Violencia contra niños, niñas y adolescentes: actuación del odontólogo y nivel de conocimiento para la detección y atención de casos / Violence against children and adolescents: dentist´s performance and knowledge levels for case detection and care

Objetivo: Analizar el nivel de conocimiento del pro-fesional odontólogo sobre la violencia ejercida en niños, niñas y adolescentes, poniendo énfasis en la importancia de su actuación para la detección, aten-ción y derivación de potenciales casos que posibi-liten, dentro de un contexto multidisciplinario, una intervención oportuna y efectiva. Materiales y méto-dos: Se realizó una encuesta a 132 odontólogos, 123 mujeres y 9 hombres, con experiencia profesional de 2 a 43 años, profesores universitarios especialistas en odontopediatría, cursantes de carreras de espe-cialización y posgrados afines o aquellos que desa-rrollan sus actividades laborales en 2 hospitales pú-blicos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires aten-diendo a menores de edad. La encuesta totalizó 15 preguntas distribuidas en 3 categorías cuyos ejes te-máticos ahondaron respecto al conocimiento sobre violencia ejercida contra menores (Categoría 1), sos-pecha de un presunto maltrato infantil en la consulta (Categoría 2) y factores que condicionan la eventual derivación del caso (Categoría 3). Cada pregunta in-cluida en las 3 categorías se direccionó conforme a si el ámbito profesional del sujeto encuestado era es-pecialista/cursante de posgrado (Grupo 1) u hospi-talario (Grupo 2). Resultados: En la primera categoría se observó una significativa carencia de formación específica en la etapa de grado con un 89% para el grupo 1 y 93,75% para el grupo 2, aunque éstos úl-timos han accedido a cursos de perfeccionamiento y actividades tendientes a incrementar destrezas y aptitudes en un 71,87%, contrastando con el 24% del otro grupo. Asimismo, el 29% del grupo 1 y un 50% del grupo 2 conocían los protocolos establecidos en sus entornos profesionales. Ambos consideraron que el odontólogo no está capacitado para detectar conductas orientativas hacia posibles casos (89%, grupo 1; 87,5%, grupo 2). Para la segunda categoría, el grupo 1 respondió positivamente en un 73%, en tanto que el grupo 2 lo hizo en un 84,38%. En la ter-cera categoría se destacó para el grupo 1 un elevado porcentaje en las preguntas relacionadas al temor por parte del odontólogo de agravar las acciones Objetivo: Analizar el nivel de conocimiento del pro-fesional odontólogo sobre la violencia ejercida en niños, niñas y adolescentes, poniendo énfasis en la importancia de su actuación para la detección, aten-ción y derivación de potenciales casos que posibi-liten, dentro de un contexto multidisciplinario, una intervención oportuna y efectiva. Materiales y méto-dos: Se realizó una encuesta a 132 odontólogos, 123 mujeres y 9 hombres, con experiencia profesional de 2 a 43 años, profesores universitarios especialistas en odontopediatría, cursantes de carreras de espe-cialización y posgrados afines o aquellos que desa-rrollan sus actividades laborales en 2 hospitales pú-blicos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires aten-diendo a menores de edad. La encuesta totalizó 15 preguntas distribuidas en 3 categorías cuyos ejes te-máticos ahondaron respecto al conocimiento sobre violencia ejercida contra menores (Categoría 1), sos-pecha de un presunto maltrato infantil en la consulta (Categoría 2) y factores que condicionan la eventual derivación del caso (Categoría 3). Cada pregunta in-cluida en las 3 categorías se direccionó conforme a si el ámbito profesional del sujeto encuestado era es-pecialista/cursante de posgrado (Grupo 1) u hospi-talario (Grupo 2). Resultados: En la primera categoría se observó una significativa carencia de formación específica en la etapa de grado con un 89% para el grupo 1 y 93,75% para el grupo 2, aunque éstos úl-timos han accedido a cursos de perfeccionamiento y actividades tendientes a incrementar destrezas y aptitudes en un 71,87%, contrastando con el 24% del otro grupo. Asimismo, el 29% del grupo 1 y un 50% del grupo 2 conocían los protocolos establecidos en sus entornos profesionales. Ambos consideraron que el odontólogo no está capacitado para detectar conductas orientativas hacia posibles casos (89%, grupo 1; 87,5%, grupo 2). Para la segunda categoría, el grupo 1 respondió positivamente en un 73%, en tanto que el grupo 2 lo hizo en un 84,38%. En la ter-cera categoría se destacó para el grupo 1 un elevado porcentaje en las preguntas relacionadas al temor por parte del odontólogo de agravar las acciones de violencia familiar (64%) o represalias (55%) contra el niño si efectuaran la derivación. En los mismos ítems, el grupo 2 respondió con porcentajes disímiles (28,13% y 31,25%, respectivamente). Finalmente, se diferenciaron claramente los resultados en cuanto al desconocimiento de los procedimientos a seguir si amerita derivar un caso, con un 71% para el grupo 1 y un 34,38% para el grupo 2. Conclusión: Se hace imperioso instruir y capacitar al profesional odontólogo, concientizándolo sobre la necesidad de conocer la legislación vigente y los mecanismos de detección y ulterior derivación. Si bien aquellos que desempeñan su labor a nivel hospitalario aparecen como mejor preparados para actuar, existe un evidente desconocimiento general que conlleva el riesgo de no advertir o proceder inadecuadamente en casos de violencia que atenta contra la seguridad de niños, niñas y adolescentes (AU)

Objective: To analyze the level of knowledge of the dental professional about violence committed in children and adolescents, emphasizing the importance of their actions for the detection, care and referral of potential cases that allow, within a multidisciplinary context, an intervention timely and effective. Materials and methods: A survey was carried out with 132 dentists, 123 women and 9 men, with professional experience of 2 to 43 years, university professors in the specialty of pediatric dentistry, students of specialization course and related postgraduate courses or those who carry out their work activities in 2 public hospitals in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires that care for minors. The survey included 15 questions distributed in 3 categories whose thematic axes delved into knowledge about violence committed against minors (Category 1), suspicion of alleged child abuses in the consultation (Category 2) and factors that condition the eventual referral of the case (Category 3). Each question included in the 3 categories is addressed according to whether the professional field of the surveyed subject was a specialist/graduate student (Group 1) or a hospitalist (Group 2). Results: In the first category, a significant lack of specific training is observed in the undergraduate stage with 89% for group 1 and 93.75% for group 2, although the latter have accessed courses and improvement activities aimed at to increase skills and abilities by 71.87%, in contrast to 24% in the other group. Likewise, 29% of group 1 and 50% of group 2 knew the protocols established in their professional environments. Both considered that the dentist is not trained to detect guiding behaviors towards possible cases (89%, group 1; 87.5%, group 2). For the second category, group 1 responded positively by 73%, while group 2 did so by 84.38%. In the third category, a high percentage stood out for group 1 in the questions related to the dentist's fear of aggravating the actions of family violence (64%) or retaliation (55%) against the child if he made the referral. In the same items, group 2 responded with dissimilar percentages (28.13% and 31.25%, respectively). Finally, the results were clearly differentiated in terms of lack of knowledge of the procedures to follow if a case warrants referral, with 71% for group 1 and 34.38% for group 2. Conclusion: It is imperative to instruct and train the professional dentist, raising awareness about the need to know current legislation and the detection and subsequent referral mechanisms. Although those who carry out their work at the hospital level seem to be better prepared to act, there is an evident widespread lack of knowledge that entails the risk of not announcing or acting inappropriately in cases of violence that threaten the safety of children and adolescents (AU)

Improving Domestic Violence Screening and Follow-Up in a Community Health Clinic.

PURPOSE: To implement an improved DV screening and follow-up protocol at a suburban community health clinic that is consistently used by staff with appropriate female patients as well as to assess provider/staff barriers to this. METHODS: The project was completed at a community health clinic and included 2 presentations: the first to outline current practices as well as the intervention plan at the pre-intervention time point and then to review results of the intervention and elicit feedback post intervention. Provider/staff barrier surveys were completed at both time points. The intervention consisted of completion of the HITS DV screening tool on all appropriate female patients and a system-level algorithm-based follow-up care plan for positive cases. RESULTS: Eligible patient screening increased by 3.1% and patients screening positive increased from 0 to 1 from baseline to intervention. Average scores on the barrier surveys improved for all questions and improved significantly for 3 of the questions. The algorithm implemented was utilized for the positive screening. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a DV screening tool, that has shown good concurrent and construct validity in the literature, a system-level algorithm for follow-up care and addressing provider/staff barriers to screening and follow-up are essential components of a successful DV screening and follow-up program.

Screening for and Disclosure of Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of the PRICOV-19 Cross-Sectional Study in 33 Countries.

The COVID-19 pandemic left no one untouched, and reports of domestic violence (DV) increased during the crisis. DV victims rarely seek professional help, yet when they do so, they often disclose it to their general practitioner (GP), with whom they have a trusting relationship. GPs rarely screen and hence rarely take the initiative to discuss DV with patients, although victims indicate that offering this opportunity would facilitate their disclosure. This paper aims to describe the frequency of screening for DV by GPs and disclosure of DV by patients to the GP during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify key elements that could potentially explain differences in screening for and disclosure of DV. The PRICOV-19 data of 4295 GP practices from 33 countries were included in the analyses, with practices nested in countries. Two stepwise forward clustered ordinal logistic regressions were performed. Only 11% of the GPs reported (much) more disclosure of DV by patients during COVID-19, and 12% reported having screened for DV (much). Most significant associations with screening for and disclosure of DV concerned general (pro)active communication. However, (pro)active communication was performed less frequently for DV than for health conditions, which might indicate that GPs are insufficiently aware of the general magnitude of DV and its impact on patients and society, and its approach/management. Thus, professional education and training for GPs about DV seems highly and urgently needed.

Preparación global en materia de violencia familiar del especialista de medicina general integral / Overall preparedness of family medicine specialists with respect to family violence

Introducción: Los especialistas de medicina general integral muestran un insuficiente desempeño en la detección, evaluación e intervención ante casos de violencia. Objetivo: Evaluar la preparación global en materia de violencia familiar del especialista de medicina general integral. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, durante el primer semestre de 2019, que incluyó a 55 especialistas de medicina general integral, a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario, a partir de las tres dimensiones derivadas de la preparación global: A. prevención del riesgo, detección temprana y patogenia; B. evaluación y diagnóstico; C. intervención y seguimiento. Estas se operacionalizaron a través de veinte indicadores y en su evaluación se definieron cinco categorías o niveles: muy elevado, elevado, medio, bajo y muy bajo. Resultados: En las tres dimensiones exploradas se constató un predominio franco de la alternativa regularmente preparado, seguida por mal preparado. Por su parte, bien preparado, muy bien preparado y excelentemente preparado mostraron los porcentajes más bajos en todas las áreas. El 92,72 por ciento exhibió un nivel de preparación global muy bajo. El nivel de preparación global medio representó el 3,64 por ciento; y el nivel bajo, el 3,64 por ciento. Conclusiones: Existen insuficiencias en el orden cognitivo, axiológico y procedimental, que demuestran que la preparación global de estos profesionales en materia de violencia familiar tiene un limitado alcance para afrontar las variadas formas de expresión de este reprobable comportamiento(AU)

Introduction: Family medicine specialists show insufficient performance in the detection, evaluation and intervention in cases of violence. Objective: To evaluate the overall preparedness of family medicine specialists with respect to family violence. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out during the first semester of 2019 with 55 family medicine specialists, who were applied a questionnaire, based on the three dimensions derived from overall preparedness: A. risk prevention, early detection and pathogenesis; B. evaluation and diagnosis; and C. intervention and follow-up. These were operationalized through twenty indicators and, through their evaluation, five categories or levels were defined: very high, high, medium, low and very low. Results: In the three explored dimensions, there was a clear predominance of the category fairly prepared, followed by poorly prepared. On the other hand, the categories well prepared, very well prepared and excellently prepared showed the lowest percentages in all the areas. A very low level of overall preparedness was found in 92.72 percent. A medium level of overall preparedness accounted for 3.64 percent, while a low level corresponded to 3.64 percent. Conclusions: There are insufficiencies in the cognitive, axiological and procedural order, which shows that the overall preparedness of these professionals with respect to family violence has a limited scope to face the varied forms of expression of this reprehensible behavior(AU)

Relación entre síntomas psicopatológicos y funcionamiento familiar en adultos mayores víctimas de violencia familiar / Relationship between Psychopathological Symptoms and Family Functioning in Older Adults Victims of Family Violence

Introducción: Las familias son un soporte social importante para el bienestar de sus miembros, sobre todo los adultos mayores, quienes resultan vulnerables al maltrato intrafamiliar que pueden afectar su calidad de vida y generar síntomas psicopatológicos; sin embargo, existe poca evidencia científica de esta relación. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre síntomas psicopatológicos y funcionamiento familiar en adultos mayores, víctimas de violencia familiar. Métodos: Estudio transversal, correlacional, en hospital distrital de La Esperanza, Trujillo, Perú, entre junio-octubre 2019. Población 170 adultos mayores asistidos en consulta psicológica, muestra por conveniencia de 151 adultos mayores: 84 víctimas y 67 no víctimas de maltrato. Los instrumentos empleados fueron cuestionario SCL-90 y APGAR familiar. Se procesaron los datos con el Coeficiente de correlaciones de Spearman, la fórmula de transformación de Rupinski y Dunlap y la q de Cohen. Resultados: El funcionamiento familiar tiene relación inversa con la somatización y depresión, en víctimas (r = -0,481; -0,536) y no víctimas de violencia familiar (r = -0,329; -0,387); las víctimas presentaron relaciones negativas del funcionamiento familiar con la obsesión-compulsión (r = -0,336), sensibilidad interpersonal (r = -0,314), ansiedad (r = -0,355), hostilidad (r = -0,435) e ideación paranoide (r = -0,511); la proporción de las diferencias entre las correlaciones de muestras arrojan un tamaño de efecto grande entre funcionamiento familiar e ideación paranoide y mediano entre hostilidad y funcionamiento familiar. Conclusiones: Existe correlación entre los síntomas psicopatológicos y funcionamiento familiar en adultos mayores víctimas y no víctimas de violencia familiar, con diferencias entre correlaciones de ambas muestras en la relación del funcionamiento familiar con la hostilidad y la ideación paranoide(AU)

Introduction: Families are an important social support for the welfare of their members, especially older adults, who are vulnerable to familial mistreatment, which can affect their quality of life and produce psychopathological symptoms; however, there is little scientific evidence about this relationship. Objective: To analyze the relationship between psychopathological symptoms and family functioning in older adults who are victims of family violence. Methods: Cross-sectional and correlational study carried out in La Esperanza district hospital, in Trujillo, Peru, between June and October 2019. The population was made up of 170 older adults attended in the psychological consultation. A convenience sample of 151 older adults was chosen: 84 victims and 67 non-victims of mistreatment. The instruments used were the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) and the Apgar-family questionnaires. Data were processed with Spearman's coefficient of correlation, Rupinski and Dunlap's transformation formula, and Cohen's q. Results: Family functioning showed inverse relationships with somatization and depression in victims (r=-0.481; -0.536) and non-victims of family violence (r=-0.329; -0.387). Victims presented negative relationships of family functioning with obsession-compulsion (r=-0.336), interpersonal sensitivity (r=-0.314), anxiety (r=-0.355), hostility (r=-0.435) and paranoid ideation (r=-0.511). The proportion of differences between sample correlations yielded a large effect size between family functioning and paranoid ideation, while it is average between hostility and family functioning. Conclusions: There is correlation between psychopathological symptoms and family functioning in older adult who are victims and non-victims of family violence, with differences between correlations of both samples in the relationship of family functioning with hostility and paranoid ideation, respectively(AU)

A atuação da Atenção Hospitalar como ponto da Rede de Enfrentamento à Violência contra a Criança / The role of hospital care as a point of the Network to Combat Violence against Children

O fenômeno da violência coloca para os níveis de saúde a necessidade do desenvolvimento de ações intrassetoriais, intersetoriais e o fortalecimento das ferramentas disponíveis para o cuidado de crianças e famílias em situação de violência. A Atenção Hospitalar possui portas de entrada que atendem casos de crianças violentadas, porém ainda não reconhece-se como um ponto de atenção capaz de atuar sob forma de rede para o enfrentamento da violência. OBJETIVOS: Identificar e compreender as estratégias de intervenção e atuação das instituições hospitalares como ponto de atenção da Rede de enfrentamento à violência contra criança nas últimas duas décadas no Brasil. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS:Identificar as normativas implementadas pelo governo brasileiro no período de 2000 até 2020 sobre a caracterização dos serviços que compõem a rede de enfrentamento às violências intrafamiliar contra criança; Analisar as estratégias de intervenção e atuação das instituições hospitalares como ponto de atenção da Rede de enfrentamento à violência contra criança; Identificar o perfil das unidades hospitalares no manejo dos casos de violência contra crianças METODOLOGIA: Foi estudo exploratório e descritivo realizado através de revisão bibliográfica do tipo integrativa, para a coleta dos dados foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde (BVS) e Scientific Eletronic Library Online. O critério de seleção das fontes foi a disponibilidade via web, na base de dados da área, dentro do período de tempo delimitado do estudo - 2000 - 2020. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 17 artigos, 03 teses, 01 capítulo de livro e 01 protocolo de rede de proteção municipal e com análise do material foram construídas cinco categorias de análises: I) Políticas Públicas Brasileiras e o enfrentamento da Violência contra Criança na Atenção Hospitalar; II) Percepção dos profissionais de saúde acerca do atendimento da criança violentada/maltratada no serviços hospitalares que tratou dos significados e sentimentos desencadeados nos profissionais de saúde no cuidado de crianças violentadas; III) Elementos da Rede de Proteção/Prevenção à violência contra criança na perspectiva dos profissionais (ou elementos que apontem para isso) como a formação de equipes multidisciplinares e multiprofissionais na discussão dos casos suspeitos ou confirmados de violência; criação de protocolos, diretrizes e normatizações que orientem a conduta dos profissionais no acolhimento, atendimento, registro e encaminhamento dos casos; fomento de práticas intersetoriais para o cuidado integral de crianças e famílias em situação de violências; capacitação e educação permamente para as equipes profissionais que atuam no serviço hospitalar; IV) Programa de Proteção à Criança - a experiência institucional do Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre no enfrentamento da violência contra criança; e V) Rede de Proteção à Criança e ao Adolescente em Situação de Risco para a violência - protocolo do município de Curitiba. CONCLUSÃO: As Redes de Atenção são concepções de trabalho que coloca para os pontos de atenção os desafios da integração, da conectividade, da reorganização das normativas de trabalho, da criação de espaços de gestão compartilhada e o direcionamento para um único objetivo a todos os serviços da rede.

The phenomenon of violence places the need to develop intrasectoral and intersectoral actions and the strengthening of available tools for the care of children and families in situations of violence at the health levels. Hospital care has gateways that assist cases of violent children, but it is not yet recognized as a point of care capable of acting in the form of a network to face violence. OBJECTIVES: To identify and understand how hospital institutions' intervention and performance strategies have been a point of attention in the network to combat violence against children in the last two decades in Brazil. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: Identify the norms against children by the Brazilian government 2000 of 2020 family period services on the characterization of coping with family violence; To analyze the intervention and performance strategies of hospital institutions as a point of attention of the network to combat violence against children; Identify the profile of hospital units in the management of cases of violence against children METHODOLOGY: It was an exploratory and descriptive study carried out through an integrative literature review. For data collection, a literature search was carried out in the Virtual Health Library (BVS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online databases. The source selection criterion was availability via the web, in the area's database, within the delimited period of time of the study - 2000 - 2020. RESULTS: 17 articles, 03 theses, 01 book chapter and 01 research protocol were selected. municipal protection network and with analysis of the material, five categories of analysis were constructed: I) Brazilian Public Policies and the confrontation of Violence against Children in Hospital Care; II) Perception of health professionals about the care of abused/abused children in hospital services that dealt with the meanings and feelings triggered in health professionals in the care of abused children; III) Elements of the Protection/Prevention Network against violence against children from the perspective of professionals (or elements that point to it) such as the formation of multidisciplinary and multiprofessional teams in the discussion of suspected or confirmed cases of violence; creation of protocols, guidelines and norms that guide the conduct of professionals in the reception, care, registration and referral of cases; fostering intersectoral practices for the comprehensive care of children and families in situations of violence; permanent training and education for the professional teams that work in the hospital service; IV) Child Protection Program - the institutional experience of Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre in dealing with violence against children; and V) Network for the Protection of Children and Adolescents at Risk for Violence - protocol of the city of Curitiba. CONCLUSION: The Care Networks are works concept that places the challenges of integration, connectivity, reorganization of work regulations, the creation of shared management spaces and the direction towards a single objective for all the services.

Estratégias digitais para o enfrentamento da violência familiar contra crianças e adolescentes em tempos de pandemia do Covid-19 / Digital strategies for tackling family violence against children and adolescents in times of the Covid-19 pandemic

A presente dissertação tomou como objetivo de trabalho analisar as iniciativas de instituições governamentais e da sociedade civil para a prevenção de violência familiar contra crianças e adolescentes, disseminadas pela internet no contexto da pandemia do Covid-19. A metodologia adotada foi a análise de discurso crítica como forma de interpretação dos materiais coletados na pesquisa. Os resultados foram dispostos a partir de dois capítulos, o primeiro realizando a caracterização dos materiais gerais coletados e o segundo trazendo a análise dos discursos dos materiais voltados à prevenção de violências durante a pandemia. A partir da análise dos materiais, podemos constatar o esvaziamento dos agentes públicos nas ações de prevenção de violência durante o período da pandemia, em especial o setor saúde, que historicamente vinha desenvolvendo um papel de protagonista no campo da violência, mas que aparentemente transferiu tal responsabilidade para o Ministério da Mulher, da Família e dos Direitos Humanos. Como destaque, ressaltamos o trabalho das ONGs enquanto grandes disseminadoras de conteúdos nos ambientes digitais com vistas à proteção de crianças e adolescentes durante o isolamento social. Conclui-se que de modo geral podemos considerar as ações disseminadas durante a pandemia como importantes para a proteção de crianças e adolescentes, embora ainda precisemos avançar no que tange a utilização do ambiente digital como ferramenta de diálogo com a população acerca de questões essenciais como a prevenção de violência.

The present dissertation aimed to analyze the initiatives of governmental institutions and civil society for the prevention of family violence against children and adolescents, disseminated over the internet in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. The methodology adopted was critical discourse analysis as a way of interpreting the materials collected in the research. The results were arranged from two chapters, the first performing the characterization of the general materials collected and the second bringing the analysis of the discourses of the materials aimed at preventing violence during the pandemic. From the analysis of the materials, we can see the emptiness of public agents in violence prevention actions during the pandemic period, especially the health sector, which historically had been playing a leading role in the field of violence, but which apparently transferred this responsibility to the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights. As a highlight, we highlight the work of NGOs as great disseminators of content in digital environments with a view to protecting children and adolescents during social isolation. It is concluded that, in general, we can consider the actions disseminated during the pandemic as important for the protection of children and adolescents, although we still need to advance in terms of the use of the digital environment as a tool for dialogue with the population about essential issues such as violence prevention.

Caracterización del delito de lesiones a mujeres víctimas de violencia doméstica / Characterization of the crime of injuries against female victims of domestic violence

RESUMEN Introducción: la violencia contra la mujer incluye todo acto violento por razón de género, que produce o puede causar daño físico, sexual, psicológico o algún tipo de sufrimiento mediante amenazas, coerción o privaciones arbitrarias de su libertad. Objetivo: determinar los factores que incidieron en los delitos de lesiones contra la mujer como forma de violencia doméstica en la provincia de Pinar del Río. Material y métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y longitudinal con 236 lesionadas que fueron entrevistadas en el Departamento Provincial de Medicina Legal, por existir una denuncia por delito de lesiones en el marco de la familia durante el período 2017-2018. La información se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a las víctimas y la revisión de la base de datos estadística existente en el libro de control de la actividad pericial del mencionado departamento de Pinar del Río. Resultados: la mayoría de las víctimas tenían edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 35 años, y eran de la raza blanca y del municipio Pinar del Río. La relación con el victimario fue de pareja sexual, siendo el puñetazo el modus operandi y la conducta violenta el factor de riesgo más frecuente; se destacaron los celos como móvil del hecho. Predominaron el horario nocturno y las lesiones no graves sin necesidad de tratamiento médico. Conclusiones: la violencia doméstica constituye un problema de salud y social en la provincia pinareña, por lo que instituciones sociales, de salud y autoridades deben trabajar de conjunto para su prevención y reducción (AU).

Introduction: violence against women includes any violent act on the basis of gender, which causes or may cause physical, sexual, psychological or any other kind of suffering through threats, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of their freedom. Objective: to determine the factors that affected the crimes of injury against women as a form of domestic violence in the province of Pinar del Río. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive and longitudinal investigation was conducted with 236 injured women that were interviewed in the Provincial Department of Legal Medicine, because there was a complaint for crime of injuries within the family during the period 2017-2018. The information was obtained through the application of a survey of the victims and the review of the existing statistical database in the control book of the expert activity of the aforementioned department of Pinar del Río. Results: most of the victims were between the ages of 16 and 35, of the white race and from the municipality of Pinar del Río. The relationship with the victim was sexual partner, with the punch being the modus operandi and violent behavior the most frequent risk factor; jealousy stood out as mobile of the fact. Night hours and non-serious injuries without the need for medical treatment predominated. Conclusions: domestic violence is a health and social problem in the province of Pinar del Rio, so social and health institutions, and the authorities must work together to prevent and reduce violence (AU).

Ateneo General de la Residencia de Psicopedagogía: Huellas de las promesas incumplidas: el devenir del aprendizaje en contextos violentos / Atheneaum Psychopedagogic Residence: Traces of unfulfilled promises: the evolution of learning in violent contexts

Ateneo del Equipo de Psicopedagogía del Centro de Salud Nº 13, del Área Programática del Hospital General de Agudos P. Piñero, de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, centrado en la problemática de la violencia en la clínica psicopedagógica con niños/as, y en cómo se verán atravesados los procesos de aprendizaje de los/as niños/as víctimas o testigos de violencia con los/as que trabaja el Equipo. Se realiza un breve recorrido histórico del concepto de violencia, para intentar una posible conceptualización de la misma, y se analiza la dimensión socio-cultural e histórica de la violencia, enmarcada en el sistema patriarcal e influida por las relaciones de poder. Se hace hincapié en la violencia familiar y, más particularmente en la violencia de género y se profundiza en las distintas formas de maltrato infantil.

Os desafios do trabalho de grupo no núcleo de prevenção à violência na UBS Vila Maggi / The challenges of group work at the violence prevention core in UBS Vila Maggi / Los desafíos del trabajo grupal en el centro de prevención de violencia UBS Vila Maggi

RESUMO A violência é um fenômeno complexo e multifatorial, que se configura como problema social com forte impacto na saúde. No território de abrangência da UBS Vila Maggi, acolhemos cotidianamente diversos tipos de violências relacionados ao contexto familiar. Entendendo que todos os grupos populacionais são vulneráveis à violência, e que a violência guarda relações profundas com a estrutura social, econômica e política, compreende-se que a esta se dá de forma mais impactante em regiões socioeconômicas mais vulneráveis e com condições inadequadas de habitabilidade.

ABSTRACT Violence is a multifatorial and complex phenomenon that configurates as a social problem with heavy impact in our health. In the territory of the UBS Vila Maggi, we routinely recieve several types of family related violence. In understanding that all populational groups are subjected to violence and that violence itself holds deeps relations with political, economic and social structure, one can understands that it will impact more heavily in vulnerable regions with poor housing and poor social-economic conditions.

RESUMEN La violencia es un fenómeno multifatorial y complejo que se configura como un problema social con gran impacto en nuestra salud. En el territorio de la UBS Vila Maggi, habitualmente recibimos varios tipos de violencia familiar. Al comprender que todos los grupos poblacionales están sujetos a la violencia y que la violencia en sí misma mantiene profundas relaciones con la estructura política, económica y social, uno puede entender que tendrá un mayor impacto en las regiones vulnerables con viviendas y condiciones socioeconómicas pobres.

Violencia intrafamiliar contra mujeres de Santiago de Cuba / Intrafamilial Violence against Women from a Medical Office in Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: La violencia de género representa en la actualidad un grave problema para la humanidad y afecta a todos los países y a millones de personas, sobre todo a mujeres y niñas. Objetivo: Caracterizar a las mujeres que sufren violencia intrafamiliar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el Consultorio Médico de Familia No. 12 del Policlínico Docente Ramón López Peña, del municipio Santiago de Cuba, en el período noviembre 2018 a junio 2019. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por 378 mujeres de 15 años y más, y la muestra por 43 féminas que sufrían algún tipo de violencia. Se les aplicó un cuestionario. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, escolaridad, nivel ocupacional, estado conyugal, tipo de abuso y familiar perpetrador de la violencia. Para el procesamiento de la información se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencia absolutas y porcentaje. Los datos se procesaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 11.0. Los resultados obtenidos se muestran en tablas y gráficos, para facilitar su comprensión y análisis. Resultados: Se evidenció que 43,6 por ciento perteneció al grupo de edad de 20 a 35 años; 53,4 por ciento era ama de casa, predominó la unión consensual (55,9 por ciento), el nivel superior medio (48,8 por ciento), la violencia física (41,9 por ciento), perpetrada por el esposo o pareja (44,2 por ciento) y 53,5 por ciento no tuvo percepción del acto. Conclusiones: Fue frecuente la presencia de violencia contra las mujeres, acto que involucraba al resto de la familia. Las féminas no tenían percepción de que eran maltratadas, y eran en su mayoría amas de casa sometidas a la voluntad de su pareja(AU)

Introduction: Gender-related violence currently represents a serious problem for humanity and affects all countries and millions of people, especially women and girls. Objective: To characterize women who suffer domestic violence and from a family medical office in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in the family medical office # 12 of Ramón López Peña Teaching Polyclinic of Santiago de Cuba Municipality, in the period from November 2018 to June 2019. The study universe consisted of 378 women aged 15 years and more. The sample was made up of 43 women who suffered some type of violence. A questionnaire was applied to them. The variables studied were age, schooling, occupational level, marital status, type of abuse and relative perpetrator of violence. For processing the information, absolute frequency and percentage distributions were used. The data were processed using the statistical package SPSS (version 11.0). The results obtained are shown in tables and graphs, to facilitate their understanding and analysis. Results: It was evidenced that 43.6 percent belonged to the age group 20-35 years. 53.4 percent; were housewives. There was a predominance of consensual union (55.9 percent), senior-high schooling (48.8 percent), and physical violence (41.9 percent), perpetrated by the husband or partner (44, 2 percent), while 53.5 percent had no perception of the act. Conclusions: The presence of violence against women was frequent, an act that involved the rest of the family. The women had no perception that they were mistreated. They were mostly housewives subjected to the will of their partner(AU)

Violence against children and adolescents: notification and alert in times of pandemic / Violência contra crianças e adolescentes: notificações e alerta em tempos de pandemia

ABSTRACT Objective: Social isolation is currently identified as the best way to prevent the infection by the new coronavirus. However, for some social groups, such as children and adolescents, this measure carries a contradiction: the home, which should be the safest place for them, is also a frequent environment of a sad aggravation: domestic violence. This study aims to evaluate the notifications of interpersonal/self-inflicted violence available in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases in the State of Santa Catarina (southern Brazil), for the juvenile age group, before and during the new coronavirus pandemics. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study of violence against children and adolescents (from 0 to 19 years) notified by health professionals by completing and entering the occurrence in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the State of Santa Catarina in 11 weeks in which the social isolation measure was instituted as mandatory, comparing with the same period before this measure. Results: During the study period, 136 municipalities in Santa Catarina made 1,851 notifications. There was a decrease of 55.3% of them in the isolation period, and the difficulties encountered in seeking protection and assistance institutions were listed. Conclusions: The society needs to be aware of possible cases of violence in the children and adolescent population. It is important to provide accessible, effective, and safe ways for complaints and notifications, as well as a quick response to the cases, aiming at protecting victims and minimizing damages to prevent the perpetuation of the violence.

RESUMO Objetivo: O isolamento social é identificado, no momento, como a melhor forma para evitar o contágio pelo novo coronavírus. Porém, para alguns grupos sociais, como crianças e adolescentes, essa medida carrega uma contradição: o lar, que deveria ser o local mais seguro para eles, é também um ambiente frequente de um triste agravo, a violência doméstica. Este estudo visou avaliar e comparar as notificações compulsórias de violências interpessoais/autoprovocadas disponíveis no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Estado de Santa Catarina, pré e pós-pandemia do novo coronavírus. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico das violências contra crianças e adolescentes (de 0 a 19 anos de idade completos) notificadas pelos profissionais de saúde mediante o preenchimento e a inserção das ocorrências no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Estado de Santa Catarina, no período de 11 semanas em que foi instituída como obrigatória a medida de isolamento social, comparando tais eventos com os de igual período anterior a essa medida. Resultados: No período estudado, 136 municípios catarinenses realizaram 1.851 notificações. Houve diminuição de 55,3% destas no período de isolamento, listando-se possíveis dificuldades encontradas para a procura de instituições de proteção e assistência. Conclusões: Alerta-se para a necessidade de a sociedade estar atenta para a suspeita e evidência dos casos de violência na população infantojuvenil, e ressalta-se a importância de que sejam propiciadas formas acessíveis, eficazes e seguras, como incentivo para as denúncias, a notificação e o rápido atendimento dos casos, visando à proteção das vítimas, à minimização dos danos e, assim, ao impedimento da perpetuação da violência.

Factores asociados al maltrato físico en menores de cinco años de edad perpetrado por sus progenitoras / Factors Associated with Physical Mistreatment against Children under the Age of Five and Performed by their Mothers

Introducción: El castigo físico en contra del niño dentro del seno familiar y ejercido por la madre es un problema de salud pública en América Latina. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al maltrato físico en menores de cinco años de edad perpetrado por sus madres. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional basado en el análisis secundario de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Demografía (ENDES), 2017. La muestra estuvo conformada por 13 565 niños menores de cinco años. Se calculó el chi cuadrado y el valor de p, así como el odds ratio crudo (ORc) y su intervalo de confianza al 95 por ciento. Resultados: Existió menor riesgo de maltrato en los niños menores de cinco años que resideían en la selva, cuando el esposo o conviviente de la madre vivía en la casa y cuando existía violencia psicológica o física en contra de la mujer. Existió mayor riesgo de maltrato físico cuando las madres hablaban aymara u otra lengua indígena/originaria, cuando la pareja tenía instrucción secundaria o superior o cuando la mujer agredía a su pareja. Conclusiones: La violencia física contra el niño menor de cinco años resultó más probable cuando la madre estaba expuesta a situaciones estresantes, posiblemente mediadas por las condiciones de vulnerabilidad económica o pobreza que vive, sobre todo cuando tenía raíces indígenas y residía en la costa, todo esto exacerbado por la incapacidad para la solución de problemas que, finalmente, derivan en violencia, incluso contra el esposo o conviviente(AU)

Introduction: Physical punishment against the child within the family and performed by her or his mother is a public health concern in Latin America. Objective: To determine the factors associated with physical mistreatment in children under five years of age performed by their mothers. Methods: We carried out an observational study based on the secondary analysis of the data from the 2017 National Survey of Health and Demography (ENDES, as it stands in Spanish for Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Demografía). The sample consisted of 13,565 children under the age of five. Chi square and the P value were calculated, together with the crude odds ratio (ORc) and its 95 percent confidence interval. Results: There was a lower risk of mistreatment in children under the age of five who lived in the jungle, when the mother's husband or partner lived in the house and when there was psychological or physical violence against the woman. There was an increased risk of physical abuse when the mothers spoke Aymara or another indigenous or native language, when the couple had secondary or higher education, or when the woman attacked her partner. Conclusions: Physical violence against children under five years of age was more likely when the mother was exposed to stressful situations, possibly mediated by the conditions of economic vulnerability or poverty that she lives through, especially when she had indigenous roots and lived on the coast, all this exacerbated by the inability to solve problems that ultimately lead to violence, even against the husband or partner(AU)

Determinación social del malestar psicológico y el estrés en hombres que ejercen violencia familiar en la Ciudad de México / Social determinants of psychological distress and stress in men who perpetrate family violence in Mexico City

RESUMEN El objetivo es describir y analizar la determinación social del malestar psicológico y el estrés en dos grupos de hombres de la Ciudad de México que asistían a programas reeducativos por violencia familiar. Para ello, se realizó un estudio no experimental, transversal, descriptivo con metodología cualitativa y enfoque interpretativo, en el que se aplicó un cuestionario y se realizaron grupos focales. Los síntomas de estrés reportados fueron dolores musculares; insomnio y pesadillas; náuseas, dolor de estómago e indigestión; dolores de cabeza, mareos, irritabilidad o mal humor. Los principales problemas que podrían estar generando esta sintomatología serían la economía personal y familiar; la salud de ellos y sus familiares y los malestares mentales, entre otros aspectos. Existen diferencias relacionadas con las condiciones de vida y los efectos de la violencia doméstica. Los abordajes que solo consideran la masculinidad hegemónica o el género para el trabajo con varones en sus diferentes condiciones y problemáticas, sin considerar la desigualdad social y, en especial, las condiciones de vida, pueden ser insuficientes para explicar y modificar las causas de las afectaciones generadas y experimentadas por los varones.

ABSTRACT The social determinants of psychological distress and stress are described and analyzed in two groups of men attending reeducation programs for family violence in Mexico City. A non-experimental, descriptive, transversal study was conducted employing a qualitative methodology and an interpretive approach, in which questionnaires were utilized and focus groups were held. Symptoms of stress that were reported included muscle aches, insomnia and nightmares, headaches or dizziness, irritability or bad mood, nausea, stomach pain and indigestion. The principal issues that could be identified as the root of these symptoms included personal and family finances, their own health or that of their family members, and mental distress, among others. Differences with respect to living conditions and the effects of domestic violence were present. We argue that initiatives directed at men and their particular conditions and problems which are based on a hegemonic view of masculinity and gender are likely to be limited in their capacity to explain and modify the causes of situations generated by and experienced by men.

Critical call for hospital-based domestic violence intervention: The Davis Challenge.

BACKGROUND: Fifty percent of women killed in intimate partner violence (IPV) were seen by a health care provider within a year of their death. As guest speaker to Virginia Commonwealth University Trauma Center (VCU-TC), Dr. James Davis (Western Trauma Association past president) challenged VCU-TC to develop a hospital-based IPV program. This research examines the development and impact of an integrated hospital/VCU-TC-based IPV program. METHODS: The IPV survey was carried out to determine need for training and screening. Hospital forensic nurse examiners case logs were evaluated to determine IPV prevalence. An integrated IPV program-Project Empower was developed, consisting of staff education, patient screening, victim crisis fund, and interdisciplinary sexual assault/domestic violence intervention team. Between 2014 and 2018, patients admitted with an IPV consult to Project Empower were entered into a secure database capturing demographics, mechanisms, income data, and social determinants of risk. Program feasibility was evaluated on patient engagement via screening and case management. Program impact was evaluated on crisis intervention, safety planning, and community referral. RESULTS: Forensic nurse examiner data and IPV survey evaluation noted 20% IPV prevalence and lack of IPV screening and training. The IPV patients (N = 799) were women (90%), unmarried (79%) and African-American (60%). Primary mechanisms were firearm (44%) or stabbing (34%). Survivors were perpetrated by a cohabiting (42%) or dating partner (18%). Monthly income averaged US $622. Forty percent had no health insurance. Advocates provided 62% case management. Survivors received victim crisis funds (16%), safety planning (68%), crisis intervention (78%), sexual and domestic violence education (83%), and community referral (83%). Within 5 years, 35 (4%) were reinjured and seen in the emergency department. Thirty-one (4%) were readmitted for IPV-related injuries. Two deaths were attributed to IPV. CONCLUSION: Critical call for hospital-based IPV intervention programs as a priority for trauma centers to adopt cannot be underestimated but can be answered in a comprehensive integrated model. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, level I.