition of therapeutic project could not be found, as well as which activities and techniques should be employed by these health services. Conclusion: The MHDH and PCC III are services that replace psychiatric hospital admission and are characterized by their complementarity in the care to the mentally ill. Due to their varied and distinctive intervention methods, which operate synergistically, the contributions from both models of care are optimized. Discussions on the best mental health care model reveal polarization between the biomedical/biopsychosocial and psychosocial paradigms. This reflects the supremacy of the latter over the former in the political-ideological discourse that circumscribes the reform of psychiatric care, which may hinder a better clinical outcome for patients and their families.

Resumo Introdução: desde a segunda metade do século XX, as discussões em torno da assistência ao doente mental revelam o debate, ainda inacabado, entre dois paradigmas de atenção à saúde: o paradigma biomédico/biopsicossocial e o paradigma psicossocial. A luta pela hegemonia sobre as formas do cuidado, sobre a melhor maneira de lidar com a experiência do adoecimento, subjaz a uma intencionalidade de reorganização dos saberes sobre o binômio saúde/doença, que se reflete nos modelos propostos para a execução das ações e serviços de promoção, prevenção, assistência e reabilitação da saúde humana. Objetivo: problematizar as diretrizes do cuidado do Hospital-dia em Saúde Mental (HDSM) em contraste com o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial tipo III (CAPS III). Método: revisão da legislação em saúde mental entre 1990-2014. Resultados: não foi encontradas a definição de projeto terapêutico e as atividades e técnicas que devem ser empregadas por esses serviços de saúde. Conclusão: o HDSM e o CAPS III são serviços substitutivos à internação hospitalar psiquiátrica que se caracterizam pela complementaridade na atenção ao doente mental. Pelos seus variados e distintos métodos de intervenção, em ação sinérgica, potencializam-se com as contribuições tanto de um modelo quanto do outro modelo de atenção. As discussões em torno do melhor modelo de atenção em saúde mental mostram-se polarizadas entre os paradigmas biomédico/biopsicossocial e psicossocial, condição que reflete a supremacia do segundo sobre o primeiro no discurso político-ideológico que circunscreve a reforma da assistência psiquiátrica, fato que pode prejudicar o desfecho clínico para o paciente e sua família.

Preparing for Completely Smoke-Free Mental Health Settings: Findings on Patient Smoking, Resources Spent Facilitating Smoking Breaks, and the Role of Smoking in Reported Incidents from a Large Mental Health Trust in England.

INTRODUCTION: Despite high smoking prevalence and excessive smoking-related morbidity and mortality among people with mental disorder compared to the general population, smoking treatment is often neglected in mental health settings. The UK National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recently issued public health guidance stipulating completely smoke-free mental health settings. This project evaluated existing smoking-related practices in preparation for guidance implementation. The objectives were to: audit the recording of smoking-related information and treatment provision; explore current arrangements relating to the facilitation of patient smoking; measure staff time spent and identify costs of facilitating smoking; and explore the role of smoking in smoking-related incidents. METHODS: A mixed-methods study was conducted across four acute adult mental health wards, accommodating 16 patients each, over six months. It included a case-note audit, on-site observations, and a qualitative content analysis of incident reports. RESULTS: Smoking status was recorded for less than half of the 290 patients admitted (138, 48%). Of those, 98 (71%) were recorded as current smokers, of whom 72 (74%) had received brief smoking cessation advice. Staff spent 6028 h facilitating smoking, representing an annual cost of £ 131,040 across four wards. Incident reports demonstrated that smoking facilitation was often central to the cause of incidences, triggered frustration in patients, and strained staff resources. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the importance and potential of implementing completely smoke-free policies using comprehensive pathways.

A critical view of the 'social reinsertion' concept and its implications for the practice of psychologists in the area of mental health in the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde).

Improving psychological practice in mental health services in the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) requires a critical analysis of core concepts of the psychiatric reform, such as 'social reinsertion'. This analysis, oriented by the dialectics of exclusion/inclusion, showed that this concept is impregnated with the adaptation paradigm and asylum view which prevents its effective implantation. The results suggest it is necessary to include social aspects in the discussion of mental health, articulating it with networks of social work and recuperating the revolutionary aspects of the psychiatric reform, thus demarcating the political nature of professional practices.

An analysis of the functioning of mental healthcare in northwestern Poland.

Introduction: Modern psychiatry faces numerous challenges related with the change of the epidemiology of mental disorders and the development of knowledge in this area of science. An answer to this situation is to be the introduction of community psychiatry. The implementation of this model in Poland was the aim of the National Mental Health Protection Programme. The aim of the study was to analyse the functioning of mental healthcare using the example of the West Pomeranian Province in Poland. Materials and methods: The analysis relied on a qualitative method. Three group interviews in an interdisciplinary advisory panel were conducted. People representing various areas acting for people with mental disorders participated in each meeting. Based on the conclusions that were drawn, PEST and SWOT analyses of functioning of mental healthcare were performed. Results: Within the analysis of the macro-environment of mental healthcare, the influence of the following factors was evaluated through PEST analysis: political and legal, economic, socio-cultural, and technological. All of these factors were assessed as negative for the functioning of mental healthcare. Then, a SWOT analysis was performed to indicate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the functioning of mental healthcare. Conclusions: 1. Mental healthcare is more influenced by external factors than by internal factors. 2. Macro-environmental factors influence the functioning of mental healthcare in a significantly negative manner. 3. The basic problem in the functioning of mental healthcare is insufficient funding. 4. In order to improve the functioning of mental healthcare, it is necessary to change the funding methods, regulations, the way society perceives mental disorders, and the system of monitoring mental healthcare services.