Sobre a Psicologia em Tomás de Aquino / On Thomas Aquinas's Psychology: An Analysis of the Will in the SummaTheologica

Desde o século XIII, a obra de Tomás de Aquino tem suscitado muitos debates entre filósofos e teólogos. São poucos os psicólogos, contudo, que veem aí alguma relevância para a psicologia contemporânea, embora o pensamento do Aquinate contenha profundas reflexões sobre aspectos da natureza humana que ainda desafiam nossa compreensão. Partindo do pressuposto de que o pensamento medieval pode lançar luz sobre alguns debates psicológicos contemporâneos, o objetivo do presente artigo é duplo: primeiro, queremos mostrar que há uma psicologia genuína em Tomás de Aquino, entendida como scientia de anima; segundo, vamos ilustrar nossa tese por meio da análise de um de seus conceitos centrais, a saber, a vontade. Nossa análise ficará restrita ao âmbito da Suma de Teologia, embora apareçam também algumas menções a outros escritos em que o tópico aparece. Ao final, vamos discutir as implicações desse conceito para a psicologia de Aquino, algumas limitações da presente investigação e possíveis caminhos futuros.

From the XIII century onward, Aquinas's work has been much debated among philosophers and theologians. Not many psychologists, however, see in his work any relevance for contemporary psychology, although Aquinas's system contains profound reflections on some aspects of human nature that still defy our understanding. Assuming that medieval thought can shed some light on contemporary psychological debates, the goal of this paper is twofold: first, wewant to show that there is a genuine psychology in Aquinas's work, understood as scientia de anima; second, we will illustrate our thesis by analyzing one of its central concepts, namely, the will. Our analysis will focus on the Summa Theologica, although Aquinas's other writings will also be mentioned. In the end, we will discuss the implications of this concept for Aquina's psychology, some limits of our present investigation, and potential paths for future research.

A coisa em psicanálise e o objeto no lísis de Platão / The thing in psychoanalysis and object in Plato's lysis / La cosa en psicoanálisis y el objeto en lisis de Platón

Este artigo propõe o estudo sobre o conceito de outro como semelhante e como objeto. Partindo de textos que interpelam a alteridade na psicanálise e remetendo aos temas do complexo semelhante, da satisfação, da perda, do luto, da negativa, da repetição; avalia o conceito de outro articulando textos de diversos autores. A partir da psicanálise freudiana, estuda o das Ding e a negação, discriminando com estes termos um objeto estruturante na origem do psiquismo. Aborda textos técnicos da psicanálise para delimitar o tema da repetição. Também a recordação e a repetição são vinculadas ao objeto e estudadas na perspectiva da filosofia moderna. São retomados temas do diálogo platônicos para definir o lugar do erótico e da amizade. No fim do presente artigo, propomos o termo clássico grego Oikos com valor equivalente ao da Coisa freudiana e como esta aparece em escritos psicanalíticos.(AU)

This article studies the concept of other as similar and object. It is based on texts that question the alterity in psychoanalysis and refers to the themes of otherness complex, loss, grief, negative, repetition, and evaluates the concept of other, using articles of diverse authors. Based on Freudian psychoanalysis, it studies the Thing and the denial and discriminates a structuring object in the origin of psychism. It approaches technical texts of psychoanalysis to delimitate the theme of repetition. The recordation and repetition are also linked to the object and studied from the perspective of modern philosophy. Themes of the platonic dialogues are resumed to define the place of the erotic and the friendship. In the end of the article, we propose the greek classic term Oikos, with equal value to the Freudian Thing, as this one appears in psychoanalytic writings.(AU)

Este artículo estudia el concepto Otro como semejante y como objeto. A partir de textos que interpelan la alteridad en psicoanálisis y que se refieren a temas del complejo semejante, de la satisfacción, de la pérdida, del duelo, de la negación, de la repetición, se evalúa el concepto de Otro articulando textos de diferentes autores. Basado en el psicoanálisis freudiano, se aborda Ding y la negación, discriminando con estos términos un objeto estructurante en el origen de lo psíquico. Se abordan textos técnicos del psicoanálisis para delimitar el tema de la repetición; el recuerdo y la repetición son vinculadas al objeto y estudiadas desde la perspectiva de la filosofía moderna; y se retoman temas de los diálogos platónicos para definir el lugar de lo erótico y la amistad. Al culminar este artículo se propone leer el término griego clásico Oikos con un valor equivalente al de la Cosa freudiana como aparece en los escritos psicoanalíticos.(AU)

Autonomia em demência avançada e estados vegetativos permanentes na iminência de morte / Autonomía en demencia avanzada y estados vegetativos permanentes al borde de la muerte / Autonomy in advanced dementia and permanent vegetative states in imminent death

RESUMO. A autonomia privada existencial, como expressão da dignidade da pessoa humana, representa para o indivíduo a possibilidade de agir em conformidade com valores e significados eleitos essenciais na elaboração do seu projeto de vida. Neste estudo, seus autores, dois terapeutas ocupacionais, dois advogados e uma psicóloga, somam saberes e dialogam com intuito de demarcar a relevância da autonomia privada existencial nas condições de demência avançada, nos estados vegetativos permanentes e na iminência de morte. Na tarefa a que se propõem, os autores ponderam sobre suas experimentações e interlocuções enquanto profissionais de formação acadêmica diversificada, inclinados a ofertar espaços para comunicar vida e acolher dores. São apresentadas e discutidas as bases jurídicas da autonomia privada, assim como os pressupostos da Logoterapia de Viktor Frankl em defesa da liberdade de vontade e da dignidade no final da vida.

RESUMEN La autonomía existencial privada, como expresión de la dignidad de la persona humana, representa para el individuo la posibilidad de actuar de acuerdo con valores y significados elegidos esenciales en la elaboración de su proyecto de vida. En este estudio, sus autores, dos terapeutas ocupacionales, dos abogados y un psicólogo suman conocimiento y diálogo con el fin de demarcar la relevancia de la autonomía privada existencial en condiciones de demencia avanzada, en estados vegetativos permanentes y muerte inminente. En la tarea que proponen, los autores reflexionan sobre sus vivencias e interlocuciones como profesionales con una formación académica diversificada, inclinados a ofrecer espacios para comunicar la vida y acoger el dolor. Se presentan y discuten las bases legales de la autonomía privada, así como los supuestos de la Logoterapia de Viktor Frankl en defensa de la libertad de voluntad y dignidad al final de la vida.

ABSTRACT. Existential private autonomy, as an expression of the dignity of the human person, represents for the individual the possibility of acting in accordance with essential values and meanings for elaboration of their life project. The authors of this study, two occupational therapists, two lawyers and a psychologist gather their knowledge and dialogue to demarcate the relevance of existential private autonomy in conditions of advanced dementia, in permanent vegetative states and imminent death. In the task proposed, the authors pondered over their experiences and dialogues as professionals with a diversified academic background, inclined to provide spaces to communicate life and welcome pain. The legal bases of private autonomy are presented and discussed, as well as the assumptions of Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy in defense of freedom of will and dignity at the end of life.

Work volition in women with fibromyalgia: a phenomenological analysis.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study develops a working model characterizing work volition among women suffering from fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) to better understand the vocational challenges these women face, the drivers behind their ambitions, and the coping strategies they implement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted consisting of semi-structured interviews with 15 women diagnosed with FMS who are currently employed. The interviews were analyzed according to the principles of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. RESULTS: The findings point to the enormous efforts these women make to ration their energy and preserve their careers by implementing calming cognitive, social, and solution-focused strategies. Several motivational factors governing work volition emerged from the interviews: (1) a drive for esteem, power, and control; (2) achieving self-actualization and a sense of meaning in life by nurturing of others; (3) preserving a sense of existence through their career achievements; and (4) pushing beyond their physical limits. They reported implementing four calming, cognitive-focused, social support, and solution-focused strategies to reduce pain. CONCLUSIONS: Work plays an important role in grounding these women's sense of vitality and normalcy. This is coupled with their enormous efforts to pursue and preserve their careers by calming the mind and the body. Paradoxically, however, these efforts appear to aggravate their physical exhaustion and distress. The complexity of maintaining a career when diagnosed with FMS as well as issues of general physical and mental health are discussed.Implications for rehabilitationCareer has an existential significance for women with Fibromyalgia.Motivational factors for work volition were identified; these include ambition for esteem, the obtaining of meaning, and gaining a sense of existence.Enormous efforts have been taken to save energy and preserve careers.Women are trapped between their desire to work and the need to conserve energy.Body-mind interventions are recommended for women's rehabilitation.

Neuroauriculotherapy: Framework and Remarks for a possible use in Voice Medicine / Neuroauriculoterapia: marco y observaciones para un posible uso en medicina de la voz

Aim. Neuroauriculotherapy (NAT) is a branch of medicine, which, thanks to its diagnostic and therapeutic value, is a powerful tool at the service of both physician and patient. In our experience, as it is discussed in this article, neuroauriculotherapy can have successful applications in voice science and in phoniatrics. The aim of this article is to open a discussion about possible applications of neuroauriculotherapy in voice medicine. Introduction. From the diagnostic point of view, it is possible to explore, with a palpeur (i.e., a tool that provides a constant pressure) or a "spot-hunter", the presence of a perturbation into a particular organ or area, and its return to normal during treatment. Indeed, at the level of the ear auricle, representations of an organ, its in-nervation, its muscular components, etc., are fixed. These spots or voxels correspond absolutely to the respective sensory, motor, visceral, among other spots. Therefore, if any abnormal potential comes from the periphery, it will illuminate the spots both at the cortical level and in the pavilion ­a real display with a constantly active touch screen. The spot can be treated with needles in the context of a neurophysiological strategy to send a message to the brain.Reflection. NAT appears to be a good method to improve the treatment of voice problems, enhancing the results of other therapies based on drugs or rehab and in-ducing relaxation. In neuroauriculotherapy, the ear is used to give the brain orders in a process which has a logical basis in neurophysiology.Conclusion. Diseases of the vocal tract can be dysfunctional or organic. According to our clinical experience, we can say that neuroauriculotherapy can be used in both cases. Neuroauriculotherapy is also extremely effective in voice therapy, both alone and in combination with other therapies, as there is no conflict among them

Objetivo. La neuroauriculoterapia (NAT) es una rama de la medicina que, gracias a su valor diagnóstico y terapéutico, constituye una poderosa herramienta al servicio del médico y del paciente. En nuestra experiencia, como se comenta en este artículo, la neuroauriculoterapia puede tener aplicaciones exitosas en la ciencia de la voz y en foniatría. El objetivo de este artículo es abrir una discusión sobre las posibles aplica-ciones de la neuroauriculoterapia en la medicina de la voz.Introducción. Desde el punto de vista del diagnóstico, es posible explorar, con un palpeur (i.e., una herramienta que proporciona una presión constante) o un "spot-hunter", la presencia de una perturbación en un órgano o área en particular, y su retorno a la normalidad durante el tratamiento. En efecto, a nivel del pabellón auricular se fijan representaciones de un órgano, su inervación, sus componentes musculares, etc. Estos puntos o vóxeles corresponden absolutamente a los respectivos puntos sensoriales, motores, viscerales, entre otros. Por lo tanto, si algún potencial anormal proviene de la periferia, iluminará los puntos tanto a nivel cortical como en el pabellón ­una pantalla real con una pantalla táctil constantemente activa. El punto se puede tratar con agujas en el contexto de una estrategia neurofisiológica para enviar un mensaje al cerebro.Reflexión. NAT parece ser un buen método para mejorar el tratamiento de los problemas de voz, potenciando los resultados de otras terapias basadas en fármacos o rehabilitación e induciendo a la relajación. En neuroauriculoterapia se utiliza el oído para dar órdenes al cerebro en un proceso que tiene una base lógica en la neurofisiología.Conclusión. Las enfermedades del tracto vocal pueden ser disfuncionales u orgáni-cas. Según nuestra experiencia clínica, podemos decir que la neuroauriculoterapia se puede utilizar en ambos casos. La neuroauriculoterapia también es extremadamente eficaz en la terapia de la voz, tanto sola como en combinación con otras terapias, ya que no existe conflicto entre ellas

Factores Contextuales Asociados a la Selectividad de la Conducta Alimentaria: Perspectiva Fonoaudiológica / Contextual Factors Associated with Eating Behavior Selectivity: A speech-language Pathologist Perspective

La conducta alimentaria es una condición que el infante construye en el marco de su realidad contextual. Históricamente la alimentación se ha visto como la vía nutricional, que lo es, pero también cumple otro papel fundamental, generar las condiciones fenotípicas del crecimiento orofacial. Desde cualquiera de estas dos perspectivas, se debe implementar una visión preventiva de la atención en salud, permitiendo generar aportes desde la fonoaudiología para prever situaciones de riesgo alrededor de la selectividad y rechazo de la conducta alimentaria y otras áreas de abordaje que nos competen, y que, en el caso de este artículo, hacen parte del desarrollo de la salud alrededor de los procesos motores y comunicativos que se entretejen con el acto de comer. Las decisiones alrededor de inclusión de nuevos alimentos y la presentación de estos en cuanto características reológicas y organolépticas, son decisiones que deben tomarse a partir de un reconocimiento de la edad, el crecimiento, el desarrollo y la maduración del sistema estomatognático, factores concatenados de manera estrecha con la acción y facilitación de los padres y el contexto. Es importante destacar que la selectividad y el rechazo del alimento, así como la alimentación misma podría destacarse como un hedonismo que no necesariamente nace con el sujeto, sino que se fomenta y se construye a partir de las experiencias. De ahí la importancia de las experiencias positivas en el marco de la alimentación, donde se involucra toda una situación familiar y social cargada de afectividad y patrones inicialmente imitables. Recuerde que, aunque el niño/a no debe ser visto como un adulto de estatura menor, también es importante entender que, desde su nivel de desarrollo cognitivo y emocional, son seres humanos con pensamientos, sensaciones y criterios definidos para su edad, por lo cual aprender a escucharlos también es importante alrededor de los temas que atañen a su alimentación. Buscar estrategias para que ellos comprendan la importancia de la alimentación en relación con el crecimiento y el desarrollo será fundamental no sólo desde lo biológico

Eating behavior is a condition that the infant constructs within the framework of its contextual reality. Historically, feeding has been seen as the nutritional pathway, which it is, but it also plays another fundamental role, generating the phenotypic conditions of orofacial growth. From either of these two perspectives, a preventive vision of health care should be implemented, allowing to generate contributions from speech therapy to anticipate risk situations around the selectivity and rejection of eating behavior and other areas of approach that concern us, and that, in the case of this article, are part of the development of health around the motor and communicative processes that are interwoven with the act of eating. Decisions about the inclusion of new foods and their presentation in terms of rheological and organoleptic characteristics are decisions that must be made based on the recognition of the age, growth, development and maturation of the stomatognathic system, factors closely linked to the action and facilitation of parents and the context. It is important to emphasize that the selectivity and rejection of food, as well as eating itself, could be highlighted as a hedonism that is not necessarily born with the subject, but is fostered and built from experiences. Hence the importance of positive experiences in the context of food, which involves a whole family and social situation loaded with affectivity and initially imitable patterns. Remember that, although the child should not be seen as an adult of smaller stature, it is also important to understand that, from their level of cognitive and emotional development, they are human beings with thoughts, sensations and criteria defined for their age, so learning to listen to them is also important around issues that concern their feeding. Finding strategies for them to understand the importance of food in relation to growth and development will be fundamental not only from the biological point of view

O corpo em cena: reflexões para a educação escolar / The body on stage: reflections for school education / El cuerpo en escena: reflexiones para la educación escolar

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre o corpo no cenário da educação escolar. Amparado em uma abordagem qualitativa, de cunho bibliográfico, a primeira seção aborda sobre como o corpo tem sido percebido no ambiente escolar. A segunda seção ressalta como ele tem sido sujeito alvo de amplas discussões no Primeiro Ciclo do Ensino Fundamental, destacando o olhar para a corporeidade criança, que adentra na escola cada vez mais cedo. As considerações finais propiciam refletir que, se direcionarmos nosso olhar para a corporeidade na escola, perceberemos que os processos educativos continuam numa perspectiva de querer educar os corpos para serem ágeis, fortes e inteligentes, esquecendo de olhar o ser humano como um sujeito de corpo inteiro (AU).

This essay aims to reflect on the body in the school education scenario of the 21st century. Supported by a qualitative, bibliographic approach, the first section "the body at school" addresses how the body has been perceived in the school environment. The second section highlights how it has been the subject of extensive discussion in the First Cycle of Primary Education, highlighting the look at the child's body entering school earlier and earlier. The final considerations allow us to reflect that if we direct our gaze towards corporeality in school, we will realize that the educational processes continue in a perspective of wanting to educate the bodies to be agile, strong and intelligent, forgetting to look at the ordinary human being subject of the whole body (AU).

Este ensayo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre el cuerpo en el escenario de la educación escolar del siglo XXI. Con el apoyo de un enfoque cualitativo y bibliográfico, la primera sección, "el cuerpo en la escuela", aborda la forma en que el cuerpo ha sido percibido en el entorno escolar. En la segunda sección se destaca cómo ha sido objeto de un amplio debate en el Primer Ciclo de la Enseñanza Primaria, destacando la mirada al cuerpo del niño que entra en la escuela cada vez más temprano. Las consideraciones finales nos permiten reflexionar que si dirigimos nuestra mirada hacia la corporeidad en la escuela, nos daremos cuenta de que los procesos educativos continúan en una perspectiva de querer educar los cuerpos para que sean ágiles, fuertes e inteligentes, olvidando mirar al ser humano ordinario sujeto de todo el cuerpo (AU)

Relato da implantação do matriciamento em um município cearense: dos desafios às conquistas / Report of the matrix implementation in a municipality of Ceara: from challenges to achievements / Informe del desarrollo del apoyo matricial en una ciudad de Ceará: de los desafíos a los logros

O apoio matricial constitui uma das prerrogativas básicas para o acompanhamento longitudinal, holístico e eficaz de casos complexos das comunidades, sendo essa a base de sustentação do Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica (Nasf-AB), hoje chamado de equipe multiprofissional em saúde. O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever como ocorreu o processo de implantação das reuniões de matriciamento em um Nasf municipal do interior cearense, por meio de um relato de experiência qualitativo, transversal, narrativo-descritivo e com base na vivência de instituição da reunião de matriciamento. Foram utilizados registros escritos das atas de reunião e os eventos memoráveis. O processo de instituição das reuniões de matriciamento se deu em três etapas: análise territorial, na qual foram levantados os problemas da comunidade, bem como identificadas as redes disponíveis no município; reunião de esclarecimento sobre a ideia do apoio matricial, benefícios e maneiras de sua implantação na rotina profissional (nessa etapa, além da conscientização dos profissionais, buscou-se o apoio da gestão); e pactuação acerca das frequências em que os encontros se realizariam, tomando por base reuniões de maneira sequencial e seleção dos casos que seriam discutidos. Foi concluído que, para que se realizem de maneira eficaz, é necessário que as reuniões de matriciamento tenham objetivos esclarecidos diante dos profissionais que participarão delas, uma vez que muitos processos de trabalho não têm a ótica do apoio matricial. Porém, deve-se compreender que surgirão dificuldades na manutenção de tais encontros e que o sucesso ou fracasso das reuniões será responsabilidade de todos os participantes.

Matrix support is one of the basic prerogatives for the longitudinal, holistic, and effective follow-up of complex cases in the communities, which is the basis of support of the Expanded Nucleus of Family Health and Primary Care (NASF-AB), now called multiprofessional health team. This article aimed to describe how the process of implementing matrix support meetings took place in a municipal NASF from the interior of the state of Ceará, by a qualitative, cross-sectional, narrative-descriptive experience report and based on the experience from the institution of the matrix support meeting. Written records of meeting minutes and memorable events were used. The process of establishing the matrix meetings took place in three stages: territorial analysis, in which the problems of the community were raised and the networks available in the municipality were identified; clarification meeting on the idea of matrix support, benefits and ways of implementing it in the professional routine (at this stage, in addition to raising awareness among professionals, management support was sought); and agreement on the frequencies at which the meetings would take place, based on sequential meetings and selection of the cases that would be discussed. In conclusion, for them to be carried out effectively, the matrix support meetings need to have clear objectives in front of the professionals who will participate in them, since many work processes do not have the perspective of matrix support. However, it must be understood that difficulties will arise in maintaining such meetings and that the success or failure of the meetings will be the responsibility of all participants.

El apoyo matricial es una de las atribuciones básicas para el seguimiento longitudinal, holístico y efectivo de casos complejos en las comunidades, que es la base de apoyo del Núcleo Ampliado de Salud de la Familia y Atención Primaria (Nasf-AB), hoy denominado equipo multiprofesional en salud. El objetivo de este artículo fue describir cómo ocurrió el proceso de desarrollo de las reuniones de apoyo matricial en un municipio de Ceará (Brasil) mediante relato de experiencia cualitativo, transversal, narrativo-descriptivo y basado en la experiencia de institución del apoyo matricial y reunión. Se utilizaron registros escritos de las actas de reuniones y eventos memorables. El proceso de establecimiento de las reuniones matrices se llevó a cabo en tres etapas: análisis territorial, en el que se plantearon los problemas de la comunidad, así como se identificaron las redes disponibles en el municipio; la reunión de aclaración sobre la idea de apoyo matricial, beneficios y formas de implementarlo en el cotidiano profesional (en esta etapa, además de sensibilizar a los profesionales, se buscó tener el apoyo de la gestión); y acuerdo sobre las frecuencias en que se llevarían a cabo las reuniones, tomando como referencia las reuniones secuenciales y la selección de los casos que se discutirían. Se concluyó que la realización efectiva de las reuniones de apoyo matricial deberán comprender objetivos claros frente a los profesionales que participarán en ellas, ya que muchos procesos de trabajo no tienen la perspectiva del apoyo matricial. Sin embargo, debe entenderse que surgirán dificultades para mantener tales reuniones y que el éxito o el fracaso de las reuniones será responsabilidad de todos los participantes.

La representación del apoyo de la persona con discapacidad: el nuevo esquema de la capacidad jurídica en el Perú / The representation of the support of the person with disability: the new scheme of legal capacity in Peru / A representação do apoio à pessoa com incapacidade: o novo esquema da capacidade jurídica no Peru

Resumen Desde 2018, por el Decreto Legislativo 1384, Perú cuenta con un nuevo tratamiento de la capacidad en el Código Civil, que se adecua a las directrices en pro de la autonomía y la plena capacidad jurídica de las personas con discapacidad, concordando la legislación nacional a la Convención Internacional de los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad. El régimen de sustitución de la voluntad de las personas incapaces es reemplazado por un modelo social mediante apoyos y salvaguardias, un modelo inclusivo, democrático, acorde al respeto a los derechos humanos de todos los ciudadanos (dignidad e igualdad), partiendo del reconocimiento de la autonomía de la persona y su derecho a tomar sus propias decisiones, así como el derecho a equivocarse. Se desarrolla la función del apoyo en favor de la persona con discapacidad, analizando sus facultades de representación. Partimos del principio que el apoyo no reemplaza la manifestación de voluntad, solo la facilita e interpreta. Como una figura de asistencia, el apoyo colabora en una adecuada manifestación de voluntad, con el fin de que la persona con discapacidad ejerza su capacidad jurídica, disfrutando sus derechos y libertades.

Abstract Capacity is a subject of transversal interest in Law, it is present in all its fields. It is an attribute that every subject has through which he/she can perform acts that are not prohibited. Since 2018, by Legislative Decree 1384, we have a new treatment of capacity in the Civil Code that is in line with the guidelines in favor of the autonomy and full legal capacity of persons with disabilities, aligning national legislation to the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The regime of substitution of the will of incapable persons is replaced by a social model through supports and safeguards. We are facing an inclusive, democratic model, according to the respect for the human rights of all citizens (dignity and equality), based on the principle that people with disabilities have full exercise capacity in equal conditions in each and every aspect of their lives, recognizing their right to make their own decisions as well as the right to make mistakes. The function of the support in favor of the disabled person is developed, analyzing their powers of representation. We start from the principle that the support does not replace the manifestation of will, it only interprets it and collaborates in an adequate manifestation of will so that the person with disability can exercise his legal capacity, enjoying his rights and freedoms.

Resumo Desde 2018, pelo Decreto Legislativo 1384, o Peru conta com um novo tratamento da capacidade no Código Civil, que se adequa às diretrizes em prol da autonomia e da plena capacidade jurídica das pessoas com incapacidade, colocando de acordo a legislação nacional com a Convenção Internacional dos Direitos das Pessoas com Incapacidade. O regime de substituição da vontade das pessoas incapazes é trocado por um modelo social mediante apoios e salvaguardas, um modelo inclusivo, democrático, de acordo com o respeito aos direitos humanos de todos os cidadãos (dignidade e igualdade), partindo do reconhecimento da autonomia da pessoa e seu direito de tomar suas próprias decisões, assim como o direito de equivocar-se. Desenvolve-se a função de apoio em favor da pessoa com incapacidade, analisando suas faculdades de representação. Partimos do princípio que o apoio não substitui a manifestação de vontade, somente a facilita e interpreta. Como uma figura de assistência, o apoio colabora para uma adequada manifestação de vontade, com ela finalidade de que a pessoa com incapacidade exerça sua capacidade jurídica, desfrutando seus direitos e liberdades.

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone from the Pontine Micturition Center Plays an Inhibitory Role in Micturition.

Lower urinary tract or voiding disorders are prevalent across all ages and affect >40% of adults over 40 years old, leading to decreased quality of life and high health care costs. The pontine micturition center (PMC; i.e., Barrington's nucleus) contains a large population of neurons that localize the stress-related neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and project to neurons in the spinal cord to regulate micturition. How the PMC and CRH-expressing neurons in the PMC control volitional micturition is of critical importance for human voiding disorders. To investigate the specific role of CRH in the PMC, neurons in the PMC-expressing CRH were optogenetically activated during in vivo cystometry in unanesthetized mice of either sex. Optogenetic activation of CRH-PMC neurons led to increased intermicturition interval and voided volume, similar to the altered voiding phenotype produced by social stress. Female mice showed a significantly more pronounced phenotype change compared with male mice. These effects were eliminated by CRH-receptor 1 antagonist pretreatment. Optogenetic inhibition of CRH-PMC neurons led to an altered voiding phenotype characterized by more frequent voids and smaller voided volumes. Last, in a cyclophosphamide cystitis model of bladder overactivity, optogenetic activation of CRH-PMC neurons returned the voiding pattern to normal. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that CRH from PMC spinal-projecting neurons has an inhibitory function on micturition and is a potential therapeutic target for human disease states, such as voiding postponement, urinary retention, and underactive or overactive bladder.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The pontine micturition center (PMC), which is a major regulator of volitional micturition, is neurochemically heterogeneous, and excitatory neurotransmission derived from PMC neurons is thought to mediate the micturition reflex. In the present study, using optogenetic manipulation of CRH-containing neurons in double-transgenic mice, we demonstrate that CRH, which is prominent in PMC-spinal projections, has an inhibitory function on volitional micturition. Moreover, engaging this inhibitory function of CRH can ameliorate bladder hyperexcitability induced by cyclophosphamide in a model of cystitis. The data underscore CRH as a novel target for the treatment of voiding dysfunctions, which are highly prevalent disease processes in children and adults.

Reflex vs. volitional cough differences amongst head and neck cancer survivors characterized by time since treatment and aspiration status.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate differences in reflexive and volitional cough airflows in advanced stage head and neck cancer survivors as it relates to aspiration status and time since treatment. The hypothesis is that those who aspirate several years after treatment completion would demonstrate reduced airflows for all cough parameters compared to those recently status post treatment completion given the known progressive deterioration associated with radiotherapy. METHODS: Demographic and airflow data during both reflexive and volitional cough tasks and aspiration status as determined during fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallow function were collected from 33 Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) survivors. RESULTS: Omnibus MANOVA for dependent airflow variables and independent variables aspiration status, time since treatment and cough type (reflex or volitional) was significant (F(3,1) = 184, p < 0.000) indicating that peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) were reduced under reflex (mean PEFR 1.88 SD 0.7) versus volitional (mean PEFR 2.3, SD 0.7) cough types; reduced for aspirators versus non-aspirators (F(2,1) = 4.1, p = 0.04) and reduced for those in the subacute versus chronic phase status post Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) (F(2,1) = 10.05, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Findings of reduced reflexive compared to volitional cough airflows in head and neck cancer survivors are consistent with those from both healthy and other diseased populations. Additional findings that aspirators demonstrate reduced cough airflows compared to non-aspirators supports the hypothesis. Surprisingly, those recently status post treatment completion show worse cough airflows compared to those remotely status post treatment completion.

Revisión de casos, series de casos y estudios de prevalencia de zoofilia en la población general / Review of cases, case series and prevalence studies of zoophilia in the general population

RESUMEN Introducción: El conocimiento de la frecuencia de comportamientos zoofílicos en la población general es escaso. Objetivo: Revisar casos, series de casos y estudios de prevalencia de zoofilia en adultos de la población general. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión en las bases de datos de MEDLINE, a través de PubMed, Scopus y la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud de publicaciones desde enero de 2000 hasta diciembre de 2017. Resultados: Se revisaron 13 trabajos (10 informes de casos, 2 series de casos y 1 estudio transversal). Entre los casos se describió a 12 pacientes; las series de casos sumaron a 1.556 personas y el estudio transversal incluyó a 1.015 participantes e informó de una prevalencia de comportamientos zoofílicos del 2%. Conclusiones: Es escasa la información sobre la prevalencia de comportamientos zoofílicos en la población general. Es probable que internet permita investigar mejor estos comportamientos en los próximos años.

ABSTRACT Background: Information about the frequency of zoophilic behaviour in the general population is scarce. Objective: To review cases, case series and prevalence studies of zoophilia in adults in the general population. Methods: A review of publications was carried out in MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus and the Biblioteca Virtual en Salud [Virtual Health Library] ranging from January 2000 to December 2017. Results: Thirteen papers were reviewed (ten case reports, two case series and one cross-sectional study). Twelve patients were described, the case series totalled 1,556 people and the cross-sectional study included 1,015 participants and reported a prevalence of zoophilic behaviour of 2%. Conclusions: Information on the prevalence of zoophilic behaviour in the general population is limited. The Internet will probably be a valuable tool for further investigating these behaviours in coming years.

Free will and neurosurgical resections of the supplementary motor area: a critical review.

BACKGROUND: Research suggests that unconscious activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) precedes not only certain simple motor actions but also the point at which we become aware of our intention to perform such actions. The extent to which these findings have implications for our understanding of the concepts of free will and personal responsibility has been subject of intense debate during the latest four decades. METHODS: This research is discussed in relation to effects of neurosurgical removal of the SMA in a narrative review. RESULTS: Removal of the SMA typically causes a transient inability to perform non-stimulus-driven, voluntary actions. This condition, known as the SMA syndrome, does not appear to be associated with a loss of sense of volition but with a profound disruption of executive function/cognitive control. CONCLUSIONS: The role of the SMA may be to serve as a gateway between the corticospinal tract and systems for executive function. Such systems are typically seen as tools for conscious decisions. What is known about effects of SMA resections would thus seem to suggest a view that is compatible with concepts of personal responsibility. However, the philosophical question whether free will exists cannot be definitely resolved on the basis of these observations.

A atenção segundo Paul Ricœur / The attention according to Paul Ricœur

Examinamos a concepção de atenção em Paul Ricœur com base em seu artigo A atenção e no primeiro tomo da Filosofia da vontade. Centramo-nos na elucidação da relação da atenção com a perceptibilidade à luz do preceito fenomenológico da intencionalidade, e no nexo entre atividade e passividade. Abordamos, a partir disso, o vínculo temático interno da atenção com a preocupação do filósofo em relação ao tempo e à duração, além de expor as vicissitudes da percepção atenta entre a antecipação e o espanto, entre o inédito e o instituído. Uma das principais conclusões aventadas por Ricœur acerca da atenção consiste em afirmar que sua essência residiria na busca pela ingenuidade dos sentidos.

We examine the understanding of attention by Paul Ricœur based on his article entitled The attentionand the first tome of Freedom and nature. We focus on elucidating the relationship of attention with perceptibility in the light of the phenomenological precept of intentionality, and on the link between activity and passivity. From this, we approach the internal thematic bond of attention with the philosopher's concern about time and duration, besides exposing the vicissitudes of the attentive perception between anticipation and astonishment, between the unheard and the instituted. One of Ricœur's main conclusions about attention is to affirm that its essence lies in the search for the naivetyof the senses.

Eligible blood donors' decisions about donating stool for fecal microbiota transplantation: Does ambivalence play a role?

Blood collection agencies (BCAs) are expanding core business by inviting blood donors to donate stool for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). However, whether blood donors also want to donate stool is unclear since, despite its benefits, stool donation is viewed by many as unpleasant. This study examined the prevalence, contributors to, and role of these mixed feelings (ambivalence) in stool donation intentions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study surveyed Australian residents aged 18 years or more who believed themselves eligible to donate blood and met broad criteria for prescreening as a stool donor (eg, healthy, not taking medication). Survey questions assessed attitude, norms, self-efficacy, motives, disgust, ambivalence, and intentions to donate stool. RESULTS: A total of 382 eligible blood donors aged not more than 50 years (mean, 28.71 years; 48% female, 62% "healthy" body mass index) participated. Six percent indicated no ambivalence about donating stool. In regression, significant determinants of ambivalence were less awareness of FMT, lower self-efficacy, motivated by ensuring that stool is available for loved ones, and more disgust about stool donation. Higher ambivalence contributed to decreased donation intention. Self-efficacy and disgust differentiated participants with moderate ambivalence, a group likely responsive to intervention, from those with low or high ambivalence. CONCLUSION: Ambivalence about donating stool was common among eligible blood donors. BCAs should raise awareness about stool donation and FMT before requesting donation. BCAs may increase cost savings and donor retention by giving clear guidance about donation requirements and implementing processes that build confidence. Early screening of potential donors for ambivalence and disgust will enable BCAs to provide decision support.

Predictors of volitional motor recovery with epidural stimulation in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) has enabled volitional lower extremity movements in individuals with chronic and clinically motor complete spinal cord injury and no clinically detectable brain influence. The aim of this study was to understand whether the individuals' neuroanatomical characteristics or positioning of the scES electrode were important factors influencing the extent of initial recovery of lower limb voluntary movements in those with clinically motor complete paralysis. We hypothesized that there would be significant correlations between the number of joints moved during attempts with scES prior to any training interventions and the amount of cervical cord atrophy above the injury, length of post-traumatic myelomalacia and the amount of volume coverage of lumbosacral enlargement by the stimulation electrode array. The clinical and imaging records of 20 individuals with chronic and clinically motor complete spinal cord injury who underwent scES implantation were reviewed and analysed using MRI and X-ray integration, image segmentation and spinal cord volumetric reconstruction techniques. All individuals that participated in the scES study (n = 20) achieved, to some extent, lower extremity voluntary movements post scES implant and prior to any locomotor, voluntary movement or cardiovascular training. The correlation results showed that neither the cross-section area of spinal cord at C3 (n = 19, r = 0.33, P = 0.16) nor the length of severe myelomalacia (n = 18, r = -0.02, P = 0.93) correlated significantly with volitional lower limb movement ability. However, there was a significant, moderate correlation (n = 20, r = 0.59, P = 0.006) between the estimated percentage of the lumbosacral enlargement coverage by the paddle electrode as well as the position of the paddle relative to the maximal lumbosacral enlargement and the conus tip (n = 20, r = 0.50, P = 0.026) with the number of joints moved volitionally. These results suggest that greater coverage of the lumbosacral enlargement by scES may improve motor recovery prior to any training, possibly because of direct modulatory effects on the spinal networks that control lower extremity movements indicating the significant role of motor control at the level of the spinal cord.

Propuesta para obtener consistencias líquidas para la evaluación de la disfagia / Proposal to obtain liquid consistencies for dysphagia assessment

La iniciativa internacional para la estandarización de la dieta de disfagia (IDDSI) clasifica la viscosidad de los líquidos por niveles y determina metodologías específicas para evaluar cada consistencia. Con todo, la iniciativa no determina las medidas específicas de espesante requeridas para obtener cada nivel de viscosidad y sugiere hacer adaptaciones de acuerdo con las condiciones particulares de aplicación. Este estudio desarrolló una propuesta para la preparación de viscosidades mediante pruebas experimentales en las que se controló rigurosamente la cantidad de espesante y agua haciendo uso de instrumentos de mezclado de fácil acceso en entornos clínicos (vasos plásticos, jarra de agua, baja lenguas para integrar los elementos y cronómetro para considerar el tiempo de fraguado). Posterior a ello, cada nivel de viscosidad obtenido fue evaluado con el test de flujo propuesto por las IDDSI. Como resultado, este estudio especifica las cantidades necesarias de agua y espesante para conseguir viscosidad en bebidas de 0-4. Los hallazgos presentados, tienen en cuenta factores influyentes como la ubicación geográfica, temperatura y altitud. Se espera que esta propuesta incida en las dinámicas de evaluación de la deglución en el área clínica colombiana de forma que esta sea más precisa y eficaz. Finalmente, es pertinente realizar futuras investigaciones que determinen medidas específicas de espesante para lograr cambios en la viscosidad de líquidos diferentes al agua e igualmente necesario, replicar esta propuesta con otros espesantes de más fácil acceso para los usuarios y que tengan en cuenta otros aspectos como la palatabilidad

The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) classifies the viscosity of liquids by levels and determines specific methods to evaluate each consistency. However, the initiative does not determine the specific measures of thickener required to obtain each level of viscosity and suggests making adaptations according to the particular conditions of application. This study developed a proposal for the preparation of viscosities through experimental tests in which the amount of thickener and water was rigorously controlled using mixing instruments that were easily accessible in clinical settings (plastic cups, pitcher of water, tongue depressors to integrate the elements and timer to consider setting time). After that, each level of viscosity obtained was evaluated with the flow test proposed by the IDDSI. As a result, this study specifies the required amounts of water and thickener to achieve drinks viscosities 0-4. The findings presented take into account influencing factors such as geographic location, temperature and altitude. It is expected that this proposal will affect the dynamics of swallowing assessment in the Colombian clinical area so that it is more precise and effective. Finally, it is pertinent to carry out future investigations that determine specific measures of thickener to achieve changes in the viscosity of liquids other than water and it is equally necessary to replicate this proposal with other thickeners that are easier for users to access and that take into account other aspects such as palatability.

Clasificación del nivel de riesgo por alteraciones funcionales de la deglución (CRAF) / Classification of the risk level for functional alterations of swallowing (CRAF)

El quehacer profesional en disfagia permite clasificar la severidad de la disfagia, pero no la calificación del riesgo de las distintas alteraciones funcionales durante la ingesta. A razón de ello, este escrito propone clasificar el nivel de riesgo por alteraciones funcionales de la deglución bajo un proceso metodológico de validación interna. La investigación se planteó desde una naturaleza prospectiva con relación de validez interna, a través del método Delphi, mediante la cual se postuló una lista de alteraciones funcionales de la deglución para ser validada por 6 jueces expertos en el área. Se establecieron alteraciones funcionales divididas en las fases deglutorias y los niveles de riesgo para repercutir en disfagia, según los ítems de suficiencia, relevancia, coherencia y claridad. Se obtuvo una lista de 38 errores validados, los cuales se fundamentan como riesgo, dado que al materializarse fomentan en la secuencia deglutoria una mayor probabilidad de penetración/aspiración de alimento hacia vía aérea. El consenso de la clasificación de estos errores según el riesgo, será una herramienta útil para profesionales del área. Se concluye, a través de la diferencia mínima significativa (LSD) de Fisher para medias, una lista de riesgos por alteraciones funcionales de la deglución, en orden descendente según la severidad del riesgo que representa la alteración en la ingesta.

The professional work in dysphagia allows classifying the severity of dysphagia, but not the qualification of the risk of the different functional alterations during ingestion. For this reason, this paper proposes to classify the level of risk due to functional swallowing alterations. The research was proposed from a prospective nature with a validity relationship, through the Delphi method, through which a list of functional swallowing alterations was postulated to be validated by 6 expert judges in the area. A proposal was made in a matrix, which evaluated the different functional alterations divided into the swallowing phases and the risk levels to affect dysphagia, according to the items of sufficiency, relevance, coherence and clarity. A list of 38 validated alterations was obtained, which are based on risk, since when they materialize, they promote a greater probability of penetration / aspiration of food into the airway in the deglutory sequence. The consensus on the classification of these alterations according to risk will be a useful tool for professionals in the area. A list of risks due to functional swallowing alterations is concluded through Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) for means, in descending order according to the severity of the risk represented by the alterations in intake.

Síndrome de Ellis Van Creveld / Ellis Van Creveld syndrome

Resumen El síndrome de Ellis van Creveld es un trastorno autosómico recesivo, caracterizado por mutaciones en los genes ECV y ECV2, los cuales son importantes para el desarrollo osteocondral. A nivel mundial, se han reportado aproximadamente 300 casos ,presentándose con mayor frecuencia en poblaciones endogámicas. Se caracteriza por distrofias óseas, displasias ectodérmicas y malformaciones cardíacas. El diagnóstico clínico puede ser confirmado mediante pruebas moleculares. A continuación, se presenta el caso de una paciente diagnosticada con el síndrome, la cual fue evaluada de manera interdisciplinaria. Esta revisión permitió dar a conocer un nuevo caso de la patología, relacionar las manifestaciones clínicas de la paciente con la literatura y describir nuevos hallazgos que pueden correlacionarse con el síndrome.

Abstract Ellis Van Creveld syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by mutations of the genes ECV and ECV2, which are very important in the osteochondral development. Worldwide, there have been reported around 300 cases that are commonly evidenced in populations where endogamy is typical. It is clinically characterized by bone dystrophies, ectodermal dysplasias, and congenital heart defects; the diagnosis can be confirmed by molecular tests. In the lines below, a case of a patient that suffers from this syndrome, and that was examined in an interdisciplinary way will be presented. This review allows us to show a new case of this pathology, to relate the clinical symptoms of the patient with the existing literature, and to describe new findings that can be correlated with the Ellis Van Creveld condition.

Psicanálise, clínica ampliada e dor física: algumas articulações / Psychoanalysis, extended clinic, and physical pain: some articulations / Psicoanálisis, clínica ampliada y dolor físico: algumas articulaciones

A Psicanálise é capaz de enriquecer a clínica ampliada e, assim, viabilizar a superação de limitações inerentes ao modelo biomédico que se revelam por meio de práticas em saúde voltadas a pacientes que padecem de dor física. O presente estudo possui um duplo objetivo. Em primeiro lugar, buscaremos traçar um breve panorama de tentativas de compreensão da dor física ao longo da história, a fim de contextualizar e problematizar o surgimento e a consolidação do modelo biomédico. Em segundo lugar, discutiremos alguns aportes psicanalíticos para a apreensão teórica da dor física que, a nosso ver, podem gerar contribuições relevantes para a clínica ampliada. Concluímos, com base em formulações freudianas e pós-freudianas, que a dor física, desde diferentes ângulos, ocupa um "lugar" fronteiriço, em contraste com o que sugere o modelo biomédico. Com isso, iluminamos aspectos subjetivos das condições dolorosas que merecem ser levados em conta pelos profissionais de saúde (AU).

Psychoanalysis is able to enrich the expanded clinic and, thus, make it possible to overcome limitations inherent to the biomedical model that are revealed through health practices aimed at patients who suffer from physical pain. The present study has a double objective. First, we will seek to outline a brief overview of attempts to understand physical pain throughout history, in order to contextualize and problematize the emergence and consolidation of the biomedical model. Second, we will discuss some psychoanalytical contributions for the theoretical understanding of physical pain that, in our view, can produce relevant contributions to the expanded clinic. We conclude, based on Freudian and Post-Freudian formulations, that physical pain, from different perspectives, occupies a "place" between borders, in contrast to what the biomedical model proposes. Thus, we illuminate subjective aspects of painful conditions that deserve to be taken into account by health professionals (AU).

El psicoanálisis es capaz de enriquecer la clínica ampliada y, de este modo, posibilitar la superación de limitaciones inherentes al modelo biomédico que se revelan mediante prácticas en salud dirigidas a pacientes que padecen de dolor físico. Este trabajo posee un doble objetivo. En primer lugar, procuraremos trazar un breve panorama de tentativas de comprensión del dolor físico a lo largo de la historia, a fin de contextualizar y problematizar el surgimiento y la consolidación del modelo biomédico. En segundo lugar, discutiremos algunos aportes psicoanalíticos para la aprehensión teórica del dolor físico que, a nuestro juicio, pueden generar contribuciones relevantes para la clínica ampliada. Concluimos, con base en formulaciones freudianas y posfreudianas, que el dolor físico, desde diferentes ángulos, ocupa un "lugar" fronterizo, en contraste con lo que sugiere el modelo biomédico. Así, iluminamos aspectos subjetivos de las condiciones dolorosas que merecen ser tenidos en cuenta por los profesionales de la salud (AU).