Transcatheter Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect with Aneurysm: Radiologic Characteristic and Interventional Strategy.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore the radiologic characteristics and interventional strategies for perimembranous ventricular septal defect (pmVSD) with aneurysm. METHODS: 257 patients who underwent transcatheter closure of pmVSD with aneurysm were included in our study. We retrospectively reviewed the left ventricular opening of the aneurysm (a), diameter of the midsegment of the aneurysm (b), and diameter of the right ventricular opening of the aneurysm (c). If there were multiple defects within the aneurysm, the largest defect was denoted as c 1 and so forth. We developed a novel VSD classification method in which pmVSD with aneurysm was classified into three types (A, B, and C). When a >b ≥ c, it was classified as type A, when b > a ≥ c, it was type B, and when c > a ≥ b, it was type C; c/c 1 described the relationship among defects. RESULTS: All of the 257 cases of pmVSD with aneurysm were defined using left ventriculography: type A, 60, type B, 58, and type C, 139. Transcatheter closure was attempted in 244 patients and succeeded in 227 cases (success rate was 93.0%; 227/244). Forty symmetric VSD occluders and 13 asymmetric VSD occluders were used for type A aneurysm occlusion; 31 symmetric VSD occluders, 19 asymmetric VSD occluders, and one Amplatzer duct occluder II (ADOII) were used for type B; 59 VSD symmetric occluders, 59 asymmetric VSD occluders, three eccentric VSD occluders, and two ADOII were used for type C. Within 24 hours after procedure, 2.2% patients had postprocedural residual shunt, and 2.2% experienced malignant arrhythmia (including type II second-degree AVB, cAVB, and CLBBB). Two hundred and twelve patients completed follow-up (93%, 212/227). No new severe complications were reported during follow-up, except in one patient who underwent surgery (removal of the device, VSD repair, and tricuspid valvuloplasty) due to severe postprocedural tricuspid regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: It is safe and effective to apply this method for the classification of pmVSD with aneurysm and its interventional strategy.

Myocardial strain imaging by cardiac magnetic resonance for detection of subclinical myocardial dysfunction in breast cancer patients receiving trastuzumab and chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Our objectives were to evaluate the temporal changes in CMR-based strain imaging, and examine their relationship with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), in patients treated with trastuzumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this prospective longitudinal observational study, 41 women with HER2+ breast cancer treated with chemotherapy underwent serial CMR (baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months) after initiation of trastuzumab (treatment duration 12 months). LVEF and LV strain (global longitudinal[GLS] and circumferential[GCS]) measurements were independently measured by 2 blinded readers. RESULTS: Of the 41 patients, 56% received anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Compared to baseline (60.4%, 95%CI 59.2-61.7%), there was a small but significant reduction in LVEF at 6 months (58.4%, 95%CI 56.7-60.0%, p = 0.034) and 12 months (57.9%, 95%CI 56.4-59.7%, p = 0.012), but not at 18 months (60.2%, 95%CI 58.2-62.2%, p = 0.93). Similarly, compared to baseline, GLS and GCS decreased significantly at 6 months (p = 0.024 and < 0.001, respectively) and 12 months (p = 0.002 and < 0.001, respectively) with an increase in LV end-diastolic volume, but not at 18 months. There were significant correlations between the temporal (6 month-baseline) changes in LVEF, and all global strain measurements (Pearson's r = -0.60 and r = -0.75 for GLS and GCS, respectively, all p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a significant reduction in LV strain during trastuzumab treatment, which correlated with a concurrent subtle decline in LVEF and was associated with an increase in LV end-diastolic volume. LV strain assessment by CMR may be a promising method to monitor for subclinical myocardial dysfunction in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Future studies are needed to determine its prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Multi-modality imaging evaluation of recurrent Tako-tsubo syndrome in a patient with coronary artery fibromuscular dysplasia.

BACKGROUND: Integrated bedside and sophisticated cardiac imaging techniques help characterize the discrepancy between myocardial injury and mechanic dysfunction in acute myocardial infarction. CASE PRESENTATION: A 57 year-old woman presented with sudden onset chest pain and ventricular fibrillation after hearing of her brother's death. The electrocardiography indicated "anterior wall ST segment elevation myocardial infarction". Coronary angiography ruled out obstructive lesion in the major coronary arteries, but revealed fibromuscular dysplasia of the distal left anterior descending artery. The ventriculography showed remarkable ventricular dilation, which affected much broader myocardium than the culprit vessel supplied. In a subsequent cardiac magnetic resonance study, delayed contrast (gadolinium) image revealed a focal left ventricular (LV) apical infarction. Her LV systolic function normalized within 1 week, except for a residual apical hypokinesis. She developed recurrent chest pain and LV dilation when she was laid off 9 months later. After supportive therapy, her symptoms improved and LV dysfunction normalized again. CONCLUSIONS: "Tako-tsubo" syndrome can occur recurrently in the heart with pre-existing localized myocardial infarction. Its molecular mechanism and clinical significance warrants further investigation.

Aplicabilidade da Cintilografia Miocárdica de Perfusão na Avaliação do Sincronismo Cardíaco / Applicability of Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy in the Evaluation of Cardiac Synchronization

Com o objetivo de avaliar de modo sistemático a literatura sobre a aplicabilidade da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio com análise de fase na investigação do dissincronismo cardíaco e na seleção de pacientes para terapia de ressincronização cardíaca (TRC), foi realizada uma revisão de artigos publicados através da base de dados PubMed nos últimos cinco anos. Os termos MeSH utilizados foram: heart failure, left ventricular, dyssynchrony, gatedspect, phase analysis e resynchronization therapy, sendo 99 artigos incluídos para discussão. O ecocardiograma com speckle-tracking continua sendo um método bastante utilizado na avaliação do dissincronismo, mas o advento da cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica com a técnica de análise de fase vem ganhando espaço, pois além de ser operador-independente, consegue avaliar no mesmo exame a viabilidade miocárdica. Seu uso se tornou mais difundido nos pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e com indicação à TRC. A análise de fase também permite avaliar de forma altamente reprodutível o último segmento ventricular a se contrair, permitindo assim o melhor posicionamento do eletrodo da TRC. Sabendo-se que a presença, localização e extensão de fibrose no ventrículo esquerdo, associadas ao dissincronismo são determinantes da resposta à terapia de ressincronização, o gated-SPECT pode prover estas informações em um único exame e de modo reprodutível e acurado. O histograma de fase oferece diversos parâmetros que conferem maior sensibilidade e especificidade ao método. Parece que a técnica é capaz de agregar valor tanto na seleção quanto na avaliação de resposta de pacientes candidatos à TRC. Novos estudos estão sendo realizados para demonstrar a sua aplicabilidade clínica

Cardiac monitoring in patients on trastuzumab: correlation of ultrasound and radionuclide ventriculography.

BACKGROUND: Guidance on cardiac surveillance during adjuvant trastuzumab therapy remains elusive. The recommended methods are two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-ECHO) and electrocardiography gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (RNV). We assessed the correlation and possible specific merits of these two methods. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study in patients undergoing post-anthracycline adjuvant trastuzumab therapy, clinical assessment, 2D-ECHO and RNV were performed at baseline, 4, 8 and 12 months. The correlation between used methods was estimated with Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients (mean age 53.6±9.0 years) were included. The correlation of LVEF measured by ECHO and RNV at each time point was statistically insignificant. Values obtained by ECHO were on average higher (3.7% to 4.5%). A decline in LVEF of ≥10% from baseline was noticed in 19 (24.4%) and 13 (14.9%) patients with ECHO and RNV, respectively, however in only one patient by both methods simultaneously. A decline in LVEF of ≥10% to below 50% was found in three and none patients according to RNV and ECHO measurements, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is a weak correlation of ECHO and RNV measurements in individual patient, the results obtained by the methods are not interchangeable. LVEF values determined by 2D-ECHO were on average higher compared to RNV determined ones. When in an asymptomatic patient a decline in LVEF requiring treatment interruption is detected by RNV ECHO re-evaluation and referral to a cardiologist is advised.

Clinical significance of right ventricular activity on treadmill thallium-201 myocardial single-photon emission computerized tomography using cadmium-zinc-telluride cameras.

OBJECTIVE: Identification of right ventricular (RV) abnormalities is important in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). RV activity can be better visualized on myocardial single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) using a higher sensitivity cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) detector. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of RV/left ventricular (LV) uptake ratios during exercise thallium-201 SPECT using CZT detectors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 102 patients underwent treadmill ECG-gated SPECT, coronary angiography, and echocardiography. SPECT myocardial perfusion was interpreted using a 17-segment model and a 0-4-point scale. RV/LV uptake ratios were calculated on the basis of maximum counts per pixel within the entire RV and LV walls. The relationships between RV/LV uptake ratio and gated SPECT, presence of CAD (≥50% stenosis in the left main or ≥70% in the main branches), demographics, and echocardiographic parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Stress RV/LV ratios correlated positively with the presence of left main or multivessel disease, and tricuspid regurgitation maximum pressure gradient. After multivariate regression, stress/rest RV/LV ratios correlated positively with mitral flow deceleration time, age, female sex, and use of ß-blockers. CONCLUSION: RV/LV uptake ratios on the basis of exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging using CZT cameras are useful for the detection of severe CAD and could serve as an indicator of pulmonary hypertension and LV diastolic dysfunction.

Are cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and radionuclide ventriculography good options against echocardiography for evaluation of anthracycline induced chronic cardiotoxicity in childhood cancer survivors?

Anthracyclines are widely used for the treatment of solid tumors in pediatric oncology. However, their uses may be limited by progressive chronic cardiotoxicity related to the cumulative dosage. The aims of this study are to compare diagnostic techniques and prepare an algorithm for diagnosis of anthracycline induced chronic cardiotoxicity. The patients were evaluated according to age, sex, time elapsed since the last dose of anthracycline treatment, presence of cardiovascular symptoms, follow-up duration, type of anthracycline, cumulative anthracycline dose, and concomitant mediastinal radiation therapy. Late subclinical cardiotoxicity was detected by history, physical examination, electrocardiography (ECG), Holter monitor, echocardiography (ECHO), radionuclide ventriculography (MUGA), and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thirty-seven male and 19 female patients with a median age of 11.2 ± 4.6 (range, 3.5-22.0) years were included in the study. Patients were grouped according to cumulative anthracycline doses. Subclinical cardiac dysfunction was detected in 20 patients by at least one of ECHO, MRI or MUGA after anthracycline chemotherapy. We revealed that other than ECHO, MRI and MUGA have high clinical importance for evaluating subclinical late cardiac complications in children treated with anthracyclines.

[Capabilities of radionuclide imaging study in the evaluation of pulmonary hemodynamics and right ventricular function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the capabilities of radionuclide imaging studies in the evaluation of pulmonary hemodynamics and right ventricular function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). SUBJECT AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients aged 55.8 +/- 9.7 years with COPD (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), 37.43 +/- 15.46%; BODE index, 6.30 +/- 2.66) were examined. A comparison group included 15 patients aged 56.3 +/- 8.3 years without cardiorespiratory pathology. All the patients underwent radionuclide angiopulmonography (RAPG), equilibrium radionuclide tomoventriculography (ERTVG), external respiratory function testing, and determination of the plasma levels of endothelin-1 and stable nitric oxide metabolites. RESULTS: Analysis of the results of ERTVG and RAPG in the study and comparison groups has shown that the chanrades in the lesser circucr moderate. r index and smoking intensity have demonstrated the statistically significant association with the indicators of pulmonary circulation. The plasma level of endothelin-1 was higher1in the patients with COPD than in those in the comparison group. CONCLUSION: Right dysfunction is moderate in COPD as this process is preceded by structural changes in the bronchi, parenchyma, and lung vessels. To identify lesser circulatory dysfunction in COPD, one should orient to the indicators of RAPG that can verify pulmonary hemodynamic disorders and to the data of ERTVG that shows right ventricular systolic and diastolic function and right atrial dimensions.

Imaging of the right ventricle.

For many years, the right ventricle (RV) was considered less relevant in cardiac disease than its left counterpart, partly because of limited ability to noninvasively evaluate the RV with accuracy. From an earlier period when chest x-ray and invasive contrast ventriculography were the only available imaging modalities, the development of ultrasound and nuclear techniques represented important steps forward for noninvasive RV assessment. Advances in echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging provide new insights into the anatomy and function of the RV, and its importance in health and disease. In this article, we review the current state of RV imaging.

Monitoração ambulatorial da pressão arterial / Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and chronic heart failure prognosis

Fundamentos: Estudos utilizando a monitoração contínua da pressão arterial demonstram sua associaçãocom o prognóstico de insuficiência cardíaca. Porém, é necessária a individualização dos estágios da doença.Objetivo: Determinar a associação entre as variáveis da monitoração ambulatorial da pressão arterial e oprognóstico de insuficiência cardíaca crônica. Métodos: Avaliaram-se, durante 32 meses, 76 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca crônica, em classes funcionais II e III da New York Heart Association, que foramestratificados pela fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE<50% e FEVE≥50%). Utilizou-se a monitoraçãoambulatorial da pressão arterial para testar suas variáveis com o desfecho morte combinado à hospitalização.Resultados: Na população amostral, as médias das pressões sistólica em vigília (MPSv/p=0,014) (com desfecho vs. sem desfecho); sistólica no sono (MPSs/p=0,017); e sistólica casual (PA sist casual/p=0,005) foram menores naqueles com desfecho, porém não apresentaram associação independente com o mesmo. Nos pacientes com FEVE<50%, as pressões sistólica nas 24 horas (MPS–24h/p=0,038); MPSs (p=0,015); e a carga sistólica duranteo sono (CSISTs/p=0,040) foram menores naqueles com desfecho. Em análise multivariada, a MPSs [coeficientebeta=-0,3912±0,1290 (IC95%=-0,3423 — -3,0323)];[RR=2,77 (IC95%=1,16 — 8,11/p=0,004 )] foi a únicavariável da MAPA que se associou independentemente com o desfecho, e quando <108,5mmHg, o mesmo ocorreu[Kaplan-Meier (log rank=0,032)]. Naqueles com FEVE ≥50%, a amostra e a incidência de eventos reduzidaslimitaram a análise estatística.Conclusão: A monitoração ambulatorial da pressão arterial parece ser útil na avaliação prognóstica de insuficiência cardíaca crônica estável, com FEVE<50%.

Assessing adriamycin-induced early cardiotoxicity by estimating left ventricular ejection fraction using technetium-99m multiple-gated acquisition scan and echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Adriamycin cardiotoxicity begins with the first dose of therapy. The insult may be subclinical initially, but with continued treatment can result in clinical congestive heart failure. Therefore, a study for the detection of early cardiotoxicity of adriamycin by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) estimation using technetium (Tc)-99m multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan and echocardiography (ECHO) was conducted. METHODS: LVEF was assessed in 42 patients with different cancers, advised to receive adriamycin (average received dose = 95.2 ± 6.82 mg/cycle, protocol dose = 65 ± 10 mg/m) in each of six cycles. The percentage of LVEF (%LVEF) was determined as a baseline after every successive cycle, simultaneously, by a Tc-99m MUGA scan (reference method) and ECHO. RESULTS: A significant decline of 12.17 ± 5.01 and 9.26 ± 4.82 (P < 0.001) in %LVEF was noted at the end of adriamycin therapy, estimated by a Tc-99m MUGA scan and ECHO respectively. Thirteen of 42 (31%) and six of 42 (14%) patients developed protocol-defined cardiotoxicity, determined by a Tc-99m MUGA scan and ECHO, respectively. The incidence of cardiotoxicity was 2.4, 2.4, 4.8, 16, and 31.2% at the median cumulative adriamycin dose of 210, 380, 450 , 550 , and 615 mg/m, respectively. CONCLUSION: Subclinical adriamycin cardiotoxicity was detectable from the third cycle and if not detected earlier continued therapy may progress to severe and irreversible cardiotoxicity. A decline of 5% or more of %LVEF instead of 10% should be considered as a significant marker of subclinical cardiotoxicity. A Tc-99m MUGA scan is more sensitive than ECHO for the estimation of subtle changes in %LVEF. Ideally, %LVEF must be determined at baseline and after every cycle, and if not possible then preferably from the third cycle onwards.

A single dose of erythropoietin in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

AIMS: Cardioprotective effects of erythropoietin (EPO) have been shown in experimental and smaller clinical studies. We performed a prospective, multicentre, randomized trial to assess the effects of a single high dose of EPO after primary coronary intervention (PCI) for an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods and results Patients with a successful PCI for a first STEMI were randomized to receive either standard medical care alone, or in combination with a single bolus with 60,000 IU i.v. of epoetin alfa within 3 h after PCI. Primary endpoint was left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after 6 weeks, assessed by planar radionuclide ventriculography. Pre-specified secondary endpoints included enzymatic infarct size and major adverse cardiovascular events. A total of 529 patients were enrolled (EPO n = 263, control n = 266). At baseline (before EPO administration), groups were well-matched for all relevant characteristics. After a mean of 6.5 (± 2.0) weeks, LVEF was 0.53 (± 0.10) in the EPO group and 0.52 (± 0.11) in the control group (P = 0.41). Median area under the curve (inter-quartile range) after 72 h for creatinine kinase was 50 136 (28 212-76 664)U/L per 72 h in the EPO group and 53 510 (33 973-90 486)U/L per 72 h in the control group (P = 0.058). More major adverse cardiac events occurred in the control than in the EPO group (19 vs. 8; P = 0.032). Conclusion A single high dose of EPO after a successful PCI for a STEMI did not improve LVEF after 6 weeks. However, the use of EPO was related to less major adverse cardiovascular events and a favourable clinical safety profile. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: NCT00449488; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00449488?term=voors&rank=2.

Chronic left ventricular failure: the role of imaging in diagnosis and planning of conventional and novel therapies.

Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalisation in the UK, and its prevalence is expected to increase further in the future due partly to an aging population. Although pharmacological agents remain the mainstay of therapy, an increasing number of surgical and novel minimally invasive interventions have been developed for the treatment of both acute and chronic heart failure. Imaging is essential for diagnosis, guiding therapeutic options, and monitoring therapy and its complications. As a result, radiologists should be familiar with the pathogenesis, treatment options, and imaging-related issues pertaining to the management of these patients.

Uncommon breast tumor attenuation artifact on radionuclide ventriculography.

A 39-year-old woman with locally advanced left breast cancer (T4 N0 M0) underwent equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography for baseline assessment of left ventricular function before neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The left ventricular ejection fraction was 76% at 75 beats per minute, without localized wall motion abnormality. In the best septal left anterior oblique projection, a large photopenic "halo" surrounded the cardiac chambers, mimicking a pericardial effusion. In fact, this aspect resulted from an attenuation artifact by a large left breast tumor, as demonstrated by FDG-PET/CT imaging.

O que é necessário saber sobre bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) e ressincronização cardíaca artificial / What is relevant to know about left bundle branch block and artificial cardiac resynchronazation

Cresce o número de estudos documentando a eficácia e a segurança da ressincronização cardíaca no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca em pacientes com disfunção sistólica e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. Esse distúrbio de condução provoca assincronia de contração do ventrículo esquerdo que, por sua vez, leva a retardo de contração entre o septo e a parte posterior, queda da fração de ejeção e piora da sintomatologia. A indicação precisa da ressincronização cardíaca deve ser precedida por análise adequada, por meio de ecocardiografia e ventriculografia radioisotópica.