Life tables of annual life expectancy and risk factors for mortality in cats in the UK.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study were to generate the first life tables for the UK companion cat population overall as well as broken down by sex and breed status, and to quantify associations between mortality and traits such as sex, neuter status, breed status and body weight in relation to mortality. METHODS: Life table construction and modelling included data on 7936 confirmed deaths in cats under primary veterinary care at clinics participating in the VetCompass Programme in 2019. The life tables were built for cats overall, female and male cats, and crossbred and purebred cats. Multivariable generalised linear regression models were generated to explore the risk factors for a shortened lifespan. RESULTS: Life expectancy at age 0 for UK companion cats overall was 11.74 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.61-11.87). The probability of death at each year interval increased with age from year interval 3-4, with the probability value not exceeding 0.05 before year 9. Female cats (12.51 years; 95% CI 12.32-12.69) had a 1.33-year longer life expectancy than male cats (11.18 years; 95% CI 11.01-11.38) at age 0. Among the 12 breeds (including crossbred) analysed, Burmese and Birman had the longest life expectancy at year 0, showing 14.42 years (95% CI 12.91-15.93) and 14.39 years (95% CI 12.87-15.91), respectively. Sphynx had the shortest life expectancy at year 0 among the analysed breeds at 6.68 years (95% CI 4.53-8.83). Being entire, purebred and with a non-ideal body weight were significantly linked to a decreased lifespan. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The life tables presented here for companion cats in the UK overall, by sex, and by crossbred and purebred cats can contribute to a better understanding of the life trajectory of cats, helping with evidence-based decision-making for cat owners and the veterinary profession. We have also provided an updated life expectancy at age 0 for various cat breeds for 2019 and showed evidence of the association between non-ideal weight and a decreased lifespan.

Age- and cause-specific contributions to increase in life expectancy at birth in Korea, 2000-2019: a descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Korea's life expectancy at birth has consistently increased in the 21st century. This study compared the age and cause-specific contribution to the increase in life expectancy at birth in Korea before and after 2010. METHODS: The population and death numbers by year, sex, 5-year age group, and cause of death from 2000 to 2019 were acquired. Life expectancy at birth was calculated using an abridged life table by sex and year. The annual age-standardized and age-specific mortality by cause of death was also estimated. Lastly, the age and cause-specific contribution to the increase in life expectancy at birth in the two periods were compared using a stepwise replacement algorithm. RESULTS: Life expectancy at birth in Korea increased consistently from 2010 to 2019, though slightly slower than from 2000 to 2009. The cause-specific mortality and life expectancy decomposition analysis showed a significant decrease in mortality in chronic diseases, such as neoplasms and diseases of the circulatory system, in the middle and old-aged groups. External causes, such as transport injuries and suicide, mortality in younger age groups also increased life expectancy. However, mortality from diseases of the respiratory system increased in the very old age group during 2010-2019. CONCLUSIONS: Life expectancy at birth in Korea continued to increase mainly due to decreased mortality from chronic diseases and external causes during the study period. However, the aging of the population structure increased vulnerability to respiratory diseases. The factors behind the higher death rate from respiratory disease should be studied in the future.

Exploring the hormetic effects of radiation on the life table parameters of Spodoptera frugiperda.

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera frugiperda, a global agricultural pest, can be effectively controlled through the sterile insect technique. However, exposure to low-dose radiation below the sterilization threshold may induce hormetic effects. Here, the biphasic aspects of the fertile progeny population of S. frugiperda were analyzed using an age-stage, two-sex life table after dosing male and female pupae with 10-350 Gy gamma radiation. RESULTS: The parental sterilizing dose for 6-day-old female and male pupae was 200 and 350 Gy, respectively. The total longevity, pre-adult survival rate, net reproduction rate, and intrinsic growth rate of the offspring population increased with decreasing radiation doses from 250 to 10 Gy. Offspring population of parents treated with low doses of 10-100 Gy showed better life table parameters compared to non-irradiated controls. Females and males fecundity irradiated with 10, 50, and 100 Gy and 10 Gy, respectively, exceeded controls, producing 2339.4, 2726.4, 2311, and 2369 eggs, as opposed to 1802.9 eggs produced by the controls. Males irradiated with 10 Gy displayed the highest intrinsic rates of increase and net reproduction rate, at 0.1709 and 682.3, respectively. Projections from the survival rate and fecundity indicated that female and male S. frugiperda populations after 10 Gy irradiation may grow considerably faster than the controls. CONCLUSION: This study explores the hormetic effects of low-dose radiation on S. frugiperda through life table analysis, while providing enhancements for utilizing substerilizing gamma dose in a modified F1 sterility technique. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Revisiting the Calculation for a Novel Measure of Average Lifespan Shortened: Real-World Examples From Cervical and Ovarian Cancers in Alberta, Canada, 2000 - 2020.

In this technical note, we primarily demonstrate the computation of confidence limits for a novel measure of average lifespan shortened (ALSS). We identified women who had died from cervical and ovarian cancer between 2000 and 2020 from the Alberta cancer registry. Years of life lost (YLL) was calculated using the national life tables of Canada. We estimated the ALSS as a ratio of YLL in relation to the expected lifespan. We computed the confidence limits of the measure using various approaches, including the normal distribution, gamma distribution, and bootstrap method. The new ALSS measure shows a modest gain in lifespan of women, particularly women with ovarian cancer, over the study period.

The fraction of life years lost after diagnosis (FLYLAD): a person-centred measure of cancer burden.

BACKGROUND: Cancer control initiatives are informed by quantifying the capacity to reduce cancer burden through effective interventions. Burden measures using health administrative data are a sustainable way to support monitoring and evaluating of outcomes among patients and populations. The Fraction of Life Years Lost After Diagnosis (FLYLAD) is one such burden measure. We use data on Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal South Australians from 1990 to 2010 to show how FLYLAD quantifies disparities in cancer burden: between populations; between sub-population cohorts where stage at diagnosis is available; and when follow-up is constrained to 24-months after diagnosis. METHOD: FLYLADcancer is the fraction of years of life expectancy lost due to cancer (YLLcancer) to life expectancy years at risk at time of cancer diagnosis (LYAR) for each person. The Global Burden of Disease standard life table provides referent life expectancies. FLYLADcancer was estimated for the population of cancer cases diagnosed in South Australia from 1990 to 2010. Cancer stage at diagnosis was also available for cancers diagnosed in Aboriginal people and a cohort of non-Aboriginal people matched by sex, year of birth, primary cancer site and year of diagnosis. RESULTS: Cancers diagnoses (N = 144,891) included 777 among Aboriginal people. Cancer burden described by FLYLADcancer was higher among Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal (0.55, 95% CIs 0.52-0.59 versus 0.39, 95% CIs 0.39-0.40). Diagnoses at younger ages among Aboriginal people, 7 year higher LYAR (31.0, 95% CIs 30.0-32.0 versus 24.1, 95% CIs 24.1-24.2) and higher premature cancer mortality (YLLcancer = 16.3, 95% CIs 15.1-17.5 versus YLLcancer = 8.2, 95% CIs 8.2-8.3) influenced this. Disparities in cancer burden between the matched Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal cohorts manifested 24-months after diagnosis with FLYLADcancer 0.44, 95% CIs 0.40-0.47 and 0.28, 95% CIs 0.25-0.31 respectively. CONCLUSION: FLYLAD described disproportionately higher cancer burden among Aboriginal people in comparisons involving: all people diagnosed with cancer; the matched cohorts; and, within groups diagnosed with same staged disease. The extent of disparities were evident 24-months after diagnosis. This is evidence of Aboriginal peoples' substantial capacity to benefit from cancer control initiatives, particularly those leading to earlier detection and treatment of cancers. FLYLAD's use of readily available, person-level administrative records can help evaluate health care initiatives addressing this need.

Effects of different host plants on the growth, development, and fecundity of Phthorimaea absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): an evaluation based on the age-stage two-sex life table.

This study aimed to investigate the growth and development parameters of Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick) population at each stage when feeding on 4 host plants: Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, and Nicotiana tabacum. The objective was to predict population dynamics and develop appropriate control strategies. The age-stage sex-life table was used to evaluate survival rate, fecundity, life expectancy, reproductive value, population parameters, and population growth prediction of P. absoluta after feeding on the 4 Solanaceae plants. The results showed significant variations in the fecundity parameters of P. absoluta among the different host plants. The L. esculentum population exhibited the highest average egg-laying period (13.17 ±â€…0.61 days) and average egg production (219.31 ±â€…21.02 eggs), while N. tabacum had the lowest values (4.56 ±â€…0.26 days and 26.08 ±â€…2.53 eggs, respectively). The gross reproduction rate of P. absoluta feeding on L. esculentum was 146.43 ±â€…21.00, which was 1.80, 3.77, and 6.39 times higher compared to S. tuberosum, S. melongena, and N. tabacum, respectively. The average age period and population doubling time of P. absoluta feeding on L. esculentum were lower than those of the other 3 host plants. These results indicated that while P. absoluta can complete a generation on L. esculentum, S. tuberosum, S. melongena, and N. tabacum, L. esculentum is the most suitable host for its growth and development. Therefore, in the occurrence and adjacent areas of P. absoluta, relevant authorities should promptly monitor and control its population in the planting areas of Solanaceae plants to prevent further spread.

Life-table parameters of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on different stored date palm fruits under laboratory conditions.

Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a polyphagous insect pest that causes serious damage to various food crops in storage. This study aimed to investigate the life-history and demographic parameters of P. interpunctella on 5 varieties of date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.), including Dayri, Estemaran, Fersi, Halavi, and Zahedi under laboratory conditions. Data were analyzed and compared using the age-stage, 2-sex life table. Plodia interpunctella completed its development on all date varieties. The shortest and longest pre-adult periods were recorded on Zahedi (38.47 days) and Estemaran (44.65 days) varieties, respectively. The net reproductive rates (R0) were 82.51, 59.05, 63.61, 102.27, and 114.86 offspring on Dayri, Estemaran, Fersi, Halavi, and Zahedi varieties, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) were 0.098, 0.085, 0.089, 0.109, and 0.113 day-1 on Dayri, Estemaran, Fersi, Halavi, and Zahedi varieties, respectively. The female fecundity ranged from 133.4 to 259.24 eggs on Estemaran and Zahedi varieties, respectively. The highest mean generation time (T) was obtained on Estemaran (47.984 days), and the lowest value of this parameter was obtained on Zahedi (41.722 days) variety. The results indicated that Zahedi and Halavi varieties were the susceptible hosts for P. interpunctella. In contrast, the Estemaran and Fersi were the most resistant varieties against P. interpunctella, which can be used for integrated management programs to decrease the damage of this pest.

Research Note: COVID-19 Is Not an Independent Cause of Death.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had overwhelming global impacts with deleterious social, economic, and health consequences. To assess the COVID-19 death toll, researchers have estimated declines in 2020 life expectancy at birth (e0). When data are available only for COVID-19 deaths, but not for deaths from other causes, the risks of dying from COVID-19 are typically assumed to be independent of those from other causes. In this research note, we explore the soundness of this assumption using data from the United States and Brazil, the countries with the largest number of reported COVID-19 deaths. We use three methods: one estimates the difference between 2019 and 2020 life tables and therefore does not require the assumption of independence, and the other two assume independence to simulate scenarios in which COVID-19 mortality is added to 2019 death rates or is eliminated from 2020 rates. Our results reveal that COVID-19 is not independent of other causes of death. The assumption of independence can lead to either an overestimate (Brazil) or an underestimate (United States) of the decline in e0, depending on how the number of other reported causes of death changed in 2020.

Race/Ethnicity may be an Important Predictor of Life Expectancy in Localized Prostate Cancer Patients: Novel Analyses Using Social Security Administration Life Tables.

PURPOSE: To test the effect of race/ethnicity on Social Security Administration (SSA) life tables' life expectancy (LE) predictions in localized prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with either radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). We hypothesized that LE will be affected by race/ethnicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We relied on the 2004-2006 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to identify D'Amico intermediate- and high-risk PCa patients treated with either RP or EBRT. SSA life tables were used to compute 10-year LE predictions and were compared to OS. Stratification was performed according to treatment type (RP/EBRT) and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic/Latino, and Asian). RESULTS: Of 55,383 assessable patients, 40,490 were non-Hispanic White (RP 49.3% vs. EBRT 50.7%), 7194 non-Hispanic Black (RP 41.3% vs. EBRT 50.7%), 4716 Hispanic/Latino (RP 51.0% vs. EBRT 49.0%) and 2983 were Asian (RP 41.6% vs. EBRT 58.4%). In both RP and EBRT patients, OS exceeded life tables' LE predictions, except for non-Hispanic Blacks. However, in RP patients, the magnitude of the difference was greater than in EBRT. Moreover, in RP patients, OS of non-Hispanic Blacks virtually perfectly followed predicted LE. Conversely, in EBRT patients, the OS of non-Hispanic Black patients was worse than predicted LE. CONCLUSIONS: When comparing SEER-derived observed OS with SSA life table-derived predicted life expectancy, we recorded a survival disadvantage in non-Hispanic Black RP and EBRT patients, which was not the case in the three other races/ethnicities (non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanic/Latinos, and Asians). This discrepancy should ideally be confirmed within different registries, countries, and tumor entities. Furthermore, the source of these discrepant survival outcomes should be investigated and addressed by health care politics.

Expectativa de vida com perda auditiva: estimativas para o Brasil / Life expectancy with hearing loss: estimates for Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo analisar a prevalência da perda auditiva autorreferida em relação à idade, sexo e regiões do Brasil e estimar a expectativa de vida com perda auditiva no Brasil, ao nascer e aos 60 anos, em ambos os sexos. Métodos foi utilizado o Método de Sullivan, combinando a tábua de vida e as prevalências de perdas auditivas no período, assim como a adoção de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e Tábuas de Vida Completas, por sexo, publicadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Resultados no Brasil, em 2013, a prevalência da perda auditiva aumentou gradativamente a partir dos 60 anos de idade, em ambos os sexos, sendo o masculino o mais afetado pela deficiência auditiva. A expectativa de vida ao nascer era de 71 anos e 2 meses para os homens e de 78 anos e 6 meses para as mulheres. Destes anos de vida, 3,4% (para homens) e 2,8% (para mulheres) eram com perda auditiva. Já aos 60 anos, essa diferença permanece, com expectativa de mais 19,9 anos para os homens e 21,7 anos para as mulheres. Nessa faixa etária, os homens apresentavam taxa de 2,2 anos (11,3%) com perdas auditivas, enquanto, para as mulheres, a taxa era 2,1 anos (9,7%). Conclusão no Brasil, com base nos dados de 2013, observou-se um aumento gradativo da prevalência de perda auditiva a partir dos 60 anos de idade para ambos os sexos. As mulheres apresentam maior expectativa de vida, maior expectativa de vida livre de perdas auditivas e vivem menor parcela de suas vidas com perdas auditivas, quando comparadas aos homens, independentemente da idade. A avaliação da expectativa de vida com perdas auditivas ao nascer e aos 60 anos pode auxiliar na compreensão das necessidades da população, o que permite o melhor planejamento de políticas públicas relacionadas à saúde auditiva dos indivíduos.

ABSTRACT Purpose to analyze the prevalence of self-reported hearing loss in relation to age, gender and regions of Brazil and to estimate life expectancy with hearing loss in Brazil, at birth and at age 60, for both sexes. Methods the Sullivan method was used, combining the life table and the prevalence of hearing loss in the period, as well as the adoption of data from the 2013 National Health Survey and Complete Life Tables, by sex, published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Results in Brazil, in 2013, the prevalence of hearing loss gradually increased from the age of 60, in both genders, with males being more affected by hearing loss. Life expectancy at birth was 71.2 years for men and 78.5 years for women. Of these years of life, 3.4% (for men) and 2.8% (for women) were with hearing loss. At age 60, this difference remains, with an expectation of another 19.9 years for men and 21.7 years for women. In this age group, men had a rate of 2.2 years (11.3%) with hearing loss, while for women the rate was 2.1 years (9.7%). Conclusion in Brazil, based on data from 2013, there was a gradual increase in the prevalence of hearing loss from the age of 60 for both genders. Women had higher life expectancy, greater life expectancy free of hearing loss and live a smaller portion of their lives with hearing loss than men, regardless of age. The assessment of life expectancy with hearing loss at birth and at age 60 can help to understand the needs of the population, which allows for better planning of public policies related to the hearing health of individuals.

The estimated lifetime risk of revision after primary knee arthroplasty is influenced by age, sex, and indication.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with the estimated lifetime risk of revision surgery after primary knee arthroplasty (KA). METHODS: All patients from the Scottish Arthroplasty Project dataset undergoing primary KA during the period 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2019 were included. The cumulative incidence function for revision and death was calculated up to 20 years. Adjusted analyses used cause-specific Cox regression modelling to determine the influence of patient factors. The lifetime risk was calculated as a percentage for patients aged between 45 and 99 years using multiple-decrement life table methodology. RESULTS: The estimated lifetime risk of revision ranged between 32.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 22.6 to 47.3) for patients aged 45 to 49 years and 0.6% (95% CI 0.1 to 4.5) for patients aged over 90 years. At 20 years, the overall cumulative incidence of revision (6.8% (95% CI 6.6 to 7.0)) was significantly less than that of death (66.3% (95% CI 65.4 to 67.1)). Adjusted analyses demonstrated converse effect of increasing age on risk of revision (hazard ratio (HR) 0.5 (95% CI 0.5 to 0.6)) and death (HR 3.6 (95% CI 3.4 to 3.7)). Male sex was associated with increased risks of revision (HR 1.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.2); p < 0.001) and death (HR 1.4 (95% CI 1.3 to 1.4); p < 0.001). Compared to patients undergoing primary KA for osteoarthritis, patients with inflammatory arthropathy had a higher risk of death (HR 1.7 (95% CI 1.7 to 1.8); p < 0.001), but were less likely to be revised (HR 0.9 (95% CI 0.7 to 1.0); p < 0.001). Patients with a greater number of comorbidities (HR 1.4 (95% CI 1.3 to 1.4)) and greater levels of socioeconomic deprivation (HR 1.4 (95% CI 1.4 to 1.5)) were at increased risk of death, but neither increased the risk of revision. CONCLUSION: The estimated lifetime risk of revision KA varied depending on patient sex, age, and underlying diagnosis. Patients aged between 45 and 49 years had a one in three risk of undergoing revision surgery within their lifetime, which decreased with age to one in 159 in those aged 90 years or more.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(12):1313-1322.

Association of socioeconomic deprivation with life expectancy and all-cause mortality in Spain, 2011-2013.

Life tables summarise a population's mortality experience during a time period. Sex- and age-specific life tables are needed to compute various cancer survival measures. However, mortality rates vary according to socioeconomic status. We present sex- and age-specific life tables based on socioeconomic status at the census tract level in Spain during 2011-2013 that will allow estimating cancer relative survival estimates and life expectancy measures by socioeconomic status. Population and mortality data were obtained from the Spanish Statistical Office. Socioeconomic level was measured using the Spanish Deprivation Index by census tract. We produced sex- and age-specific life expectancies at birth by quintiles of deprivation, and life tables by census tract and province. Life expectancy at birth was higher among women than among men. Women and men in the most deprived census tracts in Spain lived 3.2 and 3.8 years less than their counterparts in the least deprived areas. A higher life expectancy in the northern regions of Spain was discovered. Life expectancy was higher in provincial capitals than in rural areas. We found a significant life expectancy gap and geographical variation by sex and socioeconomic status in Spain. The gap was more pronounced among men than among women. Understanding the association between life expectancy and socioeconomic status could help in developing appropriate public health programs. Furthermore, the life tables we produced are needed to estimate cancer specific survival measures by socioeconomic status. Therefore, they are important for cancer control in Spain.

The Impact of 51 Risk Factors on Life Expectancy in Canada: Findings from a New Risk Prediction Model Based on Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study.

The aims of this study were (1) to develop a comprehensive risk-of-death and life expectancy (LE) model and (2) to provide data on the effects of multiple risk factors on LE. We used data for Canada from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study. To create period life tables for males and females, we obtained age/sex-specific deaths rates for 270 diseases, population distributions for 51 risk factors, and relative risk functions for all disease-exposure pairs. We computed LE gains from eliminating each factor, LE values for different levels of exposure to each factor, and LE gains from simultaneous reductions in multiple risk factors at various ages. If all risk factors were eliminated, LE in Canada would increase by 6.26 years for males and 5.05 for females. The greatest benefit would come from eliminating smoking in males (2.45 years) and high blood pressure in females (1.42 years). For most risk factors, their dose-response relationships with LE were non-linear and depended on the presence of other factors. In individuals with high levels of risk, eliminating or reducing exposure to multiple factors could improve LE by several years, even at a relatively advanced age.

Life expectancy by county, race, and ethnicity in the USA, 2000-19: a systematic analysis of health disparities.

BACKGROUND: There are large and persistent disparities in life expectancy among racial-ethnic groups in the USA, but the extent to which these patterns vary geographically on a local scale is not well understood. This analysis estimated life expectancy for five racial-ethnic groups, in 3110 US counties over 20 years, to describe spatial-temporal variations in life expectancy and disparities between racial-ethnic groups. METHODS: We applied novel small-area estimation models to death registration data from the US National Vital Statistics System and population data from the US National Center for Health Statistics to estimate annual sex-specific and age-specific mortality rates stratified by county and racial-ethnic group (non-Latino and non-Hispanic White [White], non-Latino and non-Hispanic Black [Black], non-Latino and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native [AIAN], non-Latino and non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander [API], and Latino or Hispanic [Latino]) from 2000 to 2019. We adjusted these mortality rates to correct for misreporting of race and ethnicity on death certificates and then constructed abridged life tables to estimate life expectancy at birth. FINDINGS: Between 2000 and 2019, trends in life expectancy differed among racial-ethnic groups and among counties. Nationally, there was an increase in life expectancy for people who were Black (change 3·9 years [95% uncertainty interval 3·8 to 4·0]; life expectancy in 2019 75·3 years [75·2 to 75·4]), API (2·9 years [2·7 to 3·0]; 85·7 years [85·3 to 86·0]), Latino (2·7 years [2·6 to 2·8]; 82·2 years [82·0 to 82·5]), and White (1·7 years [1·6 to 1·7]; 78·9 years [78·9 to 79·0]), but remained the same for the AIAN population (0·0 years [-0·3 to 0·4]; 73·1 years [71·5 to 74·8]). At the national level, the negative difference in life expectancy for the Black population compared with the White population decreased during this period, whereas the negative difference for the AIAN population compared with the White population increased; in both cases, these patterns were widespread among counties. The positive difference in life expectancy for the API and Latino populations compared with the White population increased at the national level from 2000 to 2019; however, this difference declined in a sizeable minority of counties (615 [42·0%] of 1465 counties) for the Latino population and in most counties (401 [60·2%] of 666 counties) for the API population. For all racial-ethnic groups, improvements in life expectancy were more widespread across counties and larger from 2000 to 2010 than from 2010 to 2019. INTERPRETATION: Disparities in life expectancy among racial-ethnic groups are widespread and enduring. Local-level data are crucial to address the root causes of poor health and early death among disadvantaged groups in the USA, eliminate health disparities, and increase longevity for all. FUNDING: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Cancer Institute; National Institute on Aging; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; Office of Disease Prevention; and Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research, US National Institutes of Health.

Sublethal toxicity, transgenerational effects, and transcriptome expression of the neonicotinoid pesticide cycloxaprid on demographic fitness of Coccinella septempunctata.

Evaluating side effects of new neonicotinoids in terms of sublethal doses and transcriptome expression is a crucial but challenging part of integrated pest management (IPM) approaches. To this end, a study of lethal and sublethal effects on Coccinella septempunctata larvae was conducted, and an age-stage, two-sex life table procedure was performed to investigate life-table parameters. Cycloxaprid (CYC) was shown to have adverse effects on survival, development, total longevity, reproductive capacity, and predation ability in C. septempunctata. In addition, demographic growth parameters of the F1 generation such as net reproductive rate, and the intrinsic and finite rates of increase were significantly decreased under sublethal dosage LR30 (1.91 g ai/hm2). These results demonstrated that the population growth of C. septempunctata was impacted by a sublethal dosage of CYC. For transcriptome expression, 544 up- and 338 down-regulated significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), were observed between LR30 treatment and control groups. Moreover, pathways related to metabolism of retinol, carcinogenesis, biosynthesis of steroid hormone, P450 metabolism, and metabolism of xenobiotics were identified in KEGG pathway analysis. Ten DEGs were chosen and confirmed with quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Based on these findings, CYC should be considered as a component of IPM strategies in the field.

The Acaricidal Potential of a New Agent GC16 for Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae) Based on Developmental Performance and Physiological Enzyme Activity.

The spider mite, Tetranychus pueraricola (Ehara & Gotoh; Acari: Tetranychidae), is a serious pest in agriculture and horticulture. Application of chemical pesticides is the main mode of this pest control. Due to pesticide residues and resistance-induced resurgence of pests, there is a need to discover alternatives for spider mite management. GC16 comprises a mixture of calcium chloride (CaCl2, 45%) and lecithin (55%), which was recently found to have acaricidal properties. We evaluated the sublethal effects of GC16 on T. pueraricola using life table and enzyme [catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferases (GST), and Ca2+-ATPase (Ca2+-ATP)] activity assays. The results showed that fecundity of T. pueraricola increased at LC30 but decreased at LC50 of GC16. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of T. pueraricola decreased under the LC30 and LC50 of GC16. GC16 concentration and exposure time significantly influenced the activities of CAT, POD, CarE, GST, and Ca2+-ATP in adult mites. Twelve hours later after the treatment, GST and Ca2+-ATP activities were significantly inhibited by LC30 but enhanced by LC50. Moreover, the demographic parameter r and enzyme activities were negatively correlated. In sum, sublethal amounts of GC16 had an adverse effect on mites, and there was a trade-off between developmental performance and physiological enzyme activity of mites under GC16 stress, and GC16 showed an acaricidal potential for T. pueraricola. This work provides guidance for the application of GC16 to control T. pueraricola.

Estimating life expectancy adjusted by self-rated health status in the United States: national health interview survey linked to the mortality.

BACKGROUND: Life expectancy is increasingly incorporated in evidence-based screening and treatment guidelines to facilitate patient-centered clinical decision-making. However, life expectancy estimates from standard life tables do not account for health status, an important prognostic factor for premature death. This study aims to address this research gap and develop life tables incorporating the health status of adults in the United States. METHODS: Data from the National Health Interview Survey (1986-2004) linked to mortality follow-up through to 2006 (age ≥ 40, n = 729,531) were used to develop life tables. The impact of self-rated health (excellent, very good, good, fair, poor) on survival was quantified in 5-year age groups, incorporating complex survey design and weights. Life expectancies were estimated by extrapolating the modeled survival probabilities. RESULTS: Life expectancies incorporating health status differed substantially from standard US life tables and by health status. Poor self-rated health more significantly affected the survival of younger compared to older individuals, resulting in substantial decreases in life expectancy. At age 40 years, hazards of dying for white men who reported poor vs. excellent health was 8.5 (95% CI: 7.0,10.3) times greater, resulting in a 23-year difference in life expectancy (poor vs. excellent: 22 vs. 45), while at age 80 years, the hazards ratio was 2.4 (95% CI: 2.1, 2.8) and life expectancy difference was 5 years (5 vs. 10). Relative to the US general population, life expectancies of adults (age < 65) with poor health were approximately 5-15 years shorter. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable shortage in life expectancy due to poor self-rated health existed. The life table developed can be helpful by including a patient perspective on their health and be used in conjunction with other predictive models in clinical decision making, particularly for younger adults in poor health, for whom life tables including comorbid conditions are limited.

Achieving High Breast Cancer Survival for Women in Rural and Remote Areas.

BACKGROUND: Significant improvements in breast cancer survival have been made in the past few decades in many developed countries including Australia with a five-year relative survival of 90%. The aim of the present study is to obtain a brief estimate of the relative importance of demographic factors such as rurality, socio-economic standard and ethnicity versus traditional risk factors for women diagnosed with breast cancer in Far North Queensland, Australia. METHODS: This was a retrospective longitudinal study of all women diagnosed with their first episode of breast cancer in 1999-2013 in Far North Queensland, Australia. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with mortality for women with any type of breast cancer (in situ or invasive) and for women with invasive cancer. Life tables were used to assess five and ten-year absolute survival. Standard linear regression and binary logistic regression were used to identify any association between demographic factors and late presentation. RESULTS: Five and ten-year absolute survival was 0.90 and 0.86 respectively. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status, remoteness of area of residence, and socioeconomic status were not associated with more advanced disease at presentation or increased risk of breast cancer death. Only traditional risk factors such as increased tumour size, absence of progesterone receptor, high tumour grade and presence of metastasis in axillary lymph nodes were associated with increased risk of breast cancer death. CONCLUSION: The effect of the classical risk factors on breast cancer mortality outweighs the effects of demographic factors. The fact that ethnicity, remoteness and socioeconomic status is not associated with late presentation or breast cancer death suggests that given appropriate resources it may be possible to close the gap of inequalities in breast cancer.

Breastfeeding duration comparison of children enrolled in municipal preschools in 2004 and 2018 / Comparação da duração do aleitamento materno entre crianças de escolas municipais de educação infantil em 2004 e 2018

ABSTRACT Objective To describe and compare the duration of breastfeeding of children enrolled in municipal preschools in Pelotas (RS), Brazil, in 2004 and 2018, taking into account sociodemographic and health factors. Methods Cross-sectional study, with children aged zero to six years. Data collection included interview with parents and children anthropometric assessment. Data was entered on EpiData 3.1 and analyzed on Stata 14.0. Median duration of breastfeeding was assessed according to the independent variables. Two children life tables were elaborated for the years 2004 and 2018. The statistical significance of the median analysis was based on the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test for dichotomic exposure and Kruskal Wallis test for polytomous exposure. Results A total of 1902 children were studied. In 2004, the median duration of breastfeeding was five months (IQR: 2.0;12.0) which increased one month for each weight category increase at birth. In 2018, the median was six months (IQR: 2.0;17.0) and increased two months for each weight category increase at birth. The life table showed that around 20.0% of the children in 2004 and 33% of the children in 2018 continued to be breastfed after 11 months of age. Conclusion The breastfeeding median increased in the period under review. The greater the birth weight, the longer the breastfeeding median duration.

RESUMO Objetivo Descreve e comparar a duração do aleitamento materno de crianças matriculadas em Escolas Municipais de Educação Infantil, de Pelotas (RS) Brasil, em 2004 e 2018 segundo fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde. Métodos Estudo transversal, com crianças de zero a seis anos de idade. A coleta de dados incluiu entrevistas com os pais e avaliação antropométrica das crianças. Os dados foram digitados no EpiData 3.1 e analisados no Stata 14.0. A duração da mediana do aleitamento materno foi analisada de acordo com as variáveis independentes. Foram elaboradas duas Tábuas de vida, para as crianças de 2004 e de 2018. A significância estatística das análises de mediana, foi baseada no teste de Wilcoxon Rank Sum para as exposições dicotômicas, e no teste de Kruskal Wallis para as exposições politômicas. Resultados Foram estudadas 1902 crianças ao total. Em 2004, a mediana da duração do aleitamento materno foi de cinco meses (IIQ: 2,0;12,0) e aumentou um mês a cada aumento de categoria de peso ao nascer. Em 2018, a mediana foi de seis meses (IIQ: 2,0;17,0) e aumentou dois meses a cada aumento de categoria de peso ao nascer. A Tábua de vida mostrou que cerca de 20,0% das crianças em 2004 e 33,0% das de 2018 tiveram aleitamento materno continuado após os 11 meses de idade. Conclusão A mediana aumentou no período analisado. Quanto maior o peso ao nascer, maior a mediana de aleitamento materno

Perda potencial em anos de vida decorrente da Covid-19 nas regiões brasileiras: avaliação dos seis primeiros meses da pandemia / Potential loss in years of life arising from COVID-19 in Brazilian regions: evaluation of the six first months of pandemic / Pérdida potencial en años de vida por Covid-19 en las regiones brasileñas: evaluación de los seis primeros meses de pandemia

A presente nota de pesquisa estima o impacto das mortes por Covid-19 sobre a esperança de vida no Brasil e regiões para os primeiros seis meses de 2020. Com base nos dados do Datasus e nas tábuas de vida com decremento simples, estimou-se que as mortes por Covid-19 ocorridas até 18 de agosto de 2020 tiveram impacto estatisticamente negativo na esperança de vida ao nascer, tanto masculina (-1,05 ano) quanto feminina (-0,85 ano). Em termos regionais, a maior perda em anos de vida é estimada no Norte (-1,65 ano para homens e -1,48 ano para mulheres), enquanto o Sul foi a região com menor impacto (-0,5 ano para homens e -0,36 para mulheres). Os resultados do modelo logístico para o país apontam que a mortalidade por Covid-19 tende a ser maior entre a população com mais de 65 anos, homens, pretos e de baixa instrução. As comorbidades aumentam a chance de desfecho morte, especialmente doença hepática e renal crônica. Tais análises foram ainda desagregadas por grandes regiões brasileiras.

This research note estimates the impact of deaths by Covid-19 on life expectancy in Brazil and the Regions for the first six months of 2020. Based on data from Datasus and the decreasing life tables, it was estimated that deaths by Covid-19 that occurred until August 18, 2020 had a statistically negative impact on life expectancy at birth, both male (-1.05 years) and female (-0.85 years). In regional terms, the greatest loss in years of life is estimated in the North (-1.65 years for men and -1.48 years for women), while in the South it was -0.5 year for men and -0.36 for women. The results of the logistic model for the country show that Covid-19 mortality tends to be higher among males, blacks, people with low education level and people over 65 years old. Comorbidities increase the chance of death, especially liver disease and chronic kidney disease. Such analyzes were further disaggregated by large Brazilian regions.

Esta nota de investigación estima el impacto de las muertes por Covid-19 en la esperanza de vida en Brasil y sus regiones durante los primeros seis meses de 2020. Con base en los datos de Datasus y de las tablas de vida decrecientes, se estimó que las muertes por Covid-19 que ocurrieron hasta el 18 de agosto de 2020 tuvieron un impacto estadísticamente negativo en la esperanza de vida al nacer, tanto en hombres (−1,05 años) como en mujeres (−0,85 año). En términos regionales, la mayor pérdida en años de vida se estima en el Norte (−1,65 año para los hombres y −1,48 años para las mujeres), mientras que en el Sur fue de −0,5 años para los hombres y −0,36 para las mujeres. Los resultados del modelo logístico para el país muestran que la mortalidad por Covid-19 tiende a ser mayor entre la población mayor de 65 años, hombres, afrobrasileros y de bajo nivel educativo. Las comorbilidades aumentan la probabilidad de muerte, especialmente la enfermedad hepática y la enfermedad renal crónica. Dichos análisis se desglosaron aun más por grandes regiones brasileñas.