Mediators and Moderators of Active Music Engagement to Reduce Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Improve Well-being in Parents of Young Children With Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This trial examined the effects of proximal/distal mediators and moderators of an Active Music Engagement (AME) intervention on young child/parent distress, quality of life, and family function outcomes. METHODS: Child/parent dyads (n = 125) were randomized to AME or Audio-storybooks attention control condition. Each group received 3 sessions with a credentialed music therapist for 3 consecutive days with data collection at baseline, post-intervention (T2), and 30-days later (T3). Potential proximal mediators included within session child and parent engagement. Potential distal mediators included changes in perceived family normalcy, parent self-efficacy, and independent use of play materials. Potential moderators included parent/child distress with prior hospitalizations, parent traumatic stress screener (PCL-6), and child age. Outcomes included child emotional distress and quality of life; parent emotion, traumatic stress symptoms (IES-R), well-being; and family function. Mediation effects were estimated using ANCOVA, with indirect effects estimated using the percentile bootstrap approach. Moderation effects were tested by including appropriate interaction terms in models. RESULTS: No significant mediation effects were observed. Child distress with prior hospitalizations moderated AME effects for IES-R intrusion subscale scores at T2 (P = .01) and avoidance subscale scores at T3 (P = .007). Traumatic stress screener scores (PCL-6) moderated intervention effects for IES-R hyperarousal subscale scores at T2 (P = .01). There were no moderation effects for child age. CONCLUSIONS: AME is a promising intervention for mitigating traumatic stress symptoms and supporting well-being in parents of children with cancer, particularly for parents who screen high for traumatic stress and whose children are more highly distressed with hospitalization.

Estrutura interna da versão brasileira do Questionário de Estresse Traumático Secundário / Internal structure of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Questionnaire in Brazil / Estructura interna de la versión brasileña del Cuestionario de Estrés Traumático Secundario

O Estresse Traumático Secundário caracteriza-se por um conjunto de sintomas e condutas que se manifestam após a exposição indireta ao trauma. Profissionais que cuidam de pessoas traumatizadas estão susceptíveis ao transtorno. Este estudo examinou a estrutura interna da versão brasileira do Cuestionario de Estrés Traumático Secundario. Participaram 624 profissionais da saúde, acessados on-line. Para realização das análises fatoriais, a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos. Na análise exploratória, foram retidos 12 componentes, com cargas fatoriais entre 0,312 e 0,999. Os resultados da análise confirmatória revelaram que o modelo de doze fatores para 50 itens forneceu o melhor ajuste possível para os dados (RMSEA = 0,044; IC = 10%-90%; CFI = 0,949; TLI = 0,904) e índice de consistência interna geral do modelo foi de 0,91. Esses doze fatores foram distribuídos em quatro escalas (Antecedentes, Síndrome de Trauma Secundário, Personalidade e Consequências), com índices psicométricos relativamente baixos e uma nova organização dos itens das escalas do QETS, em contraste com a versão teórica original do instrumento. Sugere-se que novos estudos psicométricos analisem as escalas do questionário, separadamente, e investiguem outras categorias profissionais, especialmente na área dos serviços de emergências, além de estudos comparativos com amostras clínicas. (AU)

Secondary Traumatic Stress is characterized by a set of symptoms and behaviors that manifest themselves after the indirect exposure to the trauma. Professionals caring for traumatized people are susceptible to the disorder. This study examined the internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Cuestionario de Estrés Traumático Secundario. 624 health professionals participated, accessing the online questionnaire. To perform the factorial analysis, the sample was divided into two groups. In the exploratory analysis, 12 components were retained, with factorial loads between 0.312 and 0.999. The confirmatory analysis revealed a twelve-factor model for 50 items provided the best possible fit for the data (RMSEA = 0.044; CI = 10% -90%; CFI = 0.949; TLI = 0.904). However, at the end of the data discussion, 48 items remained in the model, and the overall internal consistency index of the model was 0.91. These twelve factors were distributed on four scales (Background, Secondary Trauma Syndrome, Personality and Consequences), with relatively low psychometric indices and a new organization of the items on the QETS scales in contrast to the theoretical framework in the the original instrument. It is suggested that new psychometric studies analyze the scales of the questionnaire separately and investigate other professional categories, especially in the area of emergency services and comparative studies with clinical samples. (AU)

El estrés traumático secundario se caracteriza por un conjunto de síntomas y conductas que se manifiestan después de la exposición indirecta al trauma. Los profesionales que cuidan a las personas traumatizadas son susceptibles al trastorno. Este estudio examinó estructura interna de la versión brasileña del Cuestionario de Estrés Traumático Secundario. Participaron 624 profesionales de la salud, accediendo al cuestionario online. Para la realización de los análisis factoriales la muestra fue dividida en dos grupos. En el análisis exploratorio, se retuvieron 12 componentes, con cargas factoriales entre 0.312 y 0.999. El análisis confirmatorio reveló que el modelo de doce factores para 50 ítems proporcionó el mejor ajuste posible para los datos (RMSEA = 0.044; IC = 10% -90%; CFI = 0.949; TLI = 0.904). Sin embargo, al final de la discusión de los datos quedaron 48 ítems en el modelo. El índice de consistencia interna general del modelo fue de 0,91. Estos doce factores se distribuyeron en cuatro escalas (Antecedentes, Síndrome de Trauma Secundario, Personalidad y Consecuencias), con índices psicométricos relativamente bajos y una nueva organización de los ítems en las escalas QETS, en contraste con la versión teórica original del instrumento. Se sugiere que nuevos estudios psicométricos analizan las escalas del cuestionario por separado e investiguen otras categorías profesionales, especialmente en el área de los servicios de emergencias y estudos comparativos con amostras clínicas. (AU)

Perda gestacional de repetição: aspectos psíquicos e terapias comportamentais / Recurrent pregnancy loss: psychic aspects and behavioral therapies

A perda gestacional de repetição (PGR) é definida classicamente como três perdas consecutivas antes de 20 semanas de gestação. Ela afeta aproximadamente 3% dos casais que tentam conceber, quando se consideram pelo menos duas perdas, e cerca de 1%, quando acima de três perdas. A PGR está associada a diferentes fatores causais. Algumas mulheres não terão nenhuma anormalidade identificável nos protocolos investigativos atuais. O aborto pode causar doenças mentais, tais como depressão e ansiedade, e ser responsável por sentimentos como medo, raiva e culpa. Embora existam intervenções já estabelecidas para pacientes com perda gestacional com fator causal determinado, não existe nenhum tratamento comprovadamente efetivo em mulheres com perda gestacional inexplicada. O oferecimento do chamado Tender Loving Care pode levar a melhores resultados gestacionais nessas pacientes. Este artigo irá fazer uma revisão sobre os aspectos psíquicos em PGR e o cuidado suportivo que poderá ser realizado nessas pacientes.(AU)

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is classically defined as three consecutive losses before 20 weeks of gestation. It affects approximately 3% of couples who try to conceive, when considering at least two losses, and about 1%, when considering three or more. RPL is associated with different causal factors. Some women will have no identificable abnormalities in current investigative protocols. Abortion can cause mental illness, such as depression and anxiety, and be responsible for feelings like fear, anger and guilt. Although there are interventions already established for patients with pregnancy loss with a determined causal factor, there is no proven effective treatment for women with unexplained pregnancy loss. The offer of the so-called Tender Loving Care can lead to better pregnancy results in these patients. This article will review the psychic aspects of recurrent pregnancy losses and the supportive care that can be performed in these patients.(AU)

Risk factors for the development of medical stress syndrome following surgical intervention.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric surgical procedures involve traumatic stress that may cause psychological distress, leading to decreased adherence to continued surgical follow-up and delayed physical recovery. Risk factors for pediatric medical trauma, however, have not been studied enough. We aim to define the risk factors detectable during hospitalization in pediatric surgery and characterize children at risk of developing PTSD, in order to focus preventive interventions on these children. METHODS: The participants in this prospective study were parents of 235 children aged 1-13 years hospitalized in a pediatric surgical ward, who form a representative sample of patients of this age in the ward. They completed questionnaires measuring symptoms of psychological distress, 3-5 months after discharge. RESULTS: Higher parental stress, parental concerns regarding family social support, and parental concerns regarding sibling problems had a significant positive correlation with the children's emotional distress measured 3-5 months after hospitalization. Among children aged 1-5 years, emergency (as opposed to elective) operation and a higher number of invasive procedures were also positively correlated with the children's PTSS. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to develop measurements for identifying children at high risk for developing posttraumatic stress following surgical intervention; guidelines for developing such a screening instrument are outlined. TYPE OF STUDY: Prognosis study (level of evidence - 1).

Quality of Life Following a Lower Limb Amputation in Diabetic Patients: A Longitudinal and Multicenter Study.

Objective: Lower limb amputation (LLA) leads to several emotional and physical sequelaes that have a negative impact on individuals` life. The objectives of this study were: 1) to analyze the relationship between emotional reactions (anxiety, depression and traumatic stress symptoms) and functionality level, before and after a LLA due to diabetic foot ulcer, and mental/physical quality of life; and 2) to analyze the mediator role of social support between emotional reactions and mental/physical quality of life. Method: A multicenter, longitudinal study with four time assessments: before the surgery, one month, six months, and ten months after surgery, including 206 individuals hospitalized with diabetic foot ulcer indicated for a LLA. The instruments used were the following: Revised Impact of Event Scale; Barthel Index; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and SF-36. Results: Anxiety symptoms before surgery and depression symptoms one month after surgery contribute to Mental Component Score (MCS) ten months after surgery. The level of functionality before and one month after surgery, traumatic stress symptoms one month after surgery as well as satisfaction with social support six months after surgery contribute to the Physical Component Score (PCS), ten months after surgery. Social support was a mediator between traumatic stress symptoms one month after surgery and PCS ten months after surgery. Conclusion: Identifying risk variables and the extent to which and when they affect mental/physical quality of life, will help to develop appropriate psychological interventions to promote quality of life in this population.

High-risk psychotropic medications for US children with trauma sequelae.

Children exposed to trauma are predisposed to develop a number of mental health syndromes. They are prone to under-treatment with effective psychosocial interventions and over-treatment with high-risk psychotropic medications, especially polypharmacy and the use of antipsychotics for unapproved conditions. We review the evidence for psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for mental health problems associated with high exposure to childhood trauma - identifying those in foster care as an index group - and the frequency of high-risk pharmacological practices. We describe current efforts to reduce over-treatment of children with high-risk psychotropic medications and propose further recommendations to protect and provide effective care for these vulnerable children.

Reducing healthcare conflict: outcomes from using the conflict management framework.

OBJECTIVE: To test a new conflict management framework (CMF) to help staff identify and de-escalate conflict between staff and patients/families. DESIGN: Before/after study that reports staff quality of life, frequency/severity of conflicts and qualitative interviews on using the framework. Data were collected from May 2017 to September 2017. SETTING: A paediatric oncology department day-patient and 23-bed inpatient ward. INTERVENTION: A two-stage CMF used by staff during daily handovers to identify and then manage conflict cases with families. RESULTS: Staff found the CMFto be helpful in identifying and de-escalating conflicts. The number of conflicts reported decreased by 64% from baseline to follow-up. Communication regarding conflict identification improved. Reports of staff burn-out decreased between the two time-points (n=55 at baseline, n=31 at follow-up; p=0.001). Scores on compassion and secondary traumatic stress did not change. CONCLUSIONS: The CMF substantially reduces the incidence of conflicts and is an acceptable approach for staff. Continued use of the framework would require it to be fully integrated into the working of the ward, which would need to include senior medical buy-in. Further refinements to the framework have been made and will be tested in four UK sites in 2018/2019.

[Diagnostics and initial estimation of refugee minors]. / Diagnostik und Ersteinschätzung bei minderjährigen Flüchtlingen.

The number of underage refugees arriving in Germany has rapidly increased since 2015. Many of these children and adolescents have been and still are, exposed to a large number of stressful circumstances. The group of those helping refugee minors is heterogeneous with both volunteers and professional workers from the fields of child welfare and healthcare services. Easily applicable instruments to assess both burdens and resources are needed in order to plan appropriate interventions. This paper focuses on instruments for assessing the circumstances of refugee minors and includes pilot data of an online-based screening instrument to assess burdens and resources (providing online resource and trauma assessment for refugees, PORTA). Field application was tested by the staff of a clearing and preclearing institution with 33 cases and good practical feasibility was reported. Applying a simple to use screening instrument for refugee minors and their helpers, which is available in several languages creates the possibility of a shared definition of problems and solutions and is beneficial to helpers (e.g. volunteers, youth welfare services and medical doctors) as well as refugee minors.

[Dissemination of psychotherapy modules for traumatized refugees : Experience gained from trauma work in crisis and conflict regions]. / Dissemination psychotherapeutischer Module für traumatisierte Geflüchtete : Erkenntnisse aus der Traumaarbeit in Krisen- und Kriegsregionen.

With each additional accumulative exposure to severe and traumatic stressors, the likelihood of developing mental health problems and physical diseases increases. Displaced individuals have usually experienced a number of serious threats to health due to organized violence in their home country or attacks during the flight. Frequently, domestic violence adds additional strain to the stressors experienced. The resulting impairments in psychosocial functioning reduce the resources needed for social adjustment and integration. Social exclusion then in turn often further aggravates the existing mental health complications. For the treatment of trauma spectrum disorders, different evidence-based psychotherapies are available. In high-income countries, trained and licensed psychotherapists are typically in positions to apply such interventions; however, even an advanced system with a high capacity, such as the psychotherapeutic care offered in Germany, severely struggles to manage the demands associated with the rapid addition of hundreds of thousands of displaced people. Germany's mental healthcare system at present lacks the resources, both human and technological, to effectively manage the present demands. Systematic scientific studies in resource-poor regions of war and conflict have demonstrated that the dissemination of effective treatment to local personnel, even with limited training, results in substantial improvements in the mental health challenges within the community: Organized as a cascade model, members of the refugee community learn to identify weakened fellow citizens requiring in-depth diagnostic interviews. Educated, bilingual individuals acquainted with their country's healthcare system (e. g. nurses, teachers and social workers) receive training to conduct structured interviews and evidence-based interventions under the supervision of centrally organized licensed psychotherapists. More complex cases are referred to local psychotherapists, psychiatrists or specialized treatment centers. These humanitarian efforts are based on the convention for the protection of human rights and secure the safety, freedom and dignity of these persons.

Structural equation modeling of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and psychosocial factors in women with breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is a positive psychological change occurring after struggling with a highly challenging experience. The purposes of this study were to investigate how women's demographic and clinical characteristics as well as psychosocial factors are associated with PTG and to reveal the influence of PTG on depressive symptoms. METHODS: Participants were 157 women with breast cancer (BC) who attended a breast oncology clinic at a university hospital in Japan. The questionnaire included demographic and clinical characteristics, social support, coping strategies, depressive symptoms, and PTG. Structural equation modeling was conducted. RESULTS: Coping was directly related to PTG, and social support and having a religion were partially related to PTG. There was a moderate association between social support and coping. PTG mediated the effect of coping on depressive symptoms. PTG as well as a high level of perceived social support and using positive coping decreased depressive symptoms, whereas using self-restraining coping increased depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: This study indicated the role of coping strategies and social support in enhancing PTG in Japanese women with BC. Furthermore, perceived social support, a positive approach coping style, and PTG may reduce depressive symptoms. Our results suggest that health care professionals should consider whether patients receive enough support from others, and whether the patients are using the appropriate coping style to adapt to stressors associated with the diagnosis and treatment of BC.

Early Traumatic Stress Responses in Parents Following a Serious Illness in Their Child: A Systematic Review.

A systematic review of the literature investigating the early traumatic stress responses in parents of children diagnosed with a serious illness/injury. A literature review was conducted (September 2013) using Medline, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases. Twenty-four studies related to parents of children hospitalized due to diagnosis of cancer, type 1 diabetes, meningococcal disease, trauma or serious injury, preterm birth and other serious illnesses requiring admission to intensive care were included. Parents were assessed for early traumatic stress symptoms within 3 months of their child's diagnosis/hospitalization. Prevalence rates of acute stress disorder in parents ranged from 12 to 63%. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder ranged from 8 to 68%. Variability was related to methodological factors including differences in study design, timing of assessments, measurement tools, and scoring protocols. Psychosocial factors rather than medical factors predicted parent distress. This review integrates and compares early traumatic reactions in parents with children suffering a range of serious illnesses. Findings suggest a high prevalence of acute and posttraumatic stress symptoms in parents. Methodological inconsistencies made comparison of early traumatic stress prevalence rates difficult. Risk factors associated with traumatic stress symptoms were identified.

Trauma e simbolização: diálogo com um jovem colega / Trauma and symbolization: a dialogue with a young colleague / Trauma y simbolización: diálogo con un joven colega

Em forma de diálogo, a autora apresenta o conceito de trauma como acontecimento que bloqueia, em algum ponto, o processo de simbolização. Este pode ser cumulativo ou consequência do "susto" - condição em que o sujeito não teve como antecipar o perigo para se defender. Diferencia dois níveis qualitativamente distintos nesse processo: a simbolização primária e a secundária. Desenvolve a ideia de que a situação traumática no vínculo primário não gera a libido necessária para promover ligações psíquicas e para o investimento positivo da função simbolizante; ao contrário, obriga o psiquismo em formação a um funcionamento defensivo e evacuatório (antissimbolizante). Finaliza com duas situações clínicas que ilustram dois modos distintos de retorno do traumático em análise, bem como a retomada do processo de simbolização no seio da situação transferencial...

Using a dialogue format, the author presents the concept of trauma as an event that blocks the process of symbolization at some point. This event may be cumulative, or a effect of "scare" - a condition in which the subject could not anticipate danger in order to defend himself. The author distinguishes two qualitatively different levels in this process: the primary and the secondary symbolization. She develops the idea that, in the primary bond, a traumatic situation does not generate the necessary libido to promote psychic connections, or the necessary libido for the positive investment of the symbolizing function; otherwise, the traumatic situation forces the developing psyche to act in a defensive, evacuant mode (a nonsymbolizing mode). In the end of this paper, the author brings two clinical situations that illustrate two different ways of bringing back the traumatic event in analysis, as well as the resumption of the symbolization process in the core of a transference situation...

En forma de diálogo, la autora introduce el concepto de trauma como un acontecimiento que bloquea en algún punto el proceso de simbolización. El mismo puede ser acumulativo o consecuencia del "terror" - condición en la que el yo no pudo anticipar el peligro para defenderse. Distingue dos niveles cualitativamente distintos en este proceso, la simbolización primaria y secundaria. Desarrolla la idea de que la situación traumática en el vínculo primario no genera la libido necesaria para promover ligaciones psíquicas y la investidura positiva de la función simbolizante. Al contrario, la psique desarrolla un funcionamiento defensivo y evacuativo, anti-simbolizante. Finaliza con dos situaciones clínicas que ilustran dos modos distintos del retorno de lo traumático en análisis, así como la reanudación del proceso de simbolización en la situación transferencial...

Childhood abuse increases the risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms and history of suicidal behavior in Mexican pregnant women

Objective:To explore the relationship between individual and co-occurring childhood sexual, physical, and verbal abuse, prenatal depressive (PDS) and anxiety symptoms (PAS), and history of suicidal behavior (HSB) among Mexican pregnant women at risk of depression.Methods:A sample of 357 women screened for PDS was interviewed using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA-Q), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the anxiety subscale of the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90), and specific questions on verbal abuse and HSB.Results:Logistic regression analyses showed that women who had experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were 2.60 times more likely to develop PDS, 2.58 times more likely to develop PAS, and 3.71 times more likely to have HSB. Childhood physical abuse (CPA) increased the risk of PAS (odds ratio [OR] = 2.51) and HSB (OR = 2.62), while childhood verbal abuse (CVA) increased PDS (OR = 1.92). Experiencing multiple abuses increased the risk of PDS (OR = 3.01), PAS (OR = 3.73), and HSB (OR = 13.73).Conclusions:Childhood sexual, physical, and verbal abuse, especially when they co-occur, have an impact on PDS and PAS and lifetime HSB. These findings suggest that pregnant women at risk for depression should also be screened for trauma as a risk factor for perinatal psychopathology.

Missing memories of death: Dissociative amnesia in the bereaved the day after a cancer death.

OBJECTIVE: The death of a loved one is one of the most stressful events of life, and such stress affects the physical and psychological well-being of the bereaved. Dissociative amnesia is characterized by an inability to recall important autobiographical information. Dissociative amnesia in the bereaved who have lost a loved one to cancer has not been previously reported. We discuss herein the case of a patient who developed dissociative amnesia the day after the death of here beloved husband. METHOD: A 38-year-old woman was referred for psychiatric consultation because of restlessness and abnormal behavior. Her 44-year-old husband had died of pancreatic cancer the day before the consultation. On the day of the death, she looked upset and began to hyperventilate. The next day, she behaved as if the deceased were still alive, which embarrassed her family. At her initial psychiatric consultation, she talked and behaved as if her husband was still alive and in the hospital. RESULTS: Her psychiatric features fulfilled the DSM-V criteria for dissociative amnesia. The death of her husband had been very traumatic for her and was considered to have been one of the causes of this dissociation. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: This report adds to the list of psychiatric symptoms in the bereaved who have lost a loved one to cancer. In an oncology setting, we should consider the impact of death, the concomitant defense mechanisms, and the background of the families.

Estados emocionais e estratégias de enfrentamento de mães de recém-nascidos de risco / Emotional states and coping strategies of mothers of newborns at risk

Mães de recém-nascidos de risco podem apresentar estresse e depressão, interferindo na qualidade da interação com o bebê e em suas estratégias de enfrentamento. Foram avaliados os estados emocionais e estratégias de enfrentamento de 13 mães de bebês pré-termo e baixo peso de um programa de follow-up de recém-nascidos de risco em um hospital público de Vitória, pelos instrumentos: Inventários de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp, Inventário de Depressão de Beck e Escala Modos de Enfrentamento de Problemas. Os bebês foram avaliados pela Escala Bayley-III. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva dos dados. Verificou-se a presença de estresse (61,5%) e depressão (46,2%), com estratégias de enfrentamento focalizadas no problema (M = 3,70) e busca de religiosidade (M = 2,21). O desenvolvimento dos bebês estava dentro dos padrões de normalidade. Fatores contextuais relativos ao estressor devem ser considerados para que propostas de intervenção sejam dirigidas à proteção do desenvolvimento da díade

Mothers of newborns at risk may show emotional states of stress and depression, affecting the quality of interaction with the baby and their coping strategies. The emotional states and coping strategies of 13 mothers of preterm and low birth weight babies in a follow-up program of infants at risk in a public hospital in Vitoria were assessed by the instruments: Lipp´s Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults (ISSL), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Ways of Coping with Problems Scale (EMEP). All the babies were assessed by the Bayle-III Scales (Screening Test). A descriptive statistical analysis data was performed. Findings were maternal stress indicators (61,5%) and depression (46,2%), with problem focused coping strategies (M = 3,70) and religion finding support (M = 2,21). The babies' development was considered normal. Contextual factors related to the stressor must be considered so that proposed interventions are targeted to protect dyad development

O traumático na psicanálise e psiquiatria: implicações ético-políticas / The traumatic in psychoanalysis and psychiatry: ethical and political implications

O objetivo do artigo consiste em articular o discurso psicanalítico e psiquiátrico sobre o trauma, extraindo as implicações ético-políticas desta articulação, além de promover um resgate da subjetividade pela psiquiatria. A justificativa é ético-pragmática. A metodologia consiste na revisão não sistemática da literatura, mediante a seleção de textos que enfocam o traumático na psicanálise - a partir das categorias freudianas "neurose traumática", "compulsão à repetição", "pulsão de morte" e "passagem ao ato", além de textos de autores pós-freudianos e da literatura acerca dos testemunhos de catástrofes históricas, que situam o traumático na ordem do irrepresentável - bem como a seleção de textos na área da psiquiatria, que tratam das categorias "estressores precoces" e "estresse pós-traumático", enfatizando a relação entre os estressores precoces e o desenvolvimento posterior de quadros psicopatológicos. Enfatiza-se também a susceptibilidade individual a determinados eventos traumáticos, bem como as bases neurobiológicas do TEPT. São extraídas importantes implicações ético-políticas a partir da articulação proposta, que impactam no âmbito da clínica, levando a uma prática mais efetiva, e no âmbito político-social, com relação à elaboração de políticas públicas de saúde mental, que visam à prevenção de eventos traumatogênicos, bem como a oferta de serviços qualificados aos pacientes submetidos a vivências traumáticas.

This paper aims to articulate the psychoanalytic and psychiatric discourse on trauma, extracting the ethical and political implications of this link, and promote a rescue of subjectivity by psychiatry. The justification is ethical and pragmatic. The methodology consists of the non-systematic review of the literature, by selecting texts that focus on the traumatic in psychoanalysis - from the Freudian categories "traumatic neurosis", "repetition compulsion", "death drive" and "passage to the act," as well as texts of post-Freudian authors and literature about the testimonies of historical catastrophes, which are located on the order of the traumatic unrepresentative - as well as the selection of texts in the field of psychiatry, which deal with "early stressors" and "post-traumatic stress", emphasizing the relationship between early stressors and the subsequent development of psychopathology. It also emphasizes the individual susceptibility to certain traumatic events, as well as the neurobiological bases of PTSD. Important ethical and policy implications from the joint proposal, that impact within the clinic are extracted, leading to a more effective practice, and socio-political context, with the formulation of public policies on mental health, aimed at preventing trauma generator events as well as the supply of qualified services to patients undergoing traumatic experiences.

Modalidades de respuesta frente a lo traumático: aportes de la segunda tópica freudiana / Method of response to traumatic: contributions of the second freudian topic

El siguiente artículo se inscribe en el Proyecto de Investigación UBACyT: “La clínica de la segunda tópica freudiana” Programación científica 2011-2014. Dentro del marco de dicha Investigación, este artículo indaga los distintos modos de respuesta frente a lo traumático teorizados por Freud. Para ello recorreremos las diversas conceptualizaciones freudianas de lo traumático, y fundamentalmente, destacaremos las modalidades de respuesta frente a lo traumático que están por fuera de la operatoria de la represión. Es decir, aquellas respuestas subjetivas que el aparato psíquico presenta en los momentos denominados tempranos, previos lógicamente al Edipo. Precisaremos los diferentes articuladores conceptuales y referentes clínicos que nos permitan ilustrar estas nociones. En primer lugar, situaremos los desarrollos freudianos respecto de la represión, el síntoma y el valor de las fantasías, y luego nos dedicaremos a ubicar los distintos modos de defensa que exceden la operación de la represión: los diques pulsionales, los dos destinos de pulsión previos a la represión, la compulsión de repetición y la angustia como contrainvestidura...