Using behavioral observations in freestalls and at milking to improve pain detection in dairy cows after lipopolysaccharide-induced clinical mastitis.

This study aimed to determine the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis with or without nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on dairy cows' clinical, physiological, and behavioral responses in the milking parlor and freestalls as well as the specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se) of behavioral responses in detecting cows with LPS-induced mastitis. Twenty-seven cows received an intramammary infusion of 25 µg of Escherichia coli LPS in 1 healthy quarter. Following LPS infusion, 14 cows received a placebo (LPS cows), and 13 cows received 3 mg/kg of body weight of ketoprofen i.m. (LPS+NSAID cows). Cow response to the challenge was monitored at regular intervals from 24 h before to 48 h postinfusion (hpi) through direct clinical observations, markers of inflammation in milk, and via point-in-time direct behavioral observations in the barn and at milking. In LPS cows, infusion induced a significant increase of plasma cortisol levels at 3 and 8 hpi, milk cortisol levels at 8 hpi, somatic cell counts from 8 to 48 hpi, IL-6 and IL-8 at 8 hpi, milk amyloid A (mAA) and haptoglobin at 8 and 24 hpi, rectal temperature at 8 hpi, and respiratory rate at 8 hpi. Their rumen motility rate decreased at 8 and 32 hpi. Compared with before the challenge, significantly more LPS cows stopped feeding/ruminating and pressed their tail between their legs at 3 and 5 hpi, increased feeding/ruminating at 24 hpi, and had the tendency to be less responsive, dropping their head, and dropping their ears at 5 hpi. At milking, compared with before challenge, significantly more LPS cows lifted their hooves at forestripping at 8 hpi. The 2 groups showed similar patterns of response for milk cortisol, somatic cell count, respiratory rate, mAA, haptoglobin, and IL-6, IL-1ß, and IL-8. Compared with LPS cows, LPS+NSAID cows had significantly lower plasma cortisol levels at 3 hpi, their rectal temperature decreased at 8 hpi, their rumen motility rate increased at 8 and 32 hpi, and their heart rate increased at 32 hpi. Compared with LPS cows, a significantly larger proportion of LPS+NSAID cows were feeding/ruminating, a lower proportion had ears down at 5 hpi, and a larger proportion lied down at 24 hpi. At milking, whatever the phase of milking, for "hoof to belly," 9 out of 14 cows did not show this behavior before infusion (Sp = 64%) and 14/14 did not kick during pre-infusion milking (Sp = 100%). Regarding sensitivity, at maximum, 5 cows out of 14 (Se = 36%) displayed "hoof to belly" after infusion. For "lifting hoof," 14/14 did not show hoof-lifting before infusion (Sp = 100%) and 6/14 displayed it after infusion (Se = 43%) at forestripping only. In the freestall barn, 9 behaviors had a Sp >75% (at minimum, 10/14 did not show the behavior) whatever the time point but Se < 60% (at maximum, 8/14 displayed the behavior). Finally, "absence of feeding and ruminating" had Sp of 86% (12/14 ate/ruminated) and Se of 71% (10/14 did not eat/ruminate) at 5 hpi. This study shows that feeding/ruminating, tail position, and reactivity at forestripping could be used as behavioral indictors for early detection of mastitis-related pain in dairy cows.

Describing physical activity in public open spaces in Brazil: Active City, Healthy City Program / Descrevendo a atividade física em espaços públicos abertos no Brasil: Programa Cidade Ativa, Cidade Saudável

This study aimed to describe the physical activity (PA) in public open spaces (POS) in a medi-um-sized city in Brazil. The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) was applied to evaluate a representative sample of users in 10 POS which received actions from the Active City, Healthy City Program. The places were evaluated four days a week (Tuesday, Wednes-day, Saturday, and Sunday) at four times (8 am, 10 am, 2 pm, and 4 pm). The proportion of users by gender, age group, skin color, and PA level was compared between the POS using the chi-square test for heterogeneity in the STATA software (p<0.05). As main results, 32,768 scans were performed in 64 target areas and identified 8,634 individuals. The highest proportion of people were males (58%), adults (38%), with white skin color (97%), and in light or moderate PA (76%). Except for skin color, there was a significant difference in the proportion of all other variables between the POS (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the POS was more commonly used by men, adults, and people of white skin color for light and moderate PA. Based on the results, program managers could reallocate resources to increase utilization and PA at each place

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a atividade física (AF) em espaços públicos abertos (EPA) em uma cidade de médio porte do Brasil. O System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) foi utilizado para avaliar uma amostra representativa de frequentadores de 10 EPA que receberam ações do programa Cidade Ativa, Cidade Saudável. Os locais foram avaliados quatro dias da semana (terça-feira, quarta-feira, sábado, domingo) em quatro horários (8h, 10h, 14h, 16h). A proporção de frequentadores por sexo, faixa etária, cor de pele e nível de AF foi comparada entre os EPA pelo teste do qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade no software STATA (p < 0,05). Como resultados principais, foram realizados 32.768 scans em 64 áreas-alvo e 8.634 frequentadores foram identificados. Foi observada maior proporção de pessoas do sexo masculino (58%), adultos (38%), de cor de pele branca (97%) e em AF de intensidade leve ou moderada (76%). Com exceção da cor da pele, houve diferença significante na proporção das demais variáveis entre os EPA (p < 0,05). Em conclusão, os EPA são mais comumente utilizados por homens, pessoas adultas, de cor de pele branca e para a prática de AF de intensidade leve e moderada. Com base nos resultados, os gestores do programa poderiam realocar recursos para aumentar a utilização e a AF em cada local

Prevenção do suicídio: esquecimento do ser e era da técnica / Suicide prevention: forgetfulness of being and technical era / Prevención del suicidio: olvido del ser y la era de la técnica

Martin Heidegger, em sua ontologia, destaca uma característica específica da atualidade que atravessa o comportamento humano, na filosofia, na ciência ou no senso comum: o esquecimento do ser. O filósofo diferencia a época atual das demais épocas históricas. O horizonte histórico contemporâneo se desvela por meio do desafio e da exploração, da tentativa de controle e domínio dos acontecimentos, ao modo da disponibilidade e em função da produtividade. O filósofo esclarece que todo esse desenraizamento do homem atual está atrelado ao esquecimento daquilo que é o mais essencial, qual seja, a existência. A questão que norteia este estudo é apurar, por meio das referências de Heidegger e dos estudos sobre suicídio, o quanto a interpretação da morte voluntária nos dias atuais está atravessada por tal esquecimento. Pretendemos investigar o quanto as ações de prevenção desenvolvidas pela suicidologia se encontram atravessadas por tal esquecimento do ser do homem e, dessa forma, acabam por estabelecer relações entre ser e ente em uma consequente redução ao ente como invariante e atemporal. O caminho para investigar a questão iniciará por abordar, em maiores detalhes, a analítica existencial, a questão da técnica e o movimento de esquecimento do ser apontados por Heidegger a fim de problematizar as perspectivas científicas atuais sobre o suicídio em sua prevenção para, então, estabelecer uma compreensão fenomenológica e existencial sobre o referido fenômeno.(AU)

Martin Heidegger, in his ontology, highlights a specific characteristic of the present moment that crosses human behavior, in philosophy, science, or common sense: the forgetfulness of being. The philosopher differentiates the current age from other historical ages. The contemporary historical horizon is unveiled by the challenge and the exploration, from the attempt to control and dominate events, to the mode of standing reserve and in terms of productivity. The philosopher clarifies that all this uprooting of the current man is linked to the forgetfulness of what is the most essential, namely, the existence itself. The question that guides this study is to investigate, via Heidegger's references and studies on suicide, to what extent the interpretation of voluntary death today is crossed by such forgetfulness. We intend to investigate to what extent the prevention actions developed by suicidology are crossed by such forgetfulness of the human's being and, in this way, they end up establishing relationships between being and entity in a consequent reduction to entity as an invariant and timeless. The path to investigate the issue will start by addressing, in greater detail, the existential analytics, the question concerning technique and the movement of forgetting the being pointed out by Heidegger to problematize the current scientific perspectives on suicide and its prevention to, then, propose a phenomenological and existential understanding about the referred phenomenon.(AU)

Martin Heidegger en su ontología destaca una característica específica del presente que atraviesa el comportamiento humano, ya sea en la filosofía, la ciencia o el sentido común: el olvido del ser. El filósofo diferencia la época actual de otras épocas históricas. El horizonte histórico contemporáneo se devela el desafío y la exploración, el intento de controlar y dominar los eventos, en la modalidad de disponibilidad y en términos de productividad. Y así aclara que todo este desarraigo del hombre actual está involucrado en el olvido de lo más esencial, que es la existencia misma. A partir de las referencias a Heidegger y de los estudios sobre el suicidio, este estudio busca saber hasta qué punto la interpretación de la muerte voluntaria hoy está atravesada por este olvido. Pretendemos investigar en qué medida las acciones de prevención desarrolladas por la suicidología se encuentran atravesadas por el olvido del ser del hombre y, de esta manera, terminan por establecer relaciones entre el ser y el ente, en una consecuente reducción al ente como invariante y atemporal. Para investigar el tema se abordará inicialmente, con mayor detalle, la analítica existencial, la cuestión de la técnica y el movimiento del olvido del ser señalado por Heidegger para problematizar las perspectivas científicas actuales sobre el suicidio y su prevención y, luego, proponer una comprensión fenomenológica y existencial sobre el referido fenómeno.(AU)

Challenges in developmental psychology research during the COVID-19 pandemic / Desafios da pesquisa em psicologia do desenvolvimento durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Desafíos de la investigación en psicología del desarrollo durante la pandemia de COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic brought a series of restructurings necessary for research in Developmental Psychology. The aim of the manuscript is to discuss adaptations we made in our research in this context during the COVID-19 pandemic and to present strategies to adequate research protocols originally designed to occur in person. Although some contexts do not allow the continuity of studies, research at this time can bring essential contributions in this extreme period. This article explores the strategies for adapting recruitment procedures, suggesting dissemination platforms, and using social networks for this purpose. Guidelines are suggested for conducting non-face-to-face interviews with caregivers, ways of assessing the interaction of the mother-child pairs, and problematizing ethical issues. The procedures for returning the results, an ethical researcher commitment, may be improved by resources such as automatic reports. Besides, strategies for better dissemination of the results for the participants are suggested. (AU)

A pandemia COVID-19 trouxe uma série de reestruturações necessárias à pesquisa em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as adaptações que realizamos em pesquisas neste contexto durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e apresentar estratégias para adequação de protocolos de pesquisa originalmente planejados para ocorrer de forma presencial. Embora alguns contextos não permitam a continuidade dos estudos, pesquisas nesse momento podem trazer importantes contribuições sobre este período ímpar. No presente artigo são exploradas estratégias de adaptação dos procedimentos de recrutamento, sugeridas plataformas de divulgação e como melhor usar as redes sociais para esse fim. Também são descritos procedimentos para realização de entrevistas não presenciais com responsáveis, formas de avaliação da interação das duplas mãe-criança e problematizadas questões éticas. Os procedimentos de devolução dos resultados, um compromisso ético dos pesquisadores, podem ser facilitados por recursos como relatórios automáticos. Além disso, sugerimos estratégias para melhor divulgação dos resultados ao público participante. (AU)

La pandemia del COVID-19 trajo una serie de reestructuraciones necesarias para la investigación en Psicología del Desarrollo. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir las adaptaciones realizadas en las investigaciones en este contexto durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y presentar algunas estrategias para la adaptación de los protocolos de investigación originalmente planeados para ser presenciales. Si bien algunos contextos no permitan la continuidad de los estudios, la investigación en este momento puede aportar importantes avances sobre estos tiempos de crisis. Este artículo explora las estrategias para adaptar los procedimientos de contratación, sugiriendo algunas plataformas de difusión y la mejor manera de utilizar las redes sociales para este fin. También se describen los procedimientos para la realización de entrevistas no presenciales con padres o tutores legales, las formas de evaluar la interacción madre-hijo y las cuestiones éticas. Los procedimientos para la devolución de los resultados, un compromiso ético de los investigadores, pueden verse facilitados por funciones como informes automáticos. Además, se recomienda estrategias para una mejor difusión de los resultados al público participante. (AU)

How visitation affects the behavior and welfare of different species of captive amazonian primates? / Como a visitação afeta o comportamento e o bem-estar de diferentes espécies de primatas cativos da Amazônia? / ¿Cómo visitas afectan el comportamiento y bienestar de diferentes especies de primates en cautiverio en Amazonia?

This study had the purpose of understanding the effects of visitation on behavioral patterns and on the well-being of primates in captivity. Five Amazonian primate species were observed using the focal animal method: Ateles chamek, Ateles belzebuth, Ateles paniscus, Lagothrix cana, and Sapajus apella. Two categories of visitor behavioral observations were adopted - active and passive. From the total number of records, the behavior of primates could be observed in 53.7% of the notes in the presence of visitors. The behavior of the visitors in front of the cages was considered passive in 91.2% of those records. The three species of Ateles reacted in different ways in the presence and absence of visitors. The type of visitor behavior had influence on the behavior of the primate (Chi-square=22.9, p<0.001). Stress indicating behaviors (CIE) represented 3.3% of the behavioral repertoire of the species (n=253 records). The primates presented a varied number of CIE, which included indexes of reduced well-being levels. A. belzebuth was ranked first as the species most affected by visitation. These results show the importance of understanding the stress effects on the behavioral pattern of captive primates in relation to visitation and other factors, leading to alternative actions for the zoo in order to improve the level of their welfare.(AU)

O entendimento dos efeitos da visitação nos padrões comportamentais e no bem-estar dos primatas em cativeiro foi o objetivo deste estudo. Por meio do método animal focal foram realizadas observações de cinco espécies de primatas amazônicos: Ateles chamek, Ateles belzebuth, Ateles paniscus, Lagothrix cana e Sapajus apella. Para observações comportamentais dos visitantes, foram adotadas duas categorias, ativo e passivo. Do total de registros, encontrou-se que os comportamentos dos primatas foram exibidos em 53,7% das anotações na presença de visitantes. O comportamento dos visitantes diante dos recintos foi em 91,2% considerado passivo. As três espécies de Ateles reagiram de formas diferentes na presença e ausência de visitantes. O tipo de comportamento dos visitantes teve influência no comportamento dos primatas (Chi-quadrado=22,9, p<0,001). Os comportamentos indicadores de estresse (CIE) representaram 3,3% do repertório comportamental das espécies (n=253 registros). Os primatas apresentaram um número variado de CIE, apresentando indicadores de reduzido grau de bem-estar. A. belzebuth esteve em primeiro lugar no ranking das espécies mais afetadas pela visitação. Estes resultados mostraram a importância de compreender os efeitos do estresse no padrão comportamental dos primatas cativos relacionados a visitação e outros fatores, levando ao zoológico alternativas que conduzam a ações para melhorar o grau de bem-estar.(AU)

Comprender los efectos de visitaciones en los estándares comportamentales y en el bienestar de los primates en cautiverio fue el objetivo de este estudio. Mediante el método de animales focales se realizaron observaciones en cinco especies de primates amazónicos: Ateles chamek, Ateles belzebuth, Ateles paniscus, Lagothrix cana y Sapajus apella. Para observaciones comportamentales de los visitantes, se adoptaron dos categorías, activa y pasiva. Del total de registros, se encontró que los comportamientos de los primates se mostraron en 53,7% de las notas en presencia de visitantes. El comportamiento de los visitantes frente a los recintos fue considerado pasivo en un 91,2%. Las tres especies de Ateles reaccionaron de manera diferente a la presencia y ausencia de visitantes. El tipo de comportamiento de los visitantes influyó en el comportamiento de los primates (Chi-cuadrado=22,9, p<0,001). Los comportamientos indicadores de estrés (CIE) representaron el 3,3% del repertorio conductual de la especie (n=253 registros). Los primates presentaron un número variado de CIE, mostrando indicadores de un reducido grado de bienestar. A. belzebuth ocupó el primer lugar en el ranking de las especies más afectadas por las visitas. Estos resultados mostraron la importancia de comprender los efectos del estrés en el estándar comportamental de los primates en cautivos relacionados con las visitas y otros factores, llevando al zoológico alternativas que conduzcan a acciones para mejorar el grado de bienestar.(AU)

Usos, retos y perspectivas de las técnicas visuales en la investigación en salud pública / Uses, challenges and perspectives of visual techniques in public health research

Resumen Desarrollar formas alternativas de comprender los fenómenos sociales requiere métodos de investigación que amplíen el alcance de las entrevistas, grupos focales y técnicas de observación participante. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los usos, retos y perspectivas de las técnicas visuales en el campo de la salud pública; se busca con ello aportar al enriquecimiento de las opciones metodológicas y ampliar el repertorio investigativo utilizado para la comprensión de los procesos de salud y de enfermedad en las poblaciones. Con estas técnicas, el proceso de investigación puede ser más abierto, más democrático, más atractivo e incluyente; en salud pública, estas abren posibilidades para enfoques colaborativos y fomentan el reposicionamiento de los participantes como coproductores del conocimiento.

Abstract Developing alternative ways of understanding social phenomena requires research methods that broaden the scope of standard interviews, focus groups and participant observation techniques. This article aims to analyze the uses, challenges and perspectives of visual techniques in the field of public health; it seeks to contribute to the enhancement of methodological options and expand the research repertoire used to understand health and disease processes in populations. With these techniques, the research process can be more open, more democratic, more attractive and inclusive; in public health, they open possibilities for collaborative approaches and encourage the repositioning of participants as co-producers of knowledge.

Confidências e inconfidências na supervisão psicanalítica como convergência dos três modelos de formação / Confidences and inconfidences in psychoanalytical supervision as a convergence of the three models of training / Confidencias e infidencias en la supervisión psicoanalítica como convergencia de los tres modelos de formación

A supervisão foi concebida sob a forma de diagramas, cujas estruturas expressam como o autor organiza e executa sua prática supervisiva. Dentro disso, confidências são entendidas como provenientes do supervisionando, expressas pelo material clínico e demais manifestações. Por outro lado, inconfidências são aquelas intervenções feitas pelo supervisor ao revelar intimidades do que pensa sobre o material clínico, sobre o supervisionando e, desdobrando-se, sobre a sua própria experiência analítica. Repactuar experiências diversas, em setting distintos e de temporalidades anacrônicas, é o desafio imposto à dupla sob a forma de o estranho, conceito equivalente ao de objeto analítico ou de objeto analítico subjugador. De acordo com a técnica e com a estrutura usadas, o presente modelo de supervisão pode ser aplicado a qualquer supervisionando em treinamento da IPA, funcionando na convergência desses três modelos. O trabalho finaliza com um exemplo clínico, através do qual o autor procura ilustrar o exposto (Au)

Supervision was conceived as diagrams, whose structures express how the author organizes and executes their own supervisory practice. Within this, confidences are understood as coming from the supervisee, expressed by the clinical material and other manifestations. On the other hand, inconfidences are those interventions made by the supervisor, unveiling intimacies of their thoughts on the clinical material, on the supervisee, and unfolding over their own analytical experience. Conciliate different experiences, in different settings and anachronistic temporalities is the challenge imposed upon the pair in the form of uncanny, a concept ­ in this paper ­ equivalent to that of analytic object, intersubjective analytic third or "subjugating third". According to the technique and structure used, this model of supervision can be used for any supervisee in training by IPA, functioning in the intersection of these three models. This paper ends with a clinical example, by which the author tries to illustrate the above (Au)

La supervisión se concibió en forma de diagramas, cuyas estructuras expresan cómo el autor organiza y ejecuta su práctica supervisora. Dentro de eso, se entiende que las confidencias provienen del supervisado, expresadas por material clínico y demás manifestaciones. Por otro lado, las infidencias son aquellas intervenciones que realiza el supervisor al revelar intimidades de lo que piensa sobre el material clínico, sobre la persona supervisada y, desplegándose, sobre su propia experiencia analítica. Pactar otra vez diferentes experiencias, en diferentes settings y con temporalidades anacrónicas, es el desafío que se le impone al dúo en la forma de uncanny, concepto equivalente al de objeto analítico u objeto analítico subyugador. De acuerdo con la técnica y estructura utilizadas, el presente modelo de supervisión se puede aplicar a cualquier supervisado en formación de la IPA, funcionando en la convergencia de estos tres modelos. El trabajo finaliza con un ejemplo clínico, a través del cual el autor intenta ilustrar lo anterior (Au)

Comparing video observation to electronic topography device as a method for measuring cigarette puffing behavior.

BACKGROUND: Smoking topography, or puffing behavior, is an important measure of how consumers may use tobacco products. However, numerous issues may prevent collection of this data via in-person, electronic topography device (e.g., CReSS). This study compared cigarette topography measures collected by video observation and electronic device. METHODS: Laboratory smoking sessions were video recorded and scored for 96 cigarettes collected from 34 daily, adult non-treatment-seeking smokers (73.5 % male, 82.4 % White). Participants smoked three of their preferred brand cigarettes using an electronic topography device, providing carbon monoxide (CO) samples before and after each cigarette. Analyses compared measures from both assessment methods and examined associations with device-obtained total puff volume and CO boost. RESULTS: Agreement analyses indicated robust similarity between methods for measures of puff count and total interpuff interval (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient [ICC]'s > 0.96,p's < 0.001; Bland-Altman [B-A] plotted differences within a priori limit of clinical significance) but diverged on total duration (ICC's > .93, p's < .001, yet B-A plots outside a priori limits). Regardless of assessment method, total duration and puff count (but not total interpuff interval) predicted total puff volume (p's < .001). None predicted CO boost (p's = .07-.90)." CONCLUSIONS: Although some topography outcomes (e.g., total puff volume) cannot be assessed via video observation, video-observed measures of puff count, total duration, and total interpuff interval are generally interchangeable with their topography device-obtained counterparts. Thus, video observation is likely a sufficient substitute method for assessing cigarette topography when using an electronic device is not possible.

Dicer1 promotes Aß clearance via blocking B2 RNA-mediated repression of apolipoprotein E.

Metabolism of ß-amyloid is critical for healthy brain. Decreased clearance of ß-amyloid is associated with ensued accumulation of amyloid peptide, culminating in formation of senile plaques, a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease(AD). Apolipoprotein E (APOE), a lipoprotein for phospholipid and cholesterol metabolism, is predominantly synthesized by glia in the central nervous system, controlling Aß aggregation and metabolism. By use of stereotactic injection and a Morris water maze, we found that delivery of Dicer1-expressing adenovirus into the hippocampus of an animal model of AD mice APPswe/PSEN1deltaE9 significantly improved spatial memory. The effect was associated with reduced amyloid peptides in the hippocampus which were analyzed with immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. With western blot, quantitative real-time PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and northern blot,Dicer1 overexpression increased apolipoprotein E (APOE) and concomitantly decreased B2 RNA in the hippocampus of the AD mice and in astrocyte cultures whereas transfection of B2 Mm2 RNA decreased APOE mRNA and protein levels in astrocyte cultures. Further, human or mouse APOE mRNA was found containing Alu RNA or its equivalent, B2 Mm2 RNA, locating downstream of its 3'-untranslated region (UTR), respectively. The 3'-UTR or 3'-UTR in conjunction with the downstream Alu/B2 RNA were cloned into a luciferase reporter; with dual-luciferase assay, we found that simultaneous transfection of Dicer1 siRNA or Alu/B2 RNA decreased the corresponding luciferase activities which suggest that Alu RNA mediated APOE mRNA degradation. Altogether, Dicer1 expression mediated amyloid peptide clearance by increasing APOE via blocking B2 RNA-mediated APOE mRNA degradation.

Análise comportamental da relação comissão técnica atletas de basquetebol: uso do software the observer / Behavior analysis of the relationship between technical committee and basketball athletes: "the observer" software use / Análisis comportamental de la relación entre comité técnicodeportista de baloncesto: uso de software the observer

Resumo A psicologia do esporte é uma área de estudos da psicologia que tem como objetivo contribuir para o aprimoramento dos aspectos psicológicos e de desempenho durante a prática esportiva, seja ela amadora ou profissional. Dentro desse contexto, a análise do comportamento se apresenta como uma abordagem relevante ao permitir observar e avaliar as contingências ambientais estabelecidas em treinamentos e competições. A relação entre comissão técnica e atletas de uma equipe está sujeita a diversas variáveis, inclusive aos tipos de liderança que caracterizam o ambiente. Dessa forma, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar, por meio da observação comportamental e dos modelos de liderança, o tipo de interação e comunicação entre comissão técnica e atletas de basquetebol. Jogadores e membros da comissão técnica de uma equipe profissional de basquetebol participaram do estudo. Para a mensuração de dados foram utilizados uma câmera filmadora para gravações em vídeo e os softwares The Observer XT Noldus e SPSS 23.0, com estatísticas descritivas e correlacionais. Os resultados mostraram que o estilo de liderança da comissão técnica influencia diretamente o comportamento dos atletas. Uma liderança autoritária fez com que comportamentos baseados em reforçamento negativo, como olhar para o técnico, obedecer ao treinador e incentivar os colegas após um erro, fossem emitidos com maior frequência. Por sua vez, quando a liderança era democrática, os jogadores emitiram respostas que orientavam outros jogadores mais vezes, como organizar jogadas e comentar movimentos, sempre com aval hierárquico do técnico.(AU)

Abstract Sport Psychology is a study area within the field of Psychology that aims to contribute to the improvement of psychological aspects and performance during sports practice, either amateur or professional. Behavior Analysis plays a relevant role in this scenario, enabling professionals to observe and evaluate environmental contingences of trainings and competitions. The relationship between technical committee and athletes is subject to numeral variables, including the leadership style characterizing the environment. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the interaction and communication established between technical committee and basketball athletes based on behavioral observation and leadership models. The study comprised athletes and members of the technical committee of a professional basketball team. Data were collected using a video camera and processed using The Observer XT - Noldus® software and SPSS 23.0®, providing descriptive and correlational statistical analysis. The results show that the leadership style adopted by the technical committee directly influences athletes' behavior. When the committee exercised an authoritative leadership, behaviors based on negative reinforcement were more frequent, such as observing and obeying the coach or encouraging colleagues after an error. In turn, democratic leaderships lead players to guide other players more often, organizing plays and commenting movements - always upon the coach's endorsement.(AU)

Resumen La psicología del deporte es un área de estudio de la psicología que tiene como objetivo contribuir a la modernización de los aspectos psicológicos y de desarrollo durante la práctica deportiva amadora o profesional. En este contexto, el análisis del comportamiento es un enfoque relevante, permitiendo notar y evaluar las contingencias del ambiente establecidas en entrenamientos y competiciones. Con eso, la relación entre el comité técnico y los deportistas está sujeta a variables, incluso a los tipos de liderazgo, que caracterizan el ambiente. De esta forma, este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar, a partir de la observación del comportamiento y de modelos de liderazgo, el tipo de interacción y comunicación entre el comité técnico y los deportistas de baloncesto. Jugadores y miembros de la comisión técnica de un equipo profesional de baloncesto participaron en el estudio. Para la medición de los datos, se utilizó una cámara de vídeo, el software The Observer XT - Noldus® y SPSS 23.0, presentando estadísticas descriptivas y correlacionadas. Los resultados mostraron que el estilo de liderazgo del comité técnico influye directamente en los comportamientos de los deportistas. Un liderazgo autoritario tiende a llevar con mayor frecuencia a comportamientos basados en refuerzo negativo, como mirar al técnico, obedecer al entrenador y animar a los colegas después de un error. Por otro lado, el liderazgo democrático lleva a los deportistas a orientar más a sus compañeros, organizando jugadas y comentando movimientos, siempre con aval jerárquico del técnico.(AU)

Does Virtual Reality Affect Children's Dental Anxiety, Pain, And Behaviour? A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Trial

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of virtual reality (VR) on dental anxiety, pain, and behaviour at different time points among children undergoing dental treatment under local anaesthesia. Material and Methods: This randomised, two‐armed, within-subject, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial included 76 children. Eligible participants were treated in two dental visits using the following methods: with protective glasses only, without distraction (attention placebo-controlled - APC); and with the treatment condition (i.e., VR). Primary outcomes were dental anxiety and pain; secondary outcome was dental visit behaviour. Heart rate scores were recorded as an objective measure to evaluate dental anxiety and pain. Subjective measurements for each variable were also performed. Results: Significant reduction in dental pain and anxiety was observed in the VR group, according to the heart rate scores; however, no statistical differences were observed according to the self-reported measures. Decreased dental anxiety and pain were associated with the first visit sequence with VR. Dental pain and anxiety scores were lower during local anaesthesia in the VR group than in the APC group. Conclusion: Virtual reality significantly reduced pain and anxiety during local anaesthesia in children undergoing dental treatment; therefore, it may be recommended during dental treatment in school-age children.

Measures in organizational behavior: why dont we use big data and analytics? / Medidas do comportamento organizacional: por que não usamos big data e analytics?

Tradeoff analysis, between generalizability, precision, and realism, guides methodological choices in organizational behavior. These methodological choices were systematically reviewed in Brazilian articles and books (1996-2017) to answer the following question: why are there no Brazilian studies on organizational behavior that use big data or analytics? Among 1062 research articles on organizational behavior, published in 19 psychology and business journals, 68% used scales, and only 10% used observation. Observation was often unstructured and supported other methods. The focus was on "saying," instead of "doing". Big data and analytics have the potential to simultaneously reach generalizability, precision, and realism and may pave the way for new conclusions. Additionally, these methods could transform research in organizational behavior.

A análise de custo-benefício entre generalidade, precisão e realismo guia escolhas metodológicas em comportamento organizacional. Estas foram sistematicamente revistas em artigos e livros (1996-2017) brasileiros com o objetivo de responder à pergunta: por que não há estudos em comportamento organizacional no Brasil que usem big data ou analytics? Dentre 1.062 artigos com relatos de pesquisa sobre comportamento organizacional publicados em 19 periódicos de Psicologia e Administração, 68% empregaram escalas e apenas 10% a observação. A observação foi muito frequentemente adotada de forma não estruturada e servindo de suporte a outros métodos. O foco foi no "falar" e não no "fazer". Big data e analytics têm o potencial para atingir ao mesmo tempo a generalidade, a precisão e o realismo e podem abrir o caminho para novas conclusões, sendo talvez capaz de transformar a investigação em comportamento organizacional.

Timed Artificial Insemination by Combining Estrous Behavior Observation With Deslorelin Treatment in Jennies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal time for ovulation induction and artificial insemination (AI) based on the relationship between estrous behavior and ovulation in jennies. Thirty-two jennies were teased by one jackass for 1 hour per day during 46 days and estrous behaviors were recorded, while the follicular development and ovulation was examined by ultrasound. Furthermore, another 31 jennies were teased by one jackass as the teasing group (group T), which were injected with Deslorelin at 2 and 4 days after the onset of estrus, and AI was performed at 8 hours after each injection. Moreover, Ultrasound was performed on the follicle development of 23 jennies as the ultrasonography group (group U). Injection with Deslorelin when the follicle diameter ≥ 30 mm, and AI was performed at 8 hours later. The results showed that mouth clapping was the specific estrous behavior of jennies and indicated the beginning of estrus. The mean time for jennies to develop dominant follicles (≥30 mm) after the onset of estrus was 3.5 ± 1.3 days, and the mean time between the onset of estrus and ovulation was 5.1 ± 1.5 days. Estrous behaviors ended 0.5 ± 1.2 days after ovulation. After AI, there were no significant differences in ovulation (96.8% vs. 91.3%) and conception rates (40.0% vs. 38.1%) between group T and U. The optimal breeding time of jennies can be determined by jackass teasing and hastening ovulation by Deslorelin injection.

O dizer do analista: a interpretação e um resto a não compreender / The analyst's saying: interpretation and a rest not to be understood / El dicho del analista: interpretación y un que se queda para no entender

Esse artigo parte de nossa experiência clínica diante da percepção da maneira com que cada analisando se coloca enquanto sujeito ao contar a própria história, considerando tanto seus ditos quanto os não ditos, sendo a tarefa de um analista possibilitar a reconstrução dessa história, sem prescindir do limite que lhe é imposto pelo Real. Assim, buscamos sublinhar como a interpretação pode ser dita pelo analista de modo a produzir um enunciado esclarecedor para o sujeito, por meio dos ensinamentos de Freud, Lacan e de psicanalistas contemporâneos. A partir da análise, concluímos que é necessário que o analista tenha "ouvidos para não ouvir", como diz Lacan, de tal forma que a sua escuta não caia no sedutor engodo acarretado pelo advento do sentido, mas seja capaz de despertar o sujeito para o reconhecimento das amarras às quais está aprisionado para que, assim, ele possa seguir no caminho de reconstruir a sua própria história (AU)

This article is based on our clinical experience, given the perception of how each analyst poses as subject when telling his own story, considering both his sayings and his not told, being the task of an analyst to enable the reconstruction of this history, without dispensing with the limit imposed by the Real. Thus, we seek to emphasize how the interpretation can be dictated by the analyst so as to produce an enlightening statement for the subject through the teachings of Freud, Lacan and other contemporary psychoanalysts. From the analysis, we conclude that it is necessary for the analyst to have "ears not to listen", as Lacan says, in such a way that his listening does not fall into the seductive deceit brought about by the advent of meaning, but awakens the subject to the recognition of the moorings which is imprisoned and thus I can follow the way of reconstructing its own history (AU)

Este artículo parte de nuestra experiencia clínica, ante la percepción de cómo cada analizante se coloca en cuanto sujeto al contar su propia historia, considerando tanto sus dichos y sus no dichos, siendo la tarea de un analista posibilitar la reconstrucción de esa historia, sin prescindir del presente, límite que le impone el Real. Así, buscamos subrayar cómo la interpretación puede ser dicha por el analista, para producir un enunciado esclarecedor para el sujeto, por medio de las enseñanzas de Freud, Lacan y otros psicoanalistas contemporáneos. En el análisis, concluimos que es necesario que el analista tenga "oídos para no oír", como dice Lacan, de tal forma que su escucha no caiga en el seductor engullido acarreado por el advenimiento del sentido, sino que despierte al sujeto para el reconocimiento de las amarras que está atrapado y así puedo seguir en el camino de reconstruir su propia historia (AU)

O uso do brinquedo terapêutico na administração por inalação em pré-escolares / Using therapeutic toy for administering by inhalation in pre-schools / El uso de juguete terapéutico para administración por inhalación en preescolares

Objetivo: comparar o comportamento de pré-escolares durante o uso de administração por inalação, antes e após sessão de Brinquedo Terapêutico. Método: estudo quase-experimental de abordagem quantitativa, com a técnica de observação antes e após a intervenção, realizado por meio de amostra intencional, recrutadas em uma Unidade de Pronto Atendimento no interior de Minas Gerais. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial, coletados entre os meses de novembro de 2017 a abril de 2018. Resultados: foram avaliados 25 comportamentos de 99 pré-escolares durante a administração por inalação. Após a sessão, 73,7% estavam com a postura e expressão facial relaxada, 76,8% estavam à vontade, 19,2% interromperam o procedimento e 38,4 % solicitaram a presença da mãe ou acompanhante. Conclusão: o uso do brinquedo, favoreceu maior aceitação e adaptação de pré-escolares submetidos à administração por inalação, evidenciado a importância em implementar essa estratégia em serviços de pronto atendimento pediátrico.

Objective: to compare the behavior of preschoolers during inhalation therapy, before and after a Therapeutic Play session. Method: quasi-experimental, quantitative study using pre- and post-intervention observation with an intentional sample recruited at an Emergency Care Unit in Minas Gerais. Data were collected from November 2017 to April 2018 and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: twenty-five behaviors of 99 preschoolers were evaluated during inhalation administration. After the session, 73.7% were relaxed in posture and facial expression, 76.8% were comfortable, 19.2% interrupted the procedure, and 38.4% requested the mother or companion to be present. Conclusion: the use of toys favored greater acceptance and adaptation by preschoolers undergoing inhalation therapy, evidencing the importance of implementing this strategy in pediatric emergency services.

Objetivo: comparar el comportamiento de los preescolares durante la terapia de inhalación, antes y después de una sesión de Juego Terapéutico. Método: estudio cuantitativo cuasi-experimental utilizando observación previa y posterior a la intervención con una muestra intencional reclutada en una Unidad de Atención de Emergencia en Minas Gerais. Los datos se recopilaron de noviembre de 2017 a abril de 2018 y se analizaron mediante estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Resultados: se evaluaron veinticinco comportamientos de 99 niños en edad preescolar durante la administración por inhalación. Después de la sesión, el 73.7% se relajó en la postura y la expresión facial, el 76.8% se sintió cómodo, el 19.2% interrumpió el procedimiento y el 38.4% solicitó que la madre o la acompañante estuvieran presentes. Conclusión: el uso de juguetes favoreció una mayor aceptación y adaptación por parte de los preescolares sometidos a terapia de inhalación, lo que evidencia la importancia de implementar esta estrategia en los servicios de emergencia pediátricos.

Syngeneic Transplantation of Rat Olfactory Stem Cells in a Vein Conduit Improves Facial Movements and Reduces Synkinesis after Facial Nerve Injury.

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic facial paralysis is a disabling condition. Current surgical management by faciofacial nerve suture provides limited recovery. To improve the outcome, the authors evaluated an add-on strategy based on a syngeneic transplantation of nasal olfactory stem cells in a rat model of facial nerve injury. The main readouts of the study were the recording of whisking function and buccal synkinesis. METHODS: Sixty rats were allocated to three groups. Animals with a 2-mm facial nerve loss were repaired with a femoral vein, filled or not with olfactory stem cells. These two groups were compared to similarly injured rats but with a faciofacial nerve suture. Olfactory stem cells were purified from rat olfactory mucosa. Three months after surgery, facial motor performance was evaluated using video-based motion analysis and electromyography. Synkinesis was assessed by electromyography, using measure of buccal involuntary movements during blink reflex, and double retrograde labeling of regenerating motoneurons. RESULTS: The authors' study reveals that olfactory stem cell transplantation induces functional recovery in comparison to nontransplanted and faciofacial nerve suture groups. They significantly increase (1) maximal amplitude of vibrissae protraction and retraction cycles and (2) angular velocity during protraction of vibrissae. They also reduce buccal synkinesis, according to the two techniques used. However, olfactory stem cell transplantation did not improve axonal regrowth of the facial nerve, 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The authors show here that the adjuvant strategy of syngeneic transplantation of olfactory stem cells improves functional recovery. These promising results open the way for a phase I clinical trial based on the autologous engraftment of olfactory stem cells in patients with a facial nerve paralysis.

Pilot study of neurologic toxicity in mice after proton minibeam therapy.

Proton minibeams (MBs) comprised of parallel planar beamlets were evaluated for their ability to spare healthy brain compared to proton broad beams (BBs). Juvenile mice were given partial brain irradiation of 10 or 30 Gy integral dose using 100 MeV protons configured either as BBs or arrays of 0.3-mm planar MBs spaced 1.0 mm apart on center. Neurologic toxicity was evaluated during an 8-month surveillance: no overt constitutional or neurologic dysfunction was noted for any study animals. Less acute epilation was observed in MB than BB mice. Persistent chronic inflammation was noted along the entire BB path in BB mice whereas inflammation was confined to just within the MB peak regions in MB mice. The potential neurologic sparing, possibly via reduced volume of chronic inflammation, offers a compelling rationale for clinical advancement of this proton technique.

Comparison of the Zurich Observation Pain Assessment with the Behavioural Pain Scale and the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool in nonverbal patients in the intensive care unit: A prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the concordance of Zurich Observation Pain Assessment (ZOPA) with the behavioural Pain Scale (BPS) and the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) to detect pain in nonverbal ICU patients. DESIGN: Prospective observational study [BASEC-Nr. PB_2016-02324]. SETTING: A total of 49 ICU patients from cardiovascular, visceral and thoracic surgery and neurology and neurosurgery were recruited. Data from 24 patients were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Three independent observers assessed pain with the BPS, the CPOT or ZOPA prior, during and after a potential painful nursing intervention. Tools were randomized concerning the pain management after each pain assessment. Frequency of nine additional pain indicating items from a previous qualitative, explorative study was calculated. RESULTS: ZOPA was positive in 32 of 33 measuring cycles (97.0%; 95%CI: 84.2-99.9%), followed by the CPOT (28/33 cycles, 84.8%; 95%CI: 68.1-94.9%) and the BPS (23/33 cycles, 67.0%; 95%CI: 51.3-84.4%). In 22/33 cycles all tools were concordant (66.7%; 95%CI: 48.2-82.0%). Analgesics were provided in 29 out of 33 cycles (87.9%; 95%CI: 71.8-96.6%). Additional pain indicating items were inconsistently reported. CONCLUSION: ZOPA is concordant with the BPS and the CPOT to indicate pain but detects pain earlier due to the low threshold value. Inclusion of further items does not improve pain assessment.

Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the cognitive deficits in D-galactose and AlCl3-induced aging mice by restoring FGF2-Akt and BDNF-TrkB signaling axis to inhibit apoptosis.

Ginsenoside Rg1 is the main active ingredient of Panax ginseng with the activity of neuroprotective, antioxidant and strengthening the immune system. Therefore, we hypothesized that Rg1 may afford anti-aging effects although the mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, chemically induced aging mice were established by consecutive administration of D-galactose and AlCl3. We found that Rg1 effectively ameliorates spatial learning and memory deficits in aging mice demonstrated by their improved performance in step down avoidance tests and Morris water maze experiments. Rg1 restored aging-induced decline of FGF2 and BDNF, reactivated TrkB/Akt signaling pathways in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex to inhibit apoptosis, for the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and apoptosis promoting enzyme cleaved-Caspase3 were antagonistically restored. Therefore, these results established the anti-aging effects of Rg1, and FGF2, BDNF and associated signaling pathways might be promising targets. Our data may provide a new avenue to the pharmacological research and diet therapeutic role of ethnic products such as Rg1 in anti-aging and aging associated diseases.