Effects of dual- and single-language exposure on children's word learning: Experimentally testing the role of competition.

This study investigated the role of dual- and single-language input in bilingual children's word learning. In Experiment 1, 26 Spanish-English bilingual children aged 4 and 5 years (9 girls; 73% Latino; 65% White) learned novel words in single- and dual-language conditions. In the single-language condition, children learned English-like labels for novel objects. In the dual-language condition, the same children learned Spanish- and English-like labels for a different set of objects; all labels were produced by the same bilingual speaker, creating competition between the two languages. A second group of bilingual children (N = 25; 14 girls; 72% Latino; 40% White) participated in Experiment 2, which tested whether tagging language by speaker in the dual-language condition (mimicking the one person-one language input strategy) would influence performance. In both experiments, participants learned novel English words above chance (ps < .05) in both conditions, with better performance in the single-language condition. These results indicate an advantage for single-language learning contexts, but the theoretical roots and the practical value of this advantage are unclear.

The Contribution of Willingness to Communicate to L2 Learners' Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge: An Empirical Study.

The issues of depth vocabulary knowledge and Willingness to Communicate (henceforth, WTC) are among the most important issues in second language learning. The present study set out to empirically look into the contribution of WTC to depth of vocabulary knowledge in L2 learning. To this end, 88 English L2 learners, divided into two groups in terms of their WTC, were given two depth vocabulary tests. The Word Association Test (WAT) was first administered to make a comparison between the depth vocabulary knowledge of the two WTC groups. Then, to triangulate the results, the Word Part Levels Test (WPLT) was administered to check whether the obtained results confirmed those of WAT. Analyzing data through independent t-test and MANOVA indicated that learners with higher levels of WTC had deeper vocabulary knowledge than those with lower levels of WTC on the WAT. Further, the triangulation results evinced that although the two groups did not differ significantly on the form-section and meaning-section of the WPLT, they significantly differed on the use-section of the test. The relevant pedagogical implications of the study are discussed.

Revisiting the Latin vocabulary of Terminologia Histologica: I. Nouns.

Almost 20% of the Latin nouns (193/993) in Terminologia Histologica (TH), the international standard nomenclature for human histology and cytology, display linguistic problems, particularly in the areas of orthography, gender, and declension. Some anatomists have opposed efforts to restore the quality of the Latin nomenclature as pedantry, preferring to create or modify Latin words so that they resemble words in English and other modern languages. A Latin microanatomical nomenclature is vulnerable to the criticism of anachronism, so the requirement for the use of authentic Latin, including derivation of new words from Greek and Latin words rather than from modern languages, if possible, may be even greater than it is for the anatomical nomenclature. The most common problem identified here appears to have been caused by derivation of Latin nouns by addition of -us and -um second declension endings to English words. Many Latin nouns (128) in TH contain one of six morphemes that have been treated this way even though the original Greek words are either first declension masculine or third declension neuter nouns. Ironically, deriving Latin nouns directly from Greek morphemes often results in words that look more familiar to speakers of Romance and Germanic languages than those derived indirectly through modern languages (e.g., astrocyte, collagene, dendrita, lipochroma, osteoclasta and telomere instead of astrocytus, collagenum, dendritum, lipochromum, osteoclastus, and telomerus).

Nível de Leitura de Crianças com Deficiência Auditiva de um Centro Especializado de Reabilitação / Reading Level of Hearing-Impaired Children in a Specialized Rehabilitation Center / Nivel de lectura de niños con discapacidad auditiva de um Centro de Rehabilitación Especializado

Introdução: Crianças com deficiência auditiva necessitam de acompanhamento no serviço de saúde auditiva em uma abordagem ampliada para o cuidado integral à saúde, que considere além da audibilidade outras dimensões do desenvolvimento, como é o caso do desempenho acadêmico. Objetivo: Identificar o nível de compreensão de leitura de vocábulos e sentenças de crianças com deficiência auditiva, usuárias de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual de um Centro Especializado em Reabilitação correlacionando à audibilidade, vocabulário receptivo e o tempo de uso do AASI. Método: Amostra composta por 18 crianças com deficiência auditiva usuárias de dispositivos eletrônicos sonoros individuais, entre 8 e 12 anos, já alfabetizadas, em escola regular. Os testes utilizados foram: para leitura - Teste de "Compreensão de Sentenças -TELCS", Teste de Desempenho Escolar TDE-II (leitura de palavras) e para o vocabulário receptivo o Peabody-PPVT4. Resultados: O SII-Indice de Inteligibilidade de Fala 55dB e 65dB ≥ 64% demonstraram relação significante com o vocabulário receptivo. O teste de leitura e compreensão de sentenças apresentou relação estatisticamente significante com o SII 65dB ≥ 64% e com o vocabulário receptivo maior que 85. A consistência do uso do aparelho não demonstrou relação com nenhum dos dados do SII 55dB, SII 65dB, vocabulário, leitura de palavras e leitura de sentenças. Conclusão: A avaliação de leitura indica ser um fator relevante na análise de desenvolvimento da criança com deficiência auditiva correlacionada aos fatores de audibilidade e vocabulário. (AU)

Introduction: Children with hearing impairment need monitoring in the hearing health service in an expanded approach to comprehensive health care, which considers other dimensions of development, such as academic performance, in addition to audibility. Objective: To identify the level of reading comprehension of words and sentences of children with hearing impairment, hearing aid users at a Specialized Rehabilitation Center, correlating it with audibility, receptive vocabulary and the time of use of the hearing aid. Method: Sample composed of 18 children with hearing impairment fitted to individual electronic sound devices, between 8 and 12 years old, already literate, in regular school. The tests used were: for reading - "Sentence Comprehension-TELCS" Test, TDE-II School Performance Test (word reading) and for receptive vocabulary the Peabody-PPVT4. Results: The SII-Speech Intelligibility Index 55dB and 65dB ≥ 64% demonstrated a significant relationship with receptive vocabulary. The sentence reading and comprehension test showed a statistically significant relationship with SII 65dB ≥ 64% and receptive vocabulary greater than 85. The consistency of device use did not demonstrate a relationship with any of the SII 55dB, SII 65dB, vocabulary, word reading and sentence reading. Conclusion: The reading assessment indicates that it is a relevant factor in the analysis of the development of children with hearing impairment, correlated with audibility and vocabulary factors. (AU)

Introducción: Los niños con discapacidad auditiva necesitan seguimiento en el servicio de salud auditiva en un enfoque ampliado de atención integral en salud, que considere otras dimensiones del desarrollo, como el rendimiento académico, además de la audibilidad. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de comprensión lectora de palabras y oraciones de niños con discapacidad auditiva, usuarios de dispositivos individuales de amplificación de sonido en un Centro de Rehabilitación Especializado, correlacionándolo con la audibilidad, el vocabulario receptivo y el tiempo de uso del audífono. Método: Muestra compuesta por 18 niños con discapacidad auditiva que utilizan dispositivos electrónicos de sonido individuales, entre 8 y 12 años, ya alfabetizados, en escuela regular. Las pruebas utilizadas fueron: para lectura - Test de "comprensión de oraciones -TELCS", TDE-II School Performance Test (lectura de palabras) y para vocabulario receptivo el Peabody-PPVT4. Resultados: El Índice de Inteligibilidad del Habla SII 55dB y 65dB ≥ 64% demostró una relación significativa con el vocabulario receptivo. La prueba de lectura y comprensión de oraciones mostró una relación estadísticamente significativa con SII 65dB ≥ 64% y vocabulario receptivo mayor a 85. La consistencia en el uso del dispositivo no demostró relación con ninguna de las pruebas SII 55dB, SII 65dB, vocabulario, lectura de palabras y oraciones. lectura. Conclusión: La evaluación de la lectura indica que es un factor relevante en el análisis del desarrollo de niños con discapacidad auditiva, correlacionado con factores de audibilidad y vocabulario. (AU)

Desempenho de pré-escolares em vocabulário e habilidades preditivas no ensino híbrido / Preschool performance in vocabulary and predictive skills in blended learning / Desempeño de preescolares en vocabulario y habilidades predictivas en aprendizaje combinado

Introdução: O ensino remoto limitou a vivência de experiências concretas em espaços coletivos de formação de conhecimentos e intensificou a vulnerabilidade infantil quanto à educação formal, em especial as crianças em fase inicial de alfabetização. A partir deste panorama, tornou-se fundamental investigar o desempenho de escolares em busca de informações sobre a repercussão ocasionada pela pandemia de COVID-19 ao desenvolvimento infantil. Objetivo: Verificar o desempenho de pré-escolares em vocabulário e habilidades preditivas no ensino híbrido, frente aos impactos da pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Participaram deste estudo 12 escolares, com idade entre 5 a 6 anos, pertencentes ao terceiro período da educação infantil. Para a avaliação foram selecionados o Protocolo de Identificação Precoce dos Problemas de Leitura, e os Testes de Vocabulário Auditivo e de Vocabulário Expressivo. Resultados: Os dados obtidos demonstraram significância estatística para as provas de Vocabulário Receptivo em relação ao Expressivo, Nomeação Automática Rápida e Conhecimento do Alfabeto, Segmentação Silábica e Produção de Rima, acertos para Vocabulário Expressivo e Conhecimento do Alfabeto, assim como para a quantidade de erros em Vocabulário Expressivo e para a Nomeação Automática Rápida. Conclusão: O sucesso almejado para o ingresso no 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental dependerá das variações individuais de cada aluno quanto ao desempenho dos aspectos avaliados neste trabalho e à qualidade dos estímulos recebidos. (AU)

Introduction: Remote teaching limited the experience of concrete experiences in collective spaces for the formation of knowledge and intensified children's vulnerability in terms of formal education, especially children in the initial phase of literacy. From this panorama, it became essential to investigate the performance of students in search of information about the impact caused by the pandemic of COVID-19 on child development. Objective: To verify the performance of preschoolers in vocabulary and predictive skills in hybrid teaching, given the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Participated in this study 12 schoolchildren, aged between 5 and 6 years, belonging to the third period of early childhood education. For the evaluation were selected the Protocol for Early Identification of Reading Problems, and the Auditory Vocabulary and Expressive Vocabulary Tests. Results: The data obtained showed statistical significance for the tests of Receptive Vocabulary in relation to Expressive, Rapid Automatic Naming and Alphabet Knowledge, Syllabic Segmentation and Rhyme Production, correct answers for Expressive Vocabulary and Alphabet Knowledge, as well as for the number of errors in Expressive Vocabulary and for the Automatic Rapid Naming. Conclusion: The desired success for entering the 1st year of Elementary School will depend on the individual variations of each student regarding the performance of the aspects evaluated in this work and the quality of the stimuli received. (AU)

Introducción: La enseñanza a distancia limitó la vivencia de experiencias concretas en espacios colectivos de formación de saberes e intensificó la vulnerabilidad de los niños frente a la educación formal, especialmente de los niños en fase inicial de alfabetización. A partir de este panorama, se hizo imprescindible investigar el desempeño de los escolares en busca de información sobre el impacto que la pandemia de la COVID-19 provocó en el desarrollo infantil. Objetivo: Verificar el desempeño de preescolares en vocabulario y habilidades predictivas en aprendizaje semipresencial, ante los impactos de la pandemia del COVID-19. Método: Participaron en este estudio 12 escolares, con edades comprendidas entre los 5 y 6 años, pertenecientes al tercer ciclo de educación infantil. Para la evaluación se seleccionaron el Protocolo para la Identificación Temprana de Problemas de Lectura, y las Pruebas de Vocabulario Auditivo y Vocabulario Expresivo. Resultados: Los datos obtenidos mostraron significancia estadística para las pruebas de Vocabulario Receptivo en relación con Expresivo, Denominación Automática Rápida y Conocimiento del Alfabeto, Segmentación Silábica y Producción de Rimas, aciertos para Vocabulario Expresivo y Conocimiento del Alfabeto, así como para el número de errores en Vocabulario Expresivo y para Nomenclatura Automática Rápida. Conclusión: El éxito deseado para el ingreso al 1° año de la Enseñanza Fundamental dependerá de las variaciones individuales de cada estudiante en cuanto al desempeño de los aspectos evaluados en este trabajo y la calidad de los estímulos recibidos. (AU)

Can adults learn L2 grammar after prolonged exposure under incidental conditions?

While late second language (L2) learning is assumed to be largely explicit, there is evidence that adults are able to acquire grammar under incidental exposure conditions, and that the acquisition of this knowledge may be implicit in nature. Here, we revisit the question of whether adults can learn grammar incidentally and investigate whether word order and morphology are susceptible to incidental learning to the same degree. In experiment 1, adult English monolinguals were exposed to an artificial language (Kepidalo) that had case marking and variable word order: a canonical Subject-Object-Verb order and a non-canonical Object-Subject-Verb. In a five-session online study, participants received vocabulary training while being incidentally exposed to grammar, and completed a series of picture-selection and grammaticality judgment tasks assessing grammatical knowledge. Despite extensive exposure to input, and although performance on vocabulary increased significantly across sessions, learners' grammatical comprehension showed little improvement over time, and this was limited to Subject-Object-Verb sentences only. Furthermore, participants were better at detecting word order than case marking violations in the grammaticality judgment tasks. Experiment 2 further increased the amount of incidental exposure whilst examining native speakers of German, which exhibits higher morphological richness. Testing was followed by a post-test metalinguistic awareness questionnaire. Although greater learning effects were observed, participants continued to have difficulties with case marking. The findings also demonstrated that language outcomes were modulated by learners' level of metalinguistic awareness. Taken together, the results of the two experiments underscore adult learners' difficulty with case marking and point towards the presence of a threshold in incidental L2 grammar learning, which appears to be tightly linked to prior first language experience. In addition, our findings continue to highlight the facilitative role of conscious awareness on L2 outcomes.

Tamaño del léxico en niños(as) muy prematuros y prematuros extremos de 24 meses: un estudio transversal / Vocabulary size in very preterm and extremely preterm infants: a cross-sectional study

Las investigaciones muestran que un número importante de niños nacidos prematuros (antes de las 37 semanas de gestación) presentan dificultades en su desarrollo, entre ellas el desarrollo lingüístico. Las investigaciones previas indican que algunas complicaciones biomédicas, como la hemorragia intraventricular (los grados III y IV), la leucomalacia periventricular y la displasia broncopulmonar, incrementan la probabilidad de presentar alteraciones en el desarrollo de la cognición y/o del lenguaje, por lo que se hace necesario realizar investigaciones que proporcionen más información y con ello poder anticiparse a posibles consecuencias en los aprendizajes futuros de estos niños nacidos bajo la condición de prematuridad. Es así, que los objetivos de este estudio fueron medir el tamaño del léxico temprano en niños muy prematuros y prematuros extremos (con y sin complicaciones biomédicas) a los 24 meses de edad corregida, así como también determinar la asociación entre número de complicaciones biomédicas presentes y el tamaño del léxico. Para ello, se trabajó con 108 niños divididos en tres grupos: 39 niños prematuros de alto riesgo (con complicaciones biomédicas), 36 niños prematuros de bajo riesgo (sin complicaciones biomédicas asociadas a alteraciones del lenguaje y /o cognición) y 33 niños nacidos de término. Todos fueron evaluados con el Inventario II de Desarrollo de Habilidades Comunicativas MacArthur-Bates. Los resultados muestran que los niños nacidos de término tienen significativamente mayor tamaño del léxico que los prematuros, no existiendo diferencias en los resultados entre prematuros de bajo riesgo y los prematuros de alto riesgo. Por otra parte, el tamaño del léxico no presenta correlación con las complicaciones biomédicas.

Research shows that a significant number of children born preterm (before 37 weeks of gestation) have developmental difficulties, among them disturbances in language development. Studies indicate that some biomedical complications such as intraventricular hemorrhage (grades III and IV), periventricular leukomalacia, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia increase the probability of cognitive and/or language development disorders. Therefore, there is a need to conduct more studies that provide information that allows anticipating possible consequences in the learning process of children born prematurely. The aims of this study were to measure the early vocabulary size in very preterm and extremely preterm children (with and without biomedical complications) at 24 months of corrected age and to determine the association between the number of biomedical complications and vocabulary size. To that effect, we worked with 108 children divided into three groups: 39 high-risk preterm children (with biomedical complications), 36 low-risk preterm children (without biomedical complications associated with language and/or cognitive disturbances), and 33 full-term children. All children were evaluated using the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory II. The results show that the vocabulary size of full-term children is significantly larger than that of preterm children and that no differences exist between the group of high-risk versus low-risk preterm children. On the other hand, vocabulary size does not correlate withbiomedical complications.

A Psycholinguistic Look at the Role of Field Dependence/Independence in Receptive/Productive Vocabulary Knowledge: Does it Draw a Line?

The thrust of this study was to investigate the impact of learning styles in general and Field dependence/Independence (FD/I) in particular on the receptive/productive lexical performance of language learners. It aimed to check whether FD/I learners perform differently on receptive and productive vocabulary tests. To achieve this, first, 94 Iranian language learners were given the Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT) to determine their learning style; and second, they were put into two groups and were asked to take a receptive and a productive vocabulary test. Having collected and analyzed the data, the study revealed that first, with regard to the receptive test, although FI learners outperformed the FD ones, this outperformance was not significant statistically. Second, for the productive test, a significant difference was found between FIs and FDs with FI learners having a better performance. Third, FI learners acted significantly better in the productive test compared with receptive test. Finally, FD learners performed almost similarly in both receptive and productive tests. The pertinent implications are also discussed.

Memória operacional e vocabulário em crianças com Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem / Memoria operativa y vocabulario en niños con Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje / Working memory and vocabulary in children with Developmental Language Disorder

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existe diferença no desempenho de crianças com Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem (TDL) e Desenvolvimento Típico de Linguagem (DTL) em testes de memória operacional fonológica (MOF) e de memória visual de curto prazo (MVCP), e se esse desem-penho está correlacionado com o vocabulário receptivo. Selecionamos 14 crianças com TDL e 28 com DTL. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos a dois testes de memória de curto prazo e a um teste de vocabulário receptivo. A comparação entre os grupos foi realizada por meio do Teste t de Student e a correlação entre a memória de curto prazo e o vocabulário foi obtida pela correlação de Pearson. Crian-ças com TDL tiveram pior desempenho quando comparadas ao grupo controle, tanto em MOF quanto em MVCP. A correlação positiva entre os testes de memória e vocabulário sugere que tanto a alça fo-nológica quanto a memória visual são importantes para o processamento da linguagem, mesmo que a alça fonológica possa ter maior relevância

The aim of this study was to verify if there is a difference in performance between children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and typical language development (TLD) in phonological working memory (PWM) test and visual short-term memory (VSTM), and if this performance is correlated with the result of a receptive vocabulary test. We selected 14 children with DLD and 28 with TLD. All subjects underwent two short-term memory tests and a receptive vocabulary test. The comparison between the groups was performed using the Student's t-test, and the correlation between the short-term memory and the vocabulary was obtained by Pearson's correlation. Children with DLD had a worse performance when compared with the control group, both in PWM and VSTM. The positive correlation between memory and vocabulary tests suggests that both the phonological loop and visual memory are important for the processing of language, even if the phonological loop may have greater relevance.

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar si existe una diferencia en el desempeño de los niños con Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje (TDL) y el desarrollo del lenguaje típico (DLT) en las pruebas de memoria operativa fonológica (MOF) y memoria visual a corto plazo (MVCP), y si ese desempeño es correlacionado con el vocabulario receptivo. Seleccionamos 14 niños con TDL y 28 con DTL. Todos los sujetos se sometieron a dos pruebas de memoria a corto plazo y a una prueba de vocabulario receptivo. La comparación entre grupos se realizó mediante la prueba t de Student y la correlación entre la memoria a corto plazo y el vocabulario se obtuvo mediante la correlación de Pearson. Los niños con TDL tuvieron un peor desempeño en comparación con el grupo de control, tanto en la MOF como en la MVCP. La correlación positiva entre las pruebas de memoria y vocabulario sugiere que tanto el bucle fonológico como la memoria visual son importantes para el procesamiento del lenguaje, aunque el bucle fonológico puede tener mayor relevancia.

An Ontology for Cardiothoracic Surgical Education and Clinical Data Analytics.

The development of an ontology facilitates the organization of the variety of concepts used to describe different terms in different resources. The proposed ontology will facilitate the study of cardiothoracic surgical education and data analytics in electronic medical records (EMR) with the standard vocabulary.

Child naming skills and the quality of environments / Habilidades de nomeação infantil e a qualidade dos ambientes / Habilidades de denominación infantil y la calidad de los ambientes

The objective was to relate the quality of family, school, and neighborhood environments to the naming skills of children in early childhood education. Sixty-four (64) children from 24 to 60 months of age and one family member for each child participated. The Child Naming Test, the Family Poverty Index, the Home Environment Resources Scale, and the Neighborhood Quality Instrument were applied to measure the quality of the environments, and the ECERS-R Scale was applied to measure the school environment. It was identified that 45.3% of the children obtained a high score in the Child Naming Test. Thus, the relationship between the variables pointed out that family members' income and education and joint activities between adults and children were the factors most associated with the outcome of language, which highlights the importance of monitoring language skills and the quality factors of the environments.

Este estudo teve como objetivo relacionar a qualidade dos ambientes familiar, escolar e de vizinhança às habilidades de nomeação de crianças na educação infantil. Participaram 64 crianças de 24 a 60 meses de idade e um familiar de cada uma. Foi aplicado o Teste Infantil de Nomeação, e, para mensurar a qualidade dos ambientes, adotaram-se o Índice de Pobreza da Família, o Inventário de Recursos do Ambiente Familiar, o Instrumento de Qualidade da Vizinhança e a escala ECERS-R para o ambiente escolar. Foi identificado que 45,3% das crianças obtiveram escore alto no Teste Infantil de Nomeação. Desse modo, a relação entre as variáveis apontou que a renda e a escolaridade dos familiares, assim como as atividades conjuntas entre adultos e crianças, foram os fatores mais associados ao desfecho da linguagem, o que realça a importância de monitorar as habilidades de nomeação e os fatores de qualidade dos ambientes.

El objetivo fue relacionar la calidad del entorno familiar, escolar y comunitario con las habilidades de denominación de los niños en la educación infantil. Participaron 64 niños de 24 a 60 meses y un familiar de cada uno. Para evaluar el lenguaje, se aplicó la Prueba de Denominación Infantil. Para medir la calidad de los entornos, se aplicaron el Índice de Pobreza Familiar, el Inventario de Recursos del Entorno Familiar, el Instrumento de Calidad Comunitaria y la escala ECERS-R. La mayoría de los niños (45,3%) se ajustan a la puntuación más alta en la Prueba de Denominación Infantil. Así, la relación entre las variables señaló que el ingreso familiar y la educación, así como las actividades conjuntas entre adultos y niños fueron los factores más asociados al resultado del lenguaje, lo que resalta la importancia de monitorear las habilidades de denominación y los facto-res de calidad de los entornos.

Application of a vocabulary screening instrument for children between 3- and 7-years-old: a pilot study. / Aplicação de um instrumento de triagem do vocabulário para crianças entre 3 e 7 anos: estudo piloto.

PURPOSE: to describe the performance of children between three and seven years of age in using an expressive and receptive screening instrument. METHODS: the sample consisted of 133 children between 3 and 7 years of age, without diagnoses of neurodevelopmental disabilities or disorders. The screening was performed with the TRILHAR instrument, which includes receptive and expressive vocabulary skills. The data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman Correlation tests. RESULTS: we observed a statistical difference in the groups' performance, in addition to a positive correlation between the age group and the final score in the screening. There was statistical difference in the performance on the receptive and expressive vocabulary subtests. CONCLUSION: We observed difference in the performance of the groups in receptive and expressive tasks, and in the final score, with better performance for the children with 7 years. In addition, age and performance on the screening test were positively correlated, that is, the older the age, the better the performance.

OBJETIVO: descrever o desempenho em vocabulário expressivo e receptivo de crianças entre três e sete anos de idade em um instrumento de triagem. MÉTODO: a amostra foi composta por 133 crianças entre três e sete anos de idade, sem diagnósticos de deficiências ou transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento. Para a triagem, foi utilizado o instrumento TRILHAR, que inclui as habilidades de vocabulário receptivo e expressivo. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney e Correlação de Spearman. RESULTADO: houve diferença no desempenho dos grupos, além de correlação positiva entre a faixa etária e a pontuação na triagem. Ainda, verificou-se diferença nos desempenhos das provas de vocabulário receptivo e expressivo. CONCLUSÃO: Foi verificada diferença no desempenho dos grupos nas tarefas de vocabulário receptivo, expressivo e no resultado final, com melhores resultados para o grupo de sete anos. Além disso, observou-se correlação positiva entre a idade e o desempenho na triagem, ou seja, quanto maior a idade, melhor o desempenho.

Validity evidence based on response processes of the TRILHAR - screening tool for infant vocabulary. / Validade baseada nos processos de resposta do trilhar ­ instrumento de triagem do vocabulário infantil.

PURPOSE: To verify the validity evidence based on response processes of a vocabulary-screening tool. METHODS: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study, applied in a sample of 133 children between 3 and 7 years of age, divided into five groups, according to their age range. This research evaluates the instrument TRILHAR, which is a screening of receptive and expressive vocabulary, composed by ten activities for each age range. The collected data were the application time in minutes and seconds, screening instructions comprehension and behavior during the screening. The data were analyzed descriptively as mean, standard deviation and percentage using the IBM SPSS Statistics. RESULTS: The application time was short, with less time for the greater ages. The mean time of application was 05m19s for G1, 04m29s for G2, 04m11s for G3, 03m40s for G4 and 02m13s for G5. Only one child (4.8%) from G2 required repetition of the instructions for the receptive vocabulary, and two children (6.3%) from G4 for the expressive vocabulary. We observed little occurrence of behaviors like disinterest, inattention and agitation. CONCLUSION: The application of the instrument required a short period, with a longer time for the group of 3-years children. The little necessity of repetition of the instructions indicates that children can easily comprehend the instrument.

OBJETIVO: Verificar as evidências de validade baseadas nos processos de resposta de um instrumento de triagem do vocabulário. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo, aplicado em uma amostra de 133 crianças entre 3 e 7 anos de idade, subdivididos em cinco grupos de acordo a faixa etária. O instrumento sobre o qual se trata a pesquisa é o TRILHAR, que visa a triagem do vocabulário receptivo e expressivo, composto por dez fichas de atividades para cada idade-alvo. Os dados coletados focaram no tempo de aplicação em minutos e segundos, compreensão das instruções do teste e comportamento do escolar durante a aplicação. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente em relação a média, desvio-padrão e porcentagem por meio do software IBM SPSS Statistics. RESULTADOS: O tempo de aplicação foi curto e diminuiu de acordo com a progressão da idade. O tempo médio de aplicação foi de 05m19s para o G1, 04m29s para o G2, 04m11s para o G3, 03m40s para o G4 e 02m13s para o G5. Apenas um sujeito (4,8%) do G2 necessitou de repetição das instruções no vocabulário receptivo e dois (6,3%) do G4 no vocabulário expressivo. Foi verificada pequena ocorrência de comportamentos como desinteresse, desatenção e agitação. CONCLUSÃO: Foi verificado que o tempo de aplicação do instrumento necessita de um curto período de tempo, sendo mais dispendiosa no grupo de crianças com três anos de idade. A baixa necessidade de repetição das instruções indica que o instrumento apresenta fácil compreensão por parte da criança.

Different semantic and affective meaning of the words associated to physical and social pain in cancer patients on early palliative/supportive care and in healthy, pain-free individuals.

Early palliative/supportive care (ePSC) is a medical intervention focused on patient's needs, that integrates standard oncological treatment, shortly after a diagnosis of advanced/metastatic cancer. ePSC improves the appropriate management of cancer pain. Understanding the semantic and emotional impact of the words used by patients to describe their pain may further improve its assessment in the ePSC setting. Psycholinguistics assumes that the semantic and affective properties of words affect the ease by which they are processed and comprehended. Therefore, in this cross-sectional survey study we collected normative data about the semantic and affective properties of words associated to physical and social pain, in order to investigate how patients with cancer pain on ePSC process them compared to healthy, pain-free individuals. One hundred ninety patients and 124 matched controls rated the Familiarity, Valence, Arousal, Pain-relatedness, Intensity, and Unpleasantness of 94 words expressing physical and social pain. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed on ratings in order to unveil patients' semantic and affective representation of pain and compare it with those from controls. Possible effects of variables associated to the illness experience were also tested. Both groups perceived the words conveying social pain as more negative and pain-related than those expressing physical pain, confirming previous evidence of social pain described as worse than physical pain. Patients rated pain words as less negative, less pain-related, and conveying a lower intense and unpleasant pain than controls, suggesting either an adaptation to the pain experience or the role played by ePSC in improving patients' ability to cope with it. This exploratory study suggests that a chronic pain experience as the one experienced by cancer patients on ePSC affects the semantic and affective representation of pain words.

Shall we exclude parapsoriasis from the medical vocabulary?

Since the first description of parapsoriasis more than 100 years ago, parapsoriasis has been a questionable condition and occasionally considered a precursor of cutaneous lymphoma. The name "parapsoriasis" is related to a heterogenous group of diseases that show a distinct clinical presentation; however, the histopathological criteria are not strongly specific. Pathologists do not consider parapsoriasis as a possible histopathological diagnosis, but dermatologists use the term as clinical hypothesis. We aim to provide an historical review of parapsoriasis focusing on histopathological criteria, considering its possible relation with cutaneous skin lymphoma, based on articles from PubMed and standard dermatopathological books. Parapsoriasis does not have well-defined histopathological criteria, so its use should be avoided. Being aware of parapsoriasis complexity, a consensus meeting can help to create a guideline regarding this topic.

A sibling-comparison study of smoking during pregnancy and risk for reading-related problems.

This research examines the relationship between smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and risk for reading related problems in siblings discordant for exposure to SDP. Data (N = 173 families) were drawn from the Missouri Mothers and Their Children study, a sample, identified using birth records (years 1998-2005), in which mothers changed her smoking behavior between two pregnancies (Child 1 [older sibling]: M = 12.99; Child 2 [younger sibling]: M = 10.19). A sibling comparison approach was used, providing a robust test for the association between SDP and reading related outcomes in school-aged children. Results suggested within-family (i.e., potentially causal) associations between SDP and reading and language/comprehension factor scores, as well as between SDP and specific reading-related skills, including reading accuracy and receptive language, with increased exposure to SDP associated with decreased performance. SDP was not associated with spelling, reading rate, or receptive vocabulary. Initial within-family associations between SDP and word-letter identification, phonetic/decoding skills, and reading comprehension were fully attenuated following partial control for genetic and environmental confounding of the associations. These findings indicate that exposure to SDP is associated with poorer performance on some, but not all skills assessed.

Association Between Symbolic Play and Language: A Comparison Between Typically Developing Children and Children with Down Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Language and symbolic play require the same underlying symbolic ability and develop parallel to one another. The aim of this study was to determine the association between symbolic play and vocabulary in typically developing children and children with Down syndrome in Malaysia. METHODS: Twenty-five typically developing children and 25 children with Down syndrome aged between 12 and 36 months were involved in this study. They were recruited from an early intervention center and various kindergartens from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Their play skills were assessed using the Symbolic Play Test Second Edition, and information about their vocabulary was obtained through the MacArthur Bates Communicative Development Inventories that was filled out by their parents. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the vocabulary and symbolic play scores of children with Down syndrome compared with typically developing children. There was also a positive correlation between symbolic play scores and receptive and expressive vocabulary scores for both groups of children. CONCLUSION: When providing intervention, speech-language pathologists need to promote the development of symbolic play in addition to language, given the association between the two. They should also look into introducing an augmentative and alternative communication system to the children who demonstrate age-appropriate symbolic play skills but have trouble with symbolic language production.

Validade baseada nos processos de resposta do trilhar - instrumento de triagem do vocabulário infantil / Validity evidence based on response processes of the TRILHAR - screening tool for infant vocabulary

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar as evidências de validade baseadas nos processos de resposta de um instrumento de triagem do vocabulário. Método Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo, aplicado em uma amostra de 133 crianças entre 3 e 7 anos de idade, subdivididos em cinco grupos de acordo a faixa etária. O instrumento sobre o qual se trata a pesquisa é o TRILHAR, que visa a triagem do vocabulário receptivo e expressivo, composto por dez fichas de atividades para cada idade-alvo. Os dados coletados focaram no tempo de aplicação em minutos e segundos, compreensão das instruções do teste e comportamento do escolar durante a aplicação. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente em relação a média, desvio-padrão e porcentagem por meio do software IBM SPSS Statistics. Resultados O tempo de aplicação foi curto e diminuiu de acordo com a progressão da idade. O tempo médio de aplicação foi de 05m19s para o G1, 04m29s para o G2, 04m11s para o G3, 03m40s para o G4 e 02m13s para o G5. Apenas um sujeito (4,8%) do G2 necessitou de repetição das instruções no vocabulário receptivo e dois (6,3%) do G4 no vocabulário expressivo. Foi verificada pequena ocorrência de comportamentos como desinteresse, desatenção e agitação. Conclusão Foi verificado que o tempo de aplicação do instrumento necessita de um curto período de tempo, sendo mais dispendiosa no grupo de crianças com três anos de idade. A baixa necessidade de repetição das instruções indica que o instrumento apresenta fácil compreensão por parte da criança.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the validity evidence based on response processes of a vocabulary-screening tool. Methods This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study, applied in a sample of 133 children between 3 and 7 years of age, divided into five groups, according to their age range. This research evaluates the instrument TRILHAR, which is a screening of receptive and expressive vocabulary, composed by ten activities for each age range. The collected data were the application time in minutes and seconds, screening instructions comprehension and behavior during the screening. The data were analyzed descriptively as mean, standard deviation and percentage using the IBM SPSS Statistics. Results The application time was short, with less time for the greater ages. The mean time of application was 05m19s for G1, 04m29s for G2, 04m11s for G3, 03m40s for G4 and 02m13s for G5. Only one child (4.8%) from G2 required repetition of the instructions for the receptive vocabulary, and two children (6.3%) from G4 for the expressive vocabulary. We observed little occurrence of behaviors like disinterest, inattention and agitation. Conclusion The application of the instrument required a short period, with a longer time for the group of 3-years children. The little necessity of repetition of the instructions indicates that children can easily comprehend the instrument.

Adaptação cultural do Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th edition (EOWPVT-4), para falantes do Português Brasileiro / Cultural adaptation of the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th edition (EOWPVT-4), for Brazilian Portuguese speakers

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar um breve relato sobre as primeiras etapas que envolveram o processo de tradução e adaptação cultural do teste Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, fourth edition para o Português Brasileiro (PB). Método O processo de tradução e adaptação desse instrumento foi realizado nas seguintes etapas: (1) tradução do texto original (inglês) para o PB (cultura alvo) por dois tradutores juramentados distintos e orientados quanto ao objetivo da pesquisa; (2) análise de paridade entre as traduções realizadas e concepção, por um grupo de especialistas, de uma versão síntese; (3) retrotradução da versão síntese por outros dois tradutores juramentados que não participaram da etapa 1; e (4) comparação entre a retrotradução e a versão original feita por um grupo de especialistas, moldando, assim, a versão adaptada pré-final do EOWPVT-4. Resultados Na versão brasileira, foi mantida a quantidade de itens da versão original e a adaptação cultural do EOWPVT-4 para o PB seguiu as etapas recomendadas pela literatura, além de considerar as diferenças do contexto sociocultural, não apresentando discrepâncias significativas no que se refere à equivalência semântica. Foram necessárias adaptações consideradas relevantes (e.g., itens não representativos da cultura brasileira) durante esse processo para que o instrumento pudesse ser utilizado com o mesmo rigor metodológico do instrumento original. Conclusão O processo de adaptação cultural desse instrumento indicou que houve equivalência teórica, semântica, idiomática e cultural com a versão original em inglês.

ABSTRACT Purpose To present a brief report of the first steps that involved the process of the cultural translation and adaptation of the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, fourth edition to Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Methods The process of translation and adaptation of this instrument was performed in the following steps: (1) translation of the original text (English) to Brazilian Portuguese (target culture) by two different sworn translators oriented towards our research goal; (2) parity analysis between both translations and design, by a group of experts, of a synthesis version; (3) back translation of the synthesis version by two other sworn translators who did not participate in step 1; and (4) Comparison between back-translation and the original version made by a group of specialists, thus shaping the pre-final adapted version of the EOWPVT-4. Results In the Brazilian version, the number of items from the original version was maintained and the cultural adaptation of the EOWPVT-4 to BP followed the steps recommended in the literature besides considering the differences in the socio-cultural context, showing no significant discrepancies regarding semantic equivalence. Relevant adaptations (e.g., items not representative within the Brazilian culture) were required during this process so that the instrument could be used with the same methodological rigor as the original instrument. Conclusion The process of cultural adaptation of this instrument indicated that there was theoretical, semantic, idiomatic and cultural equivalence with the original version in English.