A New Species of Bidigiticauda (Nematoda: Strongylida) from the Bat Artibeus Planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the Atlantic Forest and a Molecular Phylogeny of the Molineid Bat Parasites.

The nematode genus Bidigiticauda has 2 species (Bidigiticauda vivipara and Bidigiticauda embryophilum), which are parasites of bats from the Neotropical region. The present paper describes a new species of Bidigiticauda from a male Artibeus planirostris specimen collected in the Pratigi Environmental Protection Area in Bahia state, Brazil. The new species, Bidigiticauda serrafreirei n. sp., differs from B. embryophilum by having longer spicules, rays 5 and 6 arising from a common trunk and bifurcating in its first third, rays 3 and 4 emerging slightly separated from each other, and dorsal rays reaching the margin of the caudal bursa. The new species also differs from B. vivipara by the dorsal ray bifurcating at the extremity of the trunk. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine the evolutionary affinities of Bidigiticauda serrafreirei n. sp. within the Strongylida, which identified a clade that grouped Bidigiticauda with the other members of the Anoplostrongylinae. However, the molineid subfamilies did not group together, indicating that the family Molineidae is polyphyletic. Further analyses, which include additional taxa and genetic markers, should elucidate the complex relationships within the Molineidae, in particular its subfamilies and the evolution of the traits that define these groups.

Zygocaulus nagoensis n. gen. and n. sp. (Trichostrongyloidea: Dictyocaulidae), a Peculiar Bursate Nematode Collected from an Alien Frog, Polypedates leucomystax, in Nago, Okinawa Island, Japan.

A peculiar bursate nematode, Zygocaulus nagoensis n. gen. and n. sp. (Trichostrongyloidea: Dictyocaulidae: Mertensinematinae), was described from an alien frog, Polypedates leucomystax (Anura: Rhacophoridae), collected on Okinawa Island, Japan. It is related to Mertensinema and Borrellostrongylus, the only hitherto known genera of Mertensinematinae, but is readily distinguished from them by having only 2 pairs of lateral rays and simple distal ends of the dorsal ray branches.

Comparative morphology of the species of Libyostrongylus and Codiostomum, parasites from ostriches, Struthio camelus, with a identification key to the species / Morfologia Comparativa das espécies de Libyostrongylus e Codiostomum, parasitas de avestruzes, Struthio camelus, com uma chave para identificação das espécies

One of the most common problems in breeding of ostriches in captivity is the control of parasitic diseases. This work presents keys for the identification of adult nematodes and infective larvae by morphologic and morphometric characteristics. These keys will allow the scientific community to identify the species that infect the ostriches either based on the characteristics of the posterior end of the infective larvae found through a simple fecal exam or by observing the morphology and morphometry of adult worms recovered during necropsies. These keys will facilitate ecological and systematic studies, as well as increase the understanding of the epidemiology of these parasitosis in ostriches.

Um dos problemas mais comuns na criação de avestruzes em cativeiro é o controle das doenças parasitárias. Este trabalho apresenta chaves para a identificação de Nematoda adultos e larvas infectantes através de caracteres morfológicos e morfométricos. Essas chaves de identificação permitirão à comunidade científica o diagnóstico das espécies que infectam as avestruzes com base nas características da extremidade posterior das larvas infectantes encontradas por meio de simples exames fecais ou pela observação da morfologia e morfometria dos espécimes adultos recuperados durante necropsia. Dessa forma, as chaves de identificação facilitarão os estudos ecológicos e sistemáticos, bem como a melhor compreensão da epidemiologia dessas infecções em avestruzes.

Parasitism of two zoonotic reservoirs Dasyprocta leporina and D. fuliginosa (Rodentia) from Amazonas, with Trichostrongylina nematodes (Heligmonellidae): description of a new genus and a new species

A new genus and a new species of Heligmonellidae nematodes are described parasiting the stomach of three agoutis (two Dasyprocta fuliginosa and one D. leporina) captured in the middle and high Negro river microregion, state of Amazonas, Brazil. The new genus, as well as its type-species, are closely related to the trichostrongylids included in Fuellebornema, particularly on what concerns the pattern of the caudal bursa, but differing from them by the characteristics of the synlophe, that presents a poorly developed carene, when compared to the referred number of body ridges in Freitastrongylus n. gen. and consequently in F. angelae n. sp.,in which the ridges are well developed and the carene at mid-body has a similar size when compared to the ridge situated in front of the right field (ridge no. 5). Caudal bursa is of the type 1-4, with rays 9 shorter than rays 10, with a very long genital cone.

Análisis morfológico de algunos Tricostrongilinos (Strongylida) depositados en la Colección Nacional de Helmintos del Instituto de Biología, UNAM, México / Morphology of some tricostrongilinae (Strongylida) from the National Helminth Collection, Institute of Biology, UNAM, Mexico

The present study analyses the taxonomic status of eleven species of trichostrongylins that parasitize rodents and lagomorphs deposited in the Colección Nacional de Helmintos, Instituto de Biología. UNAM. Mexico. This analysis is based on the morphology of the synlophe, characteristic that had not been studied for most of these nematode species and at present, it has a very important taxonomic value. As a result of this study, the identity of five species is ratified (Trichostrongylus calcaratus, Obeliscoides cuniculi, Carolinensis huehuetlana. Stilestrongylus peromysci and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis), the transference suggested previously for two more (Vexillata convoluta and Vexillata vexillata) is confirmed, Trichostrongylus chiapensis is synonymized with Boehmiella willsoni, and finally Lamothiella romerolagi is re-determined as Teporingonema cerropeladoensis and Stilestrongylus atlatilpinensis as Stilestrongylus hidalguensis.

Molineus torulosus (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) a parasite of Neotropical primates: new morphological and histological data.

Molineus torulosus (Molin, 1861) parasite of Cebus spp. from South America is redescribed in Cebus apella and C. olivecaeus (new host) from French Guyana with emphasis on the synlophe. During the maturation process, the larvae dwelt in the cysts carved alongside the external part of the small intestine. The turn-out of the mature worms and the laid eggs depended on the tissular organisation of cyst walls as the inflammatory process waned and fibrosis progressed to seal the cystic lumen. Adult worms entwine themselves in the cysts, live there permanently as their presence has never been evidenced in the intestinal lumen. They copulated, laid eggs, degenerated and died once entrapped by the fibrotic process. Laid eggs released in the intestinal lumen through a narrow channel ensured the continuation of the developmental cycle. However, erratic migration was possible via the vascular channels surrounding the cysts.

[Biological cycle of Paralibyostrongylus hebrenicutus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)]. / Cycle biologique de Paralibyostrongylus hebrenicutus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae).

Paralibyostrongylus hebrenicutus accomplishes its life cycle spontaneously in captive Atherurus africanus, its natural host, and in experimentally infected guinea pigs and rabbits. Morphogenesis and larval morphology were studied in the guinea pig and described herein. Host infection were achieved either by subcutaneous or by oral inoculation. The entsheathed infective larvae moult soon after penetration in the vertebrate host. Following subcutaneous inoculation, they reach the lungs very probably through the lymphatic vessels and the right heart at H8, and the stomach as soon as D2. However, a possible direct migration by the mesenteric lymphatic vessels and crossing of the digestive wall cannot be excluded as a few larvae were found in the peristomachal mesentery. Following ingestion, L3 larvae reached the stomach directly. 24 hours post-ingestion, they were localized deep inside the gastric mucosa crypts lumen. The same larval localization was observed at D3 after a subcutaneous inoculation. At D5, regardless of the inoculation route, larvae reached their definitive position, embedded in the gastric mucosa mucus lining, where they underwent the 3rd moulting (L3-L4) followed by the 4th moulting (L4-Ad) at D19. Eggs appeared at D28. Except for the inflammatory granuloma seen in the lungs and the mesentery from H24 to D3, the nematode induced no tissue lesion. The genus Paralibyostrongylus is one of the most primitive in the Libyostrongylinae-Cooperiinae line. The double transmission route, may have made possible the transition from primitive cycles by cutaneous penetration to more specialized cycles by the oral route, the latter being responsible for the evolutionary success of the group in large herbivores.

Laurostrongylus hoineffae n. gen., n. sp., a relict trichostrongylid from an endemic madagascan rodent

A new nematode, the type of a new genus and a new species Laurostrongylus hoineffae, parasitic in the cricetid rodent Gymnuromys roberti in Madagascar, is described. The species belongs to the Graphiidinae subfamily of Trichostrongylidae but some features point to its affinity to certain Libyostrongylinae, especially to two monospecific genera endemic in Madagascar Pararhabdonema and Cnizostrongylus. This ensemble of relict species seems thus to support the concept of a common ancestor for the Libyostrongylinae and Graphidiinae. The two subfamilies were supposed to originate in the Ethipian region. The presence of the three generain Madagascar could either indicate their Madagascan origin or, more likely, a continental origin with an insular niche allowing the preservation of the species