Transtornos do sono: atualização (1/2) / Sleep disorders: up to date (1/2)

Esta é uma primeira parte (1/2) da abordagem de fundamentos do sono e transtornos do sono (TS) sobre aspectos: neurobiológicos (neuroanatômicos, neuroquímicos e fisiológicos); clínicos (anamnese e exame físico; exames subjetivos - questionários e escalas; exames objetivos - polissonografia, teste de latências múltiplas e actigrafia). É valorizada a terceira Classificação Internacional dos Transtornos do Sono (ICSD-3) para abordar aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos, segundo as quatro queixas principais referentes dos TS: Insônia, Sonolência excessiva diurna, Movimentos e comportamentos anormais durante o sono e Incapacidade de dormir na hora desejada. Neste artigo abordamos apenas: 1-Insônia - dificuldade em adormecer ou manter-ser dormindo, acordar cedo, ou um distúrbio na qualidade do sono que faz com que o sono pareça inadequado ou não restaurador; duração: aguda ou crônica; 2- Sonolência excessiva diurna; consequente a distúrbios do sono, privação do sono; distúrbios centrais da hipersonia; distúrbios médicos ou psiquiátricos. (AU)

This is the first part (1/2) on this paper about sleep fundamentals and sleep disorders (TS) questions: neurobiological (neuroanatomical, neurochemical and physiological); clinical (anamnesis and physical examination; subjective exams - questionnaires and scales; objective examinations - polysomnography, multiple latency tests and actigraphy). The third International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3) is valued to address clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects, according to the four main complaints regarding TS: Insomnia, Excessive daytime drowsiness, Abnormal movements and behaviors during sleep, and Inability to sleep at the desired time. In this paper, it is discussed the only first two: 1-Insomnia: difficulty falling as-leep, staying asleep, early morning waking, non- restorative sleep, quality of sleep, and amount of sleep; duration: acute or chronic. (AU)

Disturbances of sleep continuity in women during the menopausal transition.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of sleep continuity disorders in women during menopausal transition, to evaluate the relationship between disturbances of sleep continuity and the severity of menopausal syndrome and the occurrence of various symptoms of this syndrome, as well as to evaluate the association between the presence of sleep disturbances and serum concentrations of gonadotropins, prolactin and sex hormones. METHODS: Consecutive 140 women (mean age 54.4 ± 4.7 years) searching for the treatment in the Clinic for Gynaecological Endocrinology who reported symptoms of menopausal syndrome were investigated. The type and severity of disturbances of sleep continuity were evaluated using a survey based on the sleep related questions from Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The severity of symptoms of menopausal syndrome was assessed using the Kupperman Index. The concentration of the following hormones in blood serum was tested: FSH, LH, 17ß-estradiol, PRL, total testosterone, DHEAS and SHBG. RESULTS: Disturbances of sleep continuity were a prevalent complaint in the studied group of women. Difficulties in falling asleep were found in 57.8% of women, difficulties in maintaining sleep in 70%, waking up too early in 60.7%. The severity of all three types of sleep continuity disturbances was related to the severity of menopausal syndrome as measured with Kupperman Index (Spearman correlation coefficient r = 0.63, r = 0.61, r = 0.52, respectively; p < 0.001). Difficulties in maintaining sleep were negatively correlated with the concentration of FSH (r = - 0.19; p < 0.05), 17ß-estradiol (r = - 0.19; p < 0.05) and SHBG (r = - 0.18; p < 0.05), difficulties in falling asleep negatively correlated with the concentration of 17ß-estradiol in the blood serum (r = - 0.19; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sleep continuity disturbances are frequently reported by women during the menopausal transition. Interventions aimed at reducing the symptoms of menopausal syndrome should be considered as important action to improve sleep quality in this population of patients.

Sleep disruption and the sequelae associated with traumatic brain injury.

Sleep disruption, which includes a loss of sleep as well as poor quality fragmented sleep, frequently follows traumatic brain injury (TBI) impacting a large number of patients each year in the United States. Fragmented and/or disrupted sleep can worsen neuropsychiatric, behavioral, and physical symptoms of TBI. Additionally, sleep disruption impairs recovery and can lead to cognitive decline. The most common sleep disruption following TBI is insomnia, which is difficulty staying asleep. The consequences of disrupted sleep following injury range from deranged metabolomics and blood brain barrier compromise to altered neuroplasticity and degeneration. There are several theories for why sleep is necessary (e.g., glymphatic clearance and metabolic regulation) and these may help explain how sleep disruption contributes to degeneration within the brain. Experimental data indicate disrupted sleep allows hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid ß plaques to accumulate. As sleep disruption may act as a cellular stressor, target areas warranting further scientific investigation include the increase in endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress following acute periods of sleep deprivation. Potential treatment options for restoring the normal sleep cycle include melatonin derivatives and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Sleep Forensics: a critical review of the literature and brief comments on the Brazilian legal situation / Medicina do sono Forense: uma revisao critica da literatura e breves comentarios sobre a situacao brasileira

Sleep medicine is a relatively new field among Medical Sciences. Its legal aspects are still obscure, either for lack of knowledge of the biological mechanisms underlying violent behaviour during sleep or the virtual absence of clear legal and uniformly accepted guidelines as to whether to punish or treat those disorders. An updated review of the pertinent literature was performed to determine the most prevalent pathological conditions involving violence and sleep and to identify their most common precipitating factors, attempting to provide some technical support to aid Brazilian medical-experts or assistants in preparing substantial and scientific-based reports in a legal environment.

A medicina do sono é um campo relativamente novo dentro das Ciências Médicas. Seus aspectos legais encontram-se ainda na obscuridade, seja por falta de conhecimento dos mecanismos biológicos do desenvolvimento dos transtornos de comportamento e da violência praticada em estados alterados de sono, seja por virtual ausência de previsão legal do binômio tratamento/punição. Realizamos revisão atualizada da literatura para determinar as condições patológicas mais prevalentes envolvendo violência e sono, identificar seus fatores precipitantes mais comuns e os critérios médico-legais que podem auxiliar eventuais médicos-peritos ou assistentes na elaboração de pareceres abalizados em âmbito legal.

Transtornos do sono: visão geral / Sleep disorders: overview

Os transtornos do sono (TS) são um problema clínico relevante. Oobjetivo deste trabalho é compreender as características do ciclovigília-sono e das fases do sono, além de suas manifestações, e conhecera classificação, as abordagens diagnósticas e os tratamentos(farmacológicos ou não) dos TS, para melhor controlá-los, principalmenteem relação a adultos. Critérios comportamentais e fisiológicosdefinirão o ciclo vigília-sono e seus componentes (vigília, sonoREM ou NREM ? N1, N2, N3), que são regulados por mecanismoscerebrais integrados. As quatro queixas principais de sono incluem:(1) insônia (tempo: do início do sono, de manutenção do sono e definal do sono; duração: aguda ou crônica; etiologia: primária ou secundária); (2) sonolência excessiva diurna (provocada por causasprimárias ou secundárias, como narcolepsia, hipersonia idiopáticae apneia obstrutiva do sono, além de várias outras); (3) movimentosou comportamentos anormais durante o sono (como pernasinquietas e transtornos de movimentos periódicos dos membros,bruxismo do sono, transtornos comportamentais do sono REM, sonambulismo, terrores noturnos, excitação confusional, pesadelos);(4) incapacidade de dormir na hora desejada (como fase atrasadado sono, fase avançada do sono, trabalho por turnos; jet lag). A segundaedição da Classificação Internacional de Transtornos do Sono (ICSD-2) classifica os TS em oito categorias principais: insônia; transtornosrespiratórios relacionados com o sono; hipersonias de origemcentral; transtornos do ritmo circadiano; parassonias; transtornos domovimento relacionados com o sono; sintomas isolados e variantesnormais; outros TS. Em relação ao tratamento, em primeiro lugar, énecessário reconhecer a causa do TS e/ou sua comorbidade e verificarse o paciente segue as regras básicas de higiene do sono, depois,se for necessário, considerar o tratamento farmacológico e/ou nãofarmacológico, examinando caso a caso...

The sleep disorders (SD) are relevant clinical problem to be bettermanaged by understanding the characteristics of the wake-sleepcycle and sleep stages, the SD manifestations and their classification,diagnostic and treatment approach (pharmacological or not),all the aims of this paper, mainly regarding adults. Behavioral andphysiological criteria define the wake-sleep cycle and its components(wake, sleep REM or NREM ? N1, N2, N3) that are regulatedby integrated brain mechanisms. The four major sleep complaintsinclude: (1) insomnia (timing: sleep onset, sleep maintenance, sleepoffset; duration: acute or chronic; etiology: primary or secondary);(2) excessive daytime sleepiness (caused by primary or secondarycauses, narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia, and obstructive sleepapnea, besides several other causes); (3) abnormal movements orbehavior during sleep (such as restless leg and periodic limb movementdisorder, sleep bruxism, REM behavior disorders, and otherssuch as sleep walking, sleep terrors, confusional arousal, nightmares);(4) inability to sleep at the desired time (such as delayed sleepphase; advanced sleep phase; shift work; jet lag). The second editionof the International Classification of SD (ICSD-2) classifies SD intoeight major categories: insomnia; sleep related breathing disorders;hypersomnias of central origin; circadian rhythm SD; parasomnias;sleep related movement disorders; isolated symptoms and normalvariants; other SD. Regarding treatment, first, it is necessary to recognizethe cause of the sleep disturbance and/or its comorbidity, and to check if the patient follows basic rules of sleep hygiene, after, if necessary, consider non-pharmacological or/and pharmacological management, examining case by case...

Somnology 101: a primer on sleep disorders, their impact on society, and a role for dentistry.

Sleep is necessary for our existence. It is one-third of a commitment to health along with nutrition and exercise. While we spend one-third of our lives asleep, studies show one-third of the U.S. population suffers with a significant sleep disorder at some point in their lifetime. This manuscript introduces sleep and sleep disorders, focuses on those sleep disorders within the domain of dentistry, and addresses contributions the dental community can make toward specific sleep problems.

Determining the level of sleepiness in the American population and its correlates.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence, to determine the risk factors and to evaluate the impacts of excessive sleepiness in the general population. METHOD: It is a cross-sectional telephone study using a representative sample consisting of 8937 non-institutionalized individuals aged 18 or over living in Texas, New York and California. They represented a total of 62.8 million inhabitants. The participation rate was 85.6% in California, 81.3% in New York and 83.2% in Texas. Interviews were managed by the Sleep-EVAL expert system. The questionnaire included questions on sleeping habits, life habits, health, DSM-IV mental disorders, DSM-IV and ICSD sleep disorders. RESULTS: As many as 19.5% of the sample reported having moderate excessive sleepiness and 11.0% reported severe excessive sleepiness. Moderate excessive sleepiness was comparable between men and women but severe excessive sleepiness was higher in women (8.6% vs. 13.0%). Factors associated with moderate excessive sleepiness were sleeping 6 h or less per main sleep episode (OR:2.0); OSAS (OR:2.0); insomnia disorder (OR:2.4); Restless Legs Syndrome (OR: 1.8) major depressive disorder (OR: 1.7); anxiety disorder (OR:1.5) and use of tricyclic antidepressant (OR: 2.1) presence of heart disease (OR: 1.5), cancer (1.8) and chronic pain (1.3). Factors associated with severe excessive sleepiness were similar with the addition of being a woman (OR:1.5), alcohol dependence (OR: 1.4), bipolar disorder (OR: 2.1), use of over-the-counter sleeping pills (OR: 2.5), narcotic analgesics (OR: 3.4), Antidepressants (other than SSRI or tricyclic) and presence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (OR:1.6). Sleepy individuals were twice as likely than non-sleepy participants to have had accidents while they were at the wheel of a vehicle during the previous year. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive sleepiness is highly prevalent in the American population. It was strongly associated with insufficient sleep and various sleep disorders as well as mental and organic diseases.

Trastornos del sueño en el paciente adulto hospitalizado / Disorders of sleep in the hospitalized adult patient

Hospitalized adult patients frequently have sleep complaints. The majority of studies have principally focused in ICU patients. However, many medical and surgical disorders can disrupt the normal sleep architecture. Sleep disorders in hospitalized patients are susceptible to be successfully treated with hypnotics and control of ambient factors. We reviewed papers published in the Medline between 1997 – 2012, those considered relevant are be discussed in this review.

Trastornos del sueño en los pacientes críticos / Sleep disorders in critically ill patients

Sleep disorders are common in critically ill patients, and its consequences still insufficiently clarified. An environment with multiple noxious stimuli, light and hearing, admission for severe acute illness with multisystem disease, and the need for drugs that can disrupt sleep physiology, lead to this situation. We will review the epidemiology and risk factors for these disorders, and its possible consequences. Finally we discuss potential strategies for prevention of sleep disorders in this patient population.

Sleep disorders in cerebellar ataxias / Distúrbios do sono nas ataxias cerebelares

Cerebellar ataxias comprise a wide range of etiologies leading to central nervous system-related motor and non-motor symptoms. Recently, a large body of evidence has demonstrated a high frequency of non-motor manifestations in cerebellar ataxias, specially in autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). Among these non-motor dysfunctions, sleep disorders have been recognized, although still under or even misdiagnosed. In this review, we highlight the main sleep disorders related to cerebellar ataxias focusing on REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), restless legs syndrome (RLS), periodic limb movement in sleep (PLMS), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), insomnia and sleep apnea.

As ataxias cerebelares se caracterizam por uma enorme variedade de etiologias, cursando tanto com sintomas motores como também com sintomas não motores. Recentemente, várias evidências têm demonstrado uma frequência elevada de sintomas não motores nas ataxias cerebelares, especialmente nas ataxias espinocerebelares autossômicas dominantes (SCA). Dentre os sintomas não motores, estão os distúrbios do sono, que muitas vezes são sub-diagnosticados ou pouco valorizados. Nessa revisão, enfatizamos os principais distúrbios do sono relatados nas ataxias cerebelares, como transtorno comportamental do sono REM, síndrome das pernas inquietas, movimentos periódicos das pernas no sono, sonolência diurna excessiva, insônia e apnéia do sono.

Development of pediatric sleep questionnaires as diagnostic or epidemiological tools: a brief review of dos and don'ts.

Questionnaires are a useful and extensively used tool in clinical sleep medicine and in sleep research. The number of sleep questionnaires targeting the pediatric age range has tremendously increased in recent years, and with such explosion in the number of instruments, their heterogeneity has become all the more apparent. Here, we explore the theoretical and pragmatic processes required for instrument design and development, i.e., how any questionnaire, inventory, log, or diary should be created and evaluated, and also provide illustrative examples to further underline the potential pitfalls that are inherently embedded in every step of tool development.

Associations among sleep disturbance, vitality, fatigue and oral health.

PURPOSE: The objective of the present study was to explore the moderating effects of sleep disturbance, fatigue and vitality on self-reported oral-health status and oral-health related behaviours. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The present study sample consisted of 213 first-year dental students at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila', Bucharest, Romania. The questionnaire included information about sociodemographic factors, behavioural variables and self-reported oral-health status. Subjective Vitality Scale, Fatigue Assessment Scale and Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire were used to assess quality of sleep, vitality and fatigue. The duration of sleep in 41.2% of students was < 7 h per night. It was revealed that 11.7% of the students experienced daily disturbed sleep, 20.4% had daily premature awakening and 50.5% presented frequent difficulties awakening. Significant differences were found among disturbed sleep, impaired awakening, vitality and fatigue scales according to several variables: perceived dental health, satisfaction by appearance of own teeth, self-reported gingival condition, mouth rinse frequency and reason for the dental visit, while multiple linear regression analyses revealed that vitality and impaired awakening were independent determinants of self-rated oral and gingival health status. Disturbed sleep index, impaired awakening, fatigue and vitality were positively associated with oral-health related behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that the disturbed sleep index, impaired awakening, fatigue and vitality were associated with oral-health status and behaviour.

Development of criteria for a diagnosis: lessons from the night eating syndrome.

Criteria for inclusion of diagnoses of Axis I disorders in the forthcoming Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) of the American Psychiatric Association are being considered. The 5 criteria that were proposed by Blashfield et al as necessary for inclusion in DSM-IV are reviewed and are met by the night eating syndrome (NES). Seventy-seven publications in refereed journals in the last decade indicate growing recognition of NES. Two core diagnostic criteria have been established: evening hyperphagia (consumption of at least 25% of daily food intake after the evening meal) and/or the presence of nocturnal awakenings with ingestions. These criteria have been validated in studies that used self-reports, structured interviews, and symptom scales. Night eating syndrome can be distinguished from binge eating disorder and sleep-related eating disorder. Four additional features attest to the usefulness of the diagnosis of NES: (1) its prevalence, (2) its association with obesity, (3) its extensive comorbidity, and (4) its biological aspects. In conclusion, research on NES supports the validity of the diagnosis and its inclusion in DSM-V.

Sueño en el niño / Sleep in children

Los trastornos del sueño en los niños son frecuentes, pueden afectar la conducta, aprendizaje, crecimiento del niño, ser causa de stress familiar y, si no se tratan, pueden persistir por largos periodos. Los problemas del sueño los podemos agrupar en tres categorías principales: falta de sueño (insomnio), exceso de sueño (hipersomnia) y alteración de la conducta durante el sueño (parasomnias). Las causas son múltiples pero la mayoría se debe a expectativas inapropiadas por parte de los padres, por falta de conocimiento y/o una mala higiene del sueño. El sueño, al igual que el comer, se aprende. El niño se adapta a su medio y éste, le crea el hábito. Luego, el tratamiento de los problemas de sueño en los niños comienza por la educación de los padres para que establezcan una buena higiene del sueño desde las etapas tempranas de la vida.

Sleep disorders in children are common they can harm a child's learning abilíty, its behaviour and even its physical development. They can be a cause of family stress and, if not treated, can persist for long periods of time. Sleepproblems can be grouped into three main categories: sleeplessness (insomnia), excessive sleepiness (hypersomnia) and episodic disturbance of sleep behaviour (parasomnias). The underlying causes are variable but are mainly due to inappropriate parental expectations due to their lack of information andlor to bad sleep hygiene. Sleeping, like eating, can be learned. Children will adapt to their environment and this, in turn, creates their habits. Thus, the treatment of sleep disorders in children starts by teaching the parents how to establísh a good sleep hygiene beginning at an early stage of the child's life.

[Sleep disturbance in chronic fatigue syndrome].

Attempts to elucidate the complex pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) must consider subjective and objective sleep. Several reports of CFS showed the high rate of sleep disturbance such as insomnia, hypersomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome and so on. To analyze pulse wave continuously in sleep of CFS patients by laser blood flowmeter, we set base line component (0.01-0.08 Hz) and pulse wave component(0.70-1.50 Hz). Results of FFT analysis indicate that the CFS can have at least three subtypes of pulse dynamics in sleep. There probably are different types of illnesses now contained within the CFS construct, in which identifying subtypes of sleep disturbance can be one important key.

[Sleep disorders in the newborn]. / Enfermedades del sueño en el recién nacido.

Sleep disorders are classified in dyssomnias, parasomnias, sleep disorder associated with medical and psychiatric disorders and proposed sleep disorders. Only the parasomnias have been studied as such in the newborn period. The parasomnias that occur in this age group are infant sleep apnea, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, sudden infant death syndrome, and benign neonatal sleep myoclonus. Infant sleep apnea includes three entities: (1) apnea of prematurity, (2), apparent life threatening episodes with apnea and (3) obstructive sleep apnea. Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome can be associated with other autonomic system illness, such as Hirschsprung disease (Haddad syndrome) and neuroblastoma. The implementation of the supine sleep position and smoking free homes has diminished the frequency of sudden infant death syndrome. Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus should be considered in all newborns with a normal exam between the episodes when they always occur during sleep. This entity may be mistaken for status epilepticus, because it is associated with increases in heart rate. Benzodiazepines prolongs the duration of the episodes.

Sleep quality in patients with fibromyalgia using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize and quantify the sleep complaints of patients with fibromyalgia (FM) using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). METHODS: The PSQI was applied to 30 patients with FM according to American College of Rheumatology classification criteria and to 30 healthy controls in individual sessions under similar conditions. RESULTS: The median global PSQI scores were [median (25-75%)] 12.0 (10-16) and 3.0 (2.0-5.0) in patients with FM and controls, respectively (p < 0.001). All PSQI component scores except sleep medications were significantly higher in patients than controls. Sleep latency, sleep disturbances, and daytime dysfunction were the most frequent sleep difficulties experienced by patients with FM. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the PSQI is a useful instrument for characterizing and quantifying sleep disturbances in patients with FM.

[Sleep disturbances: frequent diagnosis in inpatients]. / Alterações do sono: diagnósticos freqüentes em pacientes internados.

Sleep disturbances and deprivation are common stressors in inpatients. Nurses must be able to notice undesirable effects of sleep disturbances on the patient's responses to health problems, and to implement interventions to help them achieve the best possible quality of sleep. This article discusses the relevance of sleep-related nursing diagnoses for inpatients of medical-surgical wards, and presents a synthesis of the tools available in literature to assess sleep.

Initial validation of the SLEEP-50 questionnaire.

Initial psychometric properties of the SLEEP-50 questionnaire, designed to detect sleep disorders as listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision), were examined. The sample consisted of 377 college students, 246 sleep patients, 32 nightmare sufferers, and 44 healthy volunteers. The internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha = .85); test-retest correlations fell between .65 and .89. Principal component analysis with a direct oblimin rotation revealed a factor structure that closely matched the designed structure. Sensitivity and specificity scores were promising for all sleep disorders; the agreement between all clinical diagnoses and SLEEP-50-classifications was substantial (kappa = .77). These initial findings indicate that the SLEEP-50 seems able to detect a variety of sleep disorders. The SLEEP-50 can aid in screening for common sleep disorders in the general population.