Violation of children's and adolescents' rights ­ the profile of a southern state in Brazil

The rights of children and adolescents are provided by law and it is the duty of the State, family and society to care for them. Health and education professionals are responsible for reporting suspected or confirmed cases of rights violation. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and qualification of violation of children's and adolescents' rights in the State of Paraná between 2009 and 2014. A descriptive and observational quantitative study was carried out based on the records of the Child Protective Services in Paraná, accessed through the Information System for Childhood and Adolescence (SIPIA). A total of 129.123 violations of rights were found. Among those cases, the right to familiar and communitarian companionship stands out with the greatest number of violations, followed by the right to education, culture, sports and leisure. Mothers were found to be the main aggressors, followed by fathers, and sexual violence/abuse was the most prevalent type of violence. In conclusion, there was a significant amount of violation of children's and adolescents' rights in the State of Paraná during the period covered by this research, and it has increased over the years. Besides, we found out that there is a predisposition of gender and age group for each variable analyzed.

Medicolegal assessment in cases of zygomatico-maxillo-orbital fractures and isolated orbital floor fractures in criminal cases

AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of effects equivalent to moderate and severe impairment to health within the meaning of the Penal Code in patients with zygomatico-maxillo-orbital fractures and isolated orbital floor fractures. In addition, the study addressed the possibilities of applying the presented results in the preparation of medicolegal opinions in cases provided for in Articles 158 and 160 of the PC with respect to evaluating the plausibility of inflicting such bodily injuries and causing moderate and severe health impairment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study covered a total of 124 patients operated on in the then Clinic of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Academy of Lodz, in 1996-2001, because of fractures involving the inferior orbital wall including zygomatico-maxillo-orbital fractures (95 cases) and isolated orbital floor fractures (29 cases). The group was analyzed in a statistical and descriptive manner. RESULTS: All the study patients (100%) with both types of fractures involving the inferior orbital wall exhibit symptoms and disorders which, pursuant to the PC, would constitute at least moderate, or possibly even severe, impairment to health. CONCLUSIONS: Punches or kicks to the orbital region create a real danger of causing both types of orbital fracture under study, and resulting in at least moderate health impairment.

Characterisation of Victims Of Violence in the A & E Department and Analysis of the Acceptance of a Medico-Legal Expertise Centre After its Implementation vs. Multi-Year Consolidation. / Charakterisierung unfallchirurgischer Gewaltopfer und Erfassung der Inanspruchnahme nach Implementierung und mehrjähriger Etablierung einer rechtsmedizinischen Gewaltopferambulanz.

BACKGROUND: People who have become victims of domestic or public violence often suffer long-term physical, psychological and social impairment. Due to physical injury, the first contact with the health care system is frequently an A & E Department. Thus, physicians and especially surgeons play a key role in detecting victims of domestic or public violence. The specific needs of victims are adequate medical treatment of injuries, forensic documentation, as well as interdisciplinary medical support to prevent further morbidity and violence. To take this into account, so-called expertise centres for victims of violence have been established at several locations in Germany in recent years. In this study: I. We tried to define the characteristics of victims of domestic and public violence to ensure better identification by physicians/surgeons. II. We elucidate the acceptance and effectiveness of such an expertise centre one year after its implementation and for a period of three years (2007 - 2009) and for a follow-up period of three years (2014 - 2016) after establishment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients were prospectively classified as victims of violence by the attending physician at the A & E Department and further treatment was initiated by the expertise centre for victims of violence. Medical reports from the A & E Department were analysed anonymously and compared with the number of patients of the expertise centre for victims of violence who had been referred from A & E Department. RESULTS: Orthopaedic and trauma surgery is the main referring discipline for the expertise centre for victims of violence. 0.9% of patients (2007 - 2009) and in the follow-up period (2014 - 2016) even 1.6% of patients were identified as victims of violence. However, the acceptance of such a centre fell from 22.2% (2007 - 2009) to 17.2% (2014 - 2016). CONCLUSION: Physicians and especially trauma surgeons are responsible for identifying victims of domestic or public violence and ensuring further treatment. Accordingly, it is crucial that the expertise centre should characterise the victims of violence and be aware of their different needs, if the expertise centre is to be accepted. The results of this study indicate that interdisciplinary training and close cooperation between traumatology and legal medicine are the main prerequisites for continuous improvement in the treatment of victims of violence.

Firearm legislation, gun violence, and mortality in children and young adults: A retrospective cohort study of 27,566 children in the USA.

BACKGROUND: Firearm violence results in the death of thousands of children in the US annually. The effects of firearm legislation on gun violence are published but widely contested. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Kid's Inpatient Database from 2000 to 2009 were queried to capture hospitalizations of children diagnosed with a firearm-related injury. Cases were categorized into five levels of firearm legislation strictness by Brady State Scorecard. Trends of injuries were explored in terms of legislative strength, age, and race. RESULTS: 27,566 children analyzed in the study. Most were adolescents aged 15-19 (87.3%), male (89.7%), and black (53.7%). The proportion of accidental injuries increased relative to state law leniency (R2 = 0.90), with highest percentage in lenient states (33.2%) compared to strict (16.7%). The proportion of suicide attempts were higher in states with lenient laws (4.4%) compared to strict (1.3%). Accidents were inversely related to age (59.3% in ages 0-4 compared to 22.0% in adolescents), while assaults were positively related to age (31.6% in ages 0-4 compared to 66.6% in adolescents). Whites were most likely to present with accidental injuries (44.6%), and Blacks and Hispanics with assaults (68.2% and 75.6%). Race (p = 0.009), age (p < 0.001), and firearm injury type (p = 0.001) were associated with mortality; Hispanics (OR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.03-1.78), children age 5-9 (2.03, 1.30-3.17) and suicide attempts (15.6, 11.6-20.9) had higher odds of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Firearm-related injuries types in hospitalized children are associated with age, race, and state level legislation. Accidents are most prevalent in young children, Whites, and states with lenient gun laws, while suicide attempts are more common in adolescents, Whites, and states with lenient gun laws. Suicide attempts are also associated with the greatest odds of in-hospital mortality. To address firearm violence, consideration should be given to legislation that promote safe gun storage behaviors and restrict firearm accessibility to children.

Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention. / Violência contra idosos: concepções dos profissionais de enfermagem acerca da detecção e prevenção.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the conceptions of the nursing professionals working in Basic Health Units regarding the detection and prevention of violence against the elderly. METHODS: Descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study. Performed in two BHUs in Mossoró/RN, using a semi-structured interview script, from March to August of 2013. Sample composed of four nurses and six nursing technicians. The content analysis, pre-analysis, material exploration, and treatment of results were performed. RESULTS: Four categories were identified: Strategies used to identify violence against the elderly; Types of violence against the elderly; Conduct used after finding a suspicion of violence; SUS and the problem of violence against the elderly. Many professionals recognize/distrust possible cases, however, they do not know how to proceed. The dimension of the problem requires that pragmatic interventions be performed in the clinical setting and in the social context. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: There is a need for continuing education for professionals and greater communication between the bodies responsible for reporting and embracement.

Modos de explicar o bullying: análise dimensional das concepções de adolescentes / Ways to explain bullying: dimensional analysis of the conceptions held by adolescents

Resumo Este estudo apreendeu o significado do bullying para estudantes e contribui com a abordagem da saúde do escolar. Objetivou-se conhecer as dimensões de concepções de estudantes sobre o bullying. Participaram 55 adolescentes de 11 escolas públicas, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise dimensional foi utilizada no tratamento dos dados e se construiu uma matriz com as dimensões identificadas. A Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados foi adotada como referencial metodológico e teórico. Os adolescentes conhecem as principais dimensões do bullying, mas o explicam de forma descritiva e numa perspectiva individual. As dimensões identificadas foram: tipo, natureza, exemplos, motivação e consequências. O tipo de violência foi a dimensão com maior poder explicativo em relação às demais, sobressaindo-se o tipo verbal e suas diferentes formas de manifestação. Aspectos da literatura que definem o bullying foram identificados no conjunto, indicando a difusão do tema, sua ocorrência e apreensão pelos estudantes. O caráter inovador do estudo se centra na identificação das dimensões presentes nas narrativas dos estudantes brasileiros sobre o bullying, abordagem que contribui com a organização dos programas de cuidado e intervenção em diferentes áreas.

Abstract This study unveils the meaning attributed by students to bullying and contributes to the approach of student health. The objective was to identify the dimensions of the conceptions of students regarding bullying. A total of 55 students from 11 public schools participated by answering semi-structured interviews. Dimensional analysis was used to treat data and a matrix was constructed with the dimensions identified. The Grounded Theory was adopted as the methodological and theoretical framework. The adolescents were aware of the main dimensions of bullying but explained it descriptively and from individual perspectives. The following dimensions were identified: type, nature, examples, motivation and consequences. The type of violence was a dimension with greater explanatory power in relation to the remaining dimensions. Verbal violence and its different manifestations stood out. Aspects of the literature that define bullying were identified, indicating how the topic is diffused, its occurrence and how it is understood by students. The innovative nature of this study is its focus on the identification of the dimensions of bullying present in the narrative of Brazilian students. It is an approach that contributes to the organization of healthcare programs and interventions in different fields.

A Violent Birth: Reframing Coerced Procedures During Childbirth as Obstetric Violence.

In the United States, women are routinely forced to undergo cesarean sections, episiotomies, and the use of forceps, despite their desire to attempt natural vaginal delivery. Yet, the current American legal system does little to provide redress for women coerced to undergo certain medical procedures during childbirth. Courts and physicians alike are prepared to override a woman's choice of childbirth procedure if they believe this choice poses risks to the fetus, and both give little value to the woman's right to bodily autonomy. This Note proposes a solution for addressing the problem of coerced medical procedures during childbirth by importing a framework created in Venezuela and Argentina that characterizes this issue as "obstetric violence." First, this Note contains an overview of the shortcomings of the existing American legal framework to address the problem. Second, it explains the advantages of the obstetric violence framework and argues that its adoption in the United States would address many of the failures of the existing system. And third, this Note introduces a few legislative and litigation strategies that can be used to implement this framework in the United States and briefly addresses some of the challenges these strategies may pose.

Violência contra idosos: concepções dos profissionais de enfermagem acerca da detecção e prevenção / Violencia contra ancianos: conceptos de profesionales de enfermería sobre la detección y prevención / Violence against the elderly: the conceptions of nursing professionals regarding detection and prevention

Resumo OBJETIVO Analisar as concepções dos profissionais de enfermagem atuantes em Unidades Básicas de Saúde quanto à detecção e prevenção de idosos violentados. MÉTODOS Estudo descritivo, exploratório, qualitativo. Realizado em duas UBS, Mossoró/RN, utilizando roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada, em março a agosto de 2013. Amostra composta por quatro enfermeiros e seis técnicos de enfermagem. Realizada análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS Identificaram-se 4 categorias: Estratégias utilizadas para identificar a violência contra o idoso; Tipos de violências contra o idoso; Conduta utilizada após constatação de uma suspeita de violência; SUS e a problemática da violência contra o idoso. Muitos profissionais reconhecem/desconfiam dos possíveis casos, entretanto, não sabem como proceder. A dimensão do problema exige que sejam realizadas intervenções pragmáticas no meio clínico e no contexto social. CONCLUSÕES Há necessidade de educação permanente para profissionais e maior comunicação entre as instâncias responsáveis pela denúncia e acolhimento.

Resumen OBJETIVO Analizar los conceptos de enfermeros activos en unidades básicas de la salud sobre la detección y prevención del maltrato hacia personas ancianas. MÉTODOS Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo y cualitativo, realizado en dos UBS, en Mossoro/RN, por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas entre marzo y agosto de 2013. Se realizó el estudio con cuatro enfermeros y seis técnicos de enfermería. Se llevó a cabo el análisis de contenido. RESULTADOS El análisis se divide en 4 categorías: Estrategias utilizadas para identificar la violencia contra ancianos; Tipos de violencia contra personas mayores; Acción utilizada luego de detectarse la violencia; y SUS y el tema de la violencia contra ancianos. Muchos profesionales reconocen/desconfían de los posibles casos, sin embargo, no saben cómo proceder. La magnitud del problema requiere de intervenciones pragmáticas que se lleven a cabo en el ámbito clínico y en el contexto social. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES Existe la necesidad de una educación continua para profesionales y una mayor comunicación entre los organismos responsables de la queja y acogida.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze the conceptions of the nursing professionals working in Basic Health Units regarding the detection and prevention of violence against the elderly. METHODS Descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study. Performed in two BHUs in Mossoró/RN, using a semi-structured interview script, from March to August of 2013. Sample composed of four nurses and six nursing technicians. The content analysis, pre-analysis, material exploration, and treatment of results were performed. RESULTS Four categories were identified: Strategies used to identify violence against the elderly; Types of violence against the elderly; Conduct used after finding a suspicion of violence; SUS and the problem of violence against the elderly. Many professionals recognize/distrust possible cases, however, they do not know how to proceed. The dimension of the problem requires that pragmatic interventions be performed in the clinical setting and in the social context. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS There is a need for continuing education for professionals and greater communication between the bodies responsible for reporting and embracement.

Violence against children and adolescents: profile and tendencies resulting from Law 13. 010 / Violencia contra niños y adolescentes: perfil y tendencias derivadas de la Ley nº 13. 010 / Violência contra crianças e adolescentes: perfil e tendências decorrentes da Lei nº 13. 010

ABSTRACT Objective: Describing the profile of reported violence against children and adolescents and draw an essay on the initial effects of Law 13.010 on report patterns. Method: Analytic study of reported cases on SINAN - Information System on Reportable Harms (from 2013 to 2015) of violence to individuals under 19, in 53 cities of Minas Gerais. Results: 1,481 cases were reported, 49.2% before and 50.8% after Law 13.010 came to force (p = 0.5501). There was a 7% decrease on female reports and a 27.2% in male reports (p = 0.0055). It was noticed a change in report patterns (p = 0.0023), with a 130.7% increase to neglect/abandonment reports and a 33% decrease to sexual abuse report. Higher rates of violence from the parents happens at the 1 to 9-year-old age group (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Main victims were women, individuals from 15 to 19 years, with aggression happening within the household; after Law 13.010, changes to patterns of victim and offender profiles and of kind of violence were noticed.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir el perfil de la violencia notificada contra niños y adolescentes y realizar un ensayo sobre los efectos iniciales de la Ley nº 13.010 en el patrón de las notificaciones. Método: Estudio analítico de los casos registrados en el SINAN - Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Compulsória (2013 a 2015) de violencia a menores de 19 años, en 53 municipios de Minas Gerais. Resultados: Se notificaron 1.481 casos, 49,2% antes y 50,8% después de la ley (p=0,5501). Se observó una disminución de las notificaciones del 7% en el sexo femenino y un aumento del 27,2% en el masculino (p=0,0055). Se verificó una modificación en el patrón de las notificaciones (p=0,0023), con el aumento del 130,7% en negligencia/abandono y disminución del 33% en el abuso sexual. La mayor violencia por padre y madre ocurre en las franjas de 1 a 9 años (p<0,0001). Conclusión: Las principales víctimas fueron mujeres, individuos de 15 a 19 años, y agresiones ocurriendo en la residencia; se nota, después de la Ley, cambios en el patrón del perfil de la víctima y del agresor y en el tipo de violencia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o perfil da violência notificada contra crianças e adolescentes e realizar um ensaio sobre os efeitos iniciais da Lei nº 13.010 no padrão das notificações. Método: Estudo analítico dos casos registrados no SINAN - Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (2013 a 2015) de violência a menores de 19 anos, em 53 municípios de Minas Gerais. Resultados: Foram notificados 1.481 casos, 49,2% antes e 50,8% depois da lei (p = 0,5501). Houve uma diminuição das notificações de 7% no sexo feminino e aumento de 27,2% no masculino (p = 0,0055). Verificou-se modificação no padrão das notificações (p = 0,0023), com o aumento de 130,7% em negligência/abandono e diminuição de 33% no abuso sexual. Maior violência por pai e mãe ocorre nas faixas de 1 a 9 anos (p < 0,0001). Conclusão: As principais vítimas foram mulheres, indivíduos de 15 a 19 anos, e agressões ocorrendo na residência; nota-se, após a Lei, mudanças no padrão do perfil da vítima e do agressor e no tipo de violência.

Trabajadores del sexo y salud pública: intersecciones, vulnerabilidades y resistencia / Sex workers and public health: intersections, vulnerabilities and resistance

RESUMEN Desde el siglo XIX, con la sífilis y, más recientemente, con el sida, lxs trabajadorxs del sexo pasaron a ser vistos como medios de transmisión de enfermedades y como un problema de salud pública que requiere intervención. Sin embargo, las investigaciones han demostrado que, en los países occidentales, la tasa de VIH en personas involucradas con la venta de sexo es baja, con excepción de grupos específicos, como los consumidores de drogas por vía inyectable. Además, se han puesto en evidencia los riesgos a los que están sometidos lxs trabajadorxs del sexo, por vía de la estigmatización o de otras formas de violencia. En este artículo, a partir de una etnografía urbana con trabajadorxs del sexo de calle, llevada a cabo en la ciudad de Porto (Portugal) entre 2004 y 2005, discutimos las vulnerabilidades sociales, laborales y jurídicas que afectan a las personas involucradas en el comercio del sexo y cómo interfieren en su salud. Nos centraremos en las estrategias de lxs trabajadorxs del sexo para minimizar los riesgos para la salud y el discurso de resistencia en el combate a las vulnerabilidades.

ABSTRACT Since the 19th century with syphilis and most recently with AIDS, sex workers have been seen as a means for disease transmission and a public health problem that requires intervention. However, researchers have shown that in Western countries, HIV rates in people involved in commercial sex are low, except for in specific groups, such as intravenous drug users. Moreover, the risks faced by sex workers due to stigmatization and other forms of violence have been put into evidence. Based on an urban ethnography with street sex workers carried out in Porto (Portugal), between 2004 and 2005, this article discusses the social, labor, and legal vulnerabilities affecting people involved in commercial sex and how these interfere with their health. Focus is placed on the strategies used by sex workers to minimize health risks and their discourses of resistance in fighting vulnerabilities.

Suicide, guns, and buyback programs: An epidemiologic analysis of firearm-related deaths in Connecticut.

BACKGROUND: Gun buyback programs aim to remove unwanted firearms from the community with the goal of preventing firearm injury and death. Buyback programs are held in many communities, but evidence demonstrating their effectiveness is lacking. The purpose of this study is to compare firearms collected at buyback events to crime guns and firearms used in homicides and suicides. METHODS: Detailed firearm and case data were obtained from the Hartford Police Department and the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner from January through December of 2015. Information was reviewed for guns collected at buyback events, crime guns confiscated by police, and for weapons associated with firearm fatalities. Detailed firearm data included type, manufacturer, model, and caliber (small, ≤ 0.32 caliber; medium, 0.357 caliber to 9 mm; large, ≥ 0.40 caliber). χ analyses were used for comparisons between groups. RESULTS: In 2015, 224 crime guns were seized by the Hartford Police, 169 guns were collected at four community buyback events, and there were 187 firearm-related deaths statewide (105 suicides, 81 homicides, 1 legal intervention). Comparisons between buyback, crime, and fatality-related firearms are shown in the table below. Medium caliber handguns account for the majority of crime guns and fatalities, and buyback programs collected smaller caliber handguns. The demographics of individuals who turn in guns at buyback events and commit suicide are similar: age (buyback, 63 ± 11; suicide, 52 ± 18; homicide, 34 ± 12 years), sex (buyback, 81%; suicide, 91%; homicide, 84% men), and race (buyback, 80%; suicide, 97%; homicide, 47% white). CONCLUSION: Handguns account for the majority of crime guns and firearm-related fatalities in Connecticut. Buyback programs are both an opportunity to remove unwanted handguns from the community and to remove firearms from the homes of individuals at increased risk of suicide. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiologic/therapeutic study, level IV.

Desafios do profissional de saúde na notificação da violência: obrigatoriedade, efetivação e encaminhamento / Challenges facing health professionals in the notification of violence: mandatory implementation and follow-up procedures

A notificação da ocorrência ou suspeita da violência é obrigatória aos profissionais de saúde, instrumento fundamental para a vigilância epidemiológica e a definição de políticas públicas de prevenção e intervenção. Neste trabalho objetivou-se instruir o profissional de saúde quanto ao reconhecimento da obrigatoriedade de notificação da violência e aos meios disponíveis para sua efetivação e devido encaminhamento. Com esta finalidade foi desenvolvido um estudo exploratório por meio de análise documental: na legislação brasileira, portarias, programas governamentais e códigos de ética, além de consulta bibliográfica sobre o tema, na base de dados do SciELO, num período de cinco anos; e para estabelecer uma breve análise comparativa com outros países, foram selecionados artigos internacionais no PubMed. Esta pesquisa demonstra a existência de uma série de recursos para o combate à violência, com pouca aplicabilidade, em decorrência da falta de conhecimento e insegurança dos profissionais de saúde, assim como, das debilidades estruturais do próprio sistema. Os serviços disponíveis para a notificação da violência, relatados desde o diagnóstico até as providências cabíveis, permitirão ao profissional conduzir os casos com segurança e habilidade.

The notification of the occurrence or suspicion of violence is mandatory for health professionals and is a key tool for epidemiological surveillance and the definition of public policies for prevention and intervention. However, professionals feel unprepared for this assignment, which renders underreporting prevalent. To address this issue, the objective is to identify the means available to the professional to submit notification as well as ensure due process follow-up. For this purpose, research and document analysis was conducted in Brazilian legislation, ordinances, and government programs, codes of ethics and consultation of the literature in databases on the subject over a period of five years to establish a brief comparative analysis with other countries. The conclusion drawn is that while some measures are inapplicable, knowledge about the appropriate process for the notification and routing to specific organs will enable healthcare professionals to make the appropriate decisions for the protection and safety of the victim, besides the measures in order to change this situation of violence in the country.

Violencia, sociedad y medios. "Inseguridad", estigmatización y represión en la cultura masiva contemporánea / Violence, society and the media. "Insecurity", stigmatization and repression in contemporary mass culture

La violencia asienta, se registra y ejercita en múltiples campos y cabe también en la esfera de la comunicación. El relato que contiene toda información suele pretender imparcialidad. Las orientaciones y las preferencias del autor condimentan las expresiones y les conceden inevitable subjetividad. La intención del emisor suele ser imposible de medir. Puede alentar reflexiones y toma de decisiones más o menos racionales o agitar cuestiones diversas que transfiguran posturas dogmáticas, mágicas o ideológicas. Calificar cualquier argumento exige justipreciar su apoyo racional. Pesa el análisis lógico. Las reiteraciones que apoyan en ciertos ejes permiten presumir las metas perseguidas por el dicente. La evaluación de las expresiones orales y escritas por parte del receptor dependen tanto de la disposición para escuchar como de la capacidad y competencia para analizar lo recibido. Ambas condiciones se relacionan de manera directa con la educación y preparación para el diálogo con que cuente el individuo. La propaganda es una forma de comunicación que emite mensajes que pretenden influir y alterar el juicio del receptor a quien busca someter y dominar. Promueve, oculta, disfraza o destaca facetas en las que priman interpretaciones más o menos sesgadas de parte de quien emite el mensaje. Sustenta conclusiones basadas en selección y omisión deliberada de hechos y promueve respuestas más emocionales que racionales. Así, se convierte en instrumento de poder para librar batallas en esferas ideológicas, políticas, religiosas. Se denomina como publicidad a la propaganda destinada a promover el consumo y las ventas de bienes o servicios. La siguiente ponencia publicada en Memorias de las X Jornadas Nacionales de Investigadores en Comunicación Nro. 10, Año: 2006, corresponde a la presentación efectuada en la Universidad Nacional de San Juan, durante la Jornada Nacional de Investigadores en Comunicación, titulada "Una década de encuentros para (re) pensar los intercambios y consolidar la red". Se la reproduce con permiso de sus autores. Valga la observación sobre violencia, sociedad y medios para plantear el lugar que cabe a cada uno cuando se discute el lugar que se asigna a la víctima y al victimario, cuestión que hoy se encuentra en el candelero

Sleep Forensics: a critical review of the literature and brief comments on the Brazilian legal situation / Medicina do sono Forense: uma revisao critica da literatura e breves comentarios sobre a situacao brasileira

Sleep medicine is a relatively new field among Medical Sciences. Its legal aspects are still obscure, either for lack of knowledge of the biological mechanisms underlying violent behaviour during sleep or the virtual absence of clear legal and uniformly accepted guidelines as to whether to punish or treat those disorders. An updated review of the pertinent literature was performed to determine the most prevalent pathological conditions involving violence and sleep and to identify their most common precipitating factors, attempting to provide some technical support to aid Brazilian medical-experts or assistants in preparing substantial and scientific-based reports in a legal environment.

A medicina do sono é um campo relativamente novo dentro das Ciências Médicas. Seus aspectos legais encontram-se ainda na obscuridade, seja por falta de conhecimento dos mecanismos biológicos do desenvolvimento dos transtornos de comportamento e da violência praticada em estados alterados de sono, seja por virtual ausência de previsão legal do binômio tratamento/punição. Realizamos revisão atualizada da literatura para determinar as condições patológicas mais prevalentes envolvendo violência e sono, identificar seus fatores precipitantes mais comuns e os critérios médico-legais que podem auxiliar eventuais médicos-peritos ou assistentes na elaboração de pareceres abalizados em âmbito legal.

Comportamiento de la criminalidad en Colombia, 2012 / Criminality behavior in Colombia, 2012 / Comportamento da criminalidade na Colômbia, 2012

Se efectúa un análisis estadístico descriptivo frente a los delitos registrados por la Policía Nacional en el territorio colombiano en el año 2012, haciendo una comparación, entre los años 2011 y 2012, de los delitos de mayor impacto social. Se destaca el aumento de la denuncia ciudadana y del conocimiento del delito por parte de las autoridades, que al observarse de manera integral denota un nuevo derrotero frente a la tendencia de un cambio de cultura ciudadano, dentro de un modelo de arraigo y corresponsabilidad. Así, el incremento en el registro estadístico revela una transformación en la relación ciudadano y autoridades, que ha incidido en una mayor afluencia frente a la denuncia, un mayor cubrimiento institucional a nivel nacional respecto a las infracciones a la ley penal, por la potenciación de la capacidad tecnológica, que permitió su registro y atención en tiempo real.

A descriptive statistical analysis is made in the face of offenses recorded throughout the Colombian territory by the National Police in 2012, by means of a comparison of those with greater social impact between 2011 and 2012.The increasing civilian complaints, together with the awareness and taking cognizance of crimes by the authorities, reveal a new course for the citizen culture within the framework of a popular support and co-responsibility model. Thus, the increase seen in the statistical record shows a transformation in the citizen-authority relationship resulting in a greater influx of complaints and a greater institutional coverage nationwide with respect to violations of criminal law through the strengthening of that technological capacity having permitted their recording and attention in real time.

Vai se realizar uma análise estatística descritiva aos crimes registrados pela Polícia Nacional no território colombiano em 2012, fazendo uma comparação, entre anos 2011 e 2012, dos crimes de um impacto social maior. Destaca-se o aumento da denúncia cidadã e do conhecimento do crime do lado das autoridades, e isso ao ser observado de maneira integral denota um novo curso da tendência de uma mudança da cultura cidadã, dentro de um modelo de firmeza e de corresponsabilidade. Assim, o aumento no registro estatístico revela uma transformação na relação do cidadão e as autoridades, que incidiram em uma maior afluência perante a denúncia, um maior cobrimento institutional no nível nacional a respeito das infrações à lei penal, pela potenciação da capacidade tecnológica, que permitiu seu registro e atenção em tempo real.