Common Benign Chronic Vulvar Disorders.

Common benign chronic vulvar conditions include genitourinary syndrome of menopause (formerly called vulvovaginal atrophy), lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus, and vulvodynia. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause results from the hypoestrogenic state that leads to atrophy of normal vulvar and vaginal tissues. It is typically treated with lubricants, moisturizers, and intravaginal estrogen. Lichen sclerosus is an inflammatory condition characterized by intense vulvar itching. It is treated with topical steroids or, in some cases, topical calcineurin inhibitors. Patients with lichen sclerosus are at risk of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and should be monitored closely for malignancy. Lichen planus is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder that can affect the vulva and vagina in addition to other skin and mucosal surfaces. The first-line treatment is topical steroids, and significant scarring can occur if left untreated. Lichen simplex chronicus manifests as persistent itching and scratching of the vulvar skin that leads to thickened epithelium. Breaking the itch-scratch cycle, often with topical steroids, is the key to treatment. Vulvodynia is a common vulvar pain disorder and is a diagnosis of exclusion. A multimodal treatment approach typically includes vulvar hygiene, physical therapy, psychosocial interventions, and antineuropathy medications.

Analysis of non-obstetric vaginal and vulvar trauma: risk factors for operative intervention.

Vaginal and vulvar trauma may occur accidentally or because of an act of violence. Due to its rarity, little is known about risk factors effecting need for operative intervention. We sought to perform a large descriptive analysis of adult non-obstetric vulvovaginal trauma (VVT) and elucidate risk factors for requiring operative intervention. A retrospective analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank was performed between 2007 and 2015. Patients ≥ 16 years old with vaginal or vulvar trauma were identified. Risk factors for surgical intervention were identified using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. From 2,040,235 female patients, 2445 (< 0.2%) were identified to have VVT with the majority being injury to the vagina (68.6%). In patients with injury to the vagina, age > 65 (OR = 0.41, CI 0.26-0.62, p < 0.001), Injury Severity Score > 25 (OR = 0.66, CI 0.50-0.86, p = 0.01) and victims of rape (OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.26-0.57, p < 0.001) were less likely to require operative intervention. In patients with injury to the vulva, age > 65 (OR = 0.45, CI 0.21-0.94, p = 0.02), victims of rape (OR = 0.26, CI 0.08-0.87, p = 0.01) and gunshot violence (OR = 0.10, CI 0.02-0.59, p = 0.02) were less likely to require operative intervention, but those with a concomitant injury to the vagina were more likely to require operative intervention (OR = 2.56, CI 1.63-4.03, p < 0.001). Injuries to the vagina or vulva occur in < 0.2% of traumas. Interestingly, in both vulvar and vaginal trauma, older age, and involvement in rape were associated with lower risk for operative intervention. A combined injury to the vagina and vulva increases the need for operative intervention.

Female Genital and Vaginal Plastic Surgery: An Overview.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After studying this article and viewing the video, the participant should be able to: 1. Accurately describe the relevant aesthetic anatomy and terminology for common female genital plastic surgery procedures. 2. Have knowledge of the different surgical options to address common aesthetic concerns and their risks, alternatives, and benefits. 3. List the potential risks, alternatives, and benefits of commonly performed female genital aesthetic interventions. 4. Be aware of the entity of female genital mutilation and differentiation from female genital cosmetic surgery. SUMMARY: This CME activity is intended to provide a brief 3500-word overview of female genital cosmetic surgery. The focus is primarily on elective vulvovaginal procedures, avoiding posttrauma reconstruction or gender-confirmation surgery. The goal is to present content with the best available and independent unbiased scientific research. Given this relatively new field, data with a high level of evidence are limited. Entities that may be commonly encountered in a plastic surgery practice are reviewed. The physician must be comfortable with the anatomy, terminology, diagnosis, and treatment options. Familiarity with requested interventions and aesthetic goals is encouraged.

Angiomiofibroblastoma vulvar. Reporte de un caso / Angiomyofibroblastoma of the Vulva. A case report

Introducción: El angiomiofibroblastoma es una lesión mesenquimatosa benigna, nodular, bien circunscrita, poco frecuente, localizada principalmente en la vulva, se presenta casi exclusivamente en mujeres de mediana edad. Clínicamente son tumores de crecimiento lento, acompañados de dolor, que con frecuencia tiende a diagnosticarse como un quiste de Bartolino, hidroceles del canal de Nuck y angiomixoma agresivo. El tratamiento de elección es la exéresis quirúrgica. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 49 años de edad quien acudió a consulta por presentar una masa de 3 años de evolución con crecimiento progresivo en región vulvar, que se acompañaba de intenso dolor y ardor limitando sus actividades diarias. A la evaluación clínica se encuentra masa de gran tamaño que abarca labio mayor y menor izquierdo de la vulva. El diagnóstico tras la exéresis quirúrgica y estudio patológico fue angiomiofibroblastoma. Discusión: Aunque esta patología es una entidad poco frecuente, el diagnóstico correcto del angiomiofibroblastoma, evitará que se confunda con otras lesiones de mayor riesgo y que se realice por tanto, un tratamiento excesivo e inadecuado, ya que este tumor se cura con la excisión simple. Conclusión: Aunque el angiomiofibroblastoma es una entidad poco frecuente, su reconocimiento y correcto diagnóstico es importante ya que el tratamiento estriba en una resección simple, con excelente pronóstico y sin recurrencia, por lo que debe ser considerado como parte del repertorio de diagnósticos clínicos cuando una mujer consulta por una lesión vulvar...(AU)

Evaluation of anogenital injuries using white and UV-light among adult volunteers following consensual sexual intercourse.

OBJECTIVES: New clinical forensic examination techniques for sexual assaults have not been introduced over the last few decades. We evaluated the benefit of ultraviolet light compared to white light for detecting minor anogenital injuries and scars, following consensual sexual intercourse among adult volunteers. DESIGN: A prospective study comparing female genital findings utilising white and ultraviolet light. A colposcopy with photographic documentation was used. SETTING: Personal invitation to healthcare students, hospital employees or acquaintances to volunteer for a gynecological examination, with a focus on clinical forensic aspects. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-eight adult female volunteers were recruited for the study. The examination was performed after consensual intercourse. Age ranged from 20 to 52 years (median 26.5 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of acute findings and scars in the genital area using white and UV-light. RESULTS: Acute genital injury rate was 14.8% under white light colposcopy and 23.0% using UV light. Submucosal hemorrhages in the genital area were documented significantly better under UV-light than white light (14.9% vs. 6.8%; p=0.016), whereas petechiaes (4.5%) and abrasions (2.3%) were detected using either method. UV-light revealed significantly more often delivery-associated genital scars compared to white light (39.8% vs. 31.8%; p=0.016). Furthermore, 10 out of 31 (33.3%) women had no residual anogenital skin or mucosal surface findings, despite a prior episiotomy or rupture of the vaginal outlet wall during delivery, supporting its enormous ability to heal even after major trauma. CONCLUSIONS: UV-light may provide additional value for the evaluation of physical findings in clinical forensic examinations after sexual assault, and is especially useful in detecting otherwise invisible early submucosal hemorrhages and scars.

Derivation of the Genital Injury Severity Scale (GISS): a concise instrument for description and measurement of external female genital injury after sexual intercourse.

INTRODUCTION: Inconsistencies abound in the current forensic literature regarding the definition, and as a result, the significance of female genital injury after sexual intercourse. These definitions are based on variables related to the anatomic locations that are examined, the actual physical findings types, and the methods used to detect the findings. PURPOSE: To derive and perform initial clinimetric analyses on a simple instrument that defines, and based on severity, quantifies external genital injury after sexual intercourse. The scale utilizes standard injury definitions and a standardized examination method. METHODS: After empirical investigation, it was determined that the application of the tool would require the use of magnification and toluidine blue in order to have the sensitivity to detect the majority of injuries that occur after sexual intercourse. Separate matrices were constructed based on anatomic locations and injury types from data collected from sexual assault genital injury examination forms. Principal Components Analyses were applied. A clinical model was constructed from the resultant variables, utilizing operational definitions and forming a template for the instrument. RESULTS: A twelve-factor instrument measuring five variables along five "types" of severity and two "classes" of severity ensued. The resultant instrument was tested for internal consistency and differential validity. Very good internal consistency was attained (Cronbach's Coefficient α = 0.8). In a pilot study, the scale was able to distinguish a cohort of sexual assault patients from one of consensual intercourse subjects based on type and class of injury (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The findings presented demonstrate that while employing a standardized examination method, the Genital Injury Severity Scale has utility in defining and measuring external genital injury after sexual intercourse.

Genital injuries in adults.

The examination of the rape victim should focus on the therapeutic, forensic and psychological needs of the individual patient. One aspect will be an examination for ano-genital injuries. From a medical perspective, they tend to be minor and require little in the way of treatment. They must be considered when assessing the risk of blood-borne viruses and the need for prophylaxis. From a forensic perspective, an understanding of genital injury rates, type of injury, site and healing may assist the clinician to interpret the findings in the context of the allegations that have been made. There are many myths and misunderstandings about ano-genital injuries and rape. The clinician has a duty to dispel these.

Nature, frequency and duration of genital lesions after consensual sexual intercourse--implications for legal proceedings.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to make a normative description of the nature and duration of genital lesions sustained during consensual sexual intercourse, using the three most commonly used techniques; visualisation using the naked eye, colposcopy and toluidine blue dye followed by colposcopy. METHODS: Ninety eight women were examined within 48 h of consensual sexual intercourse. Fifty of the women were examined twice again within the following 7 days of sexual abstinence after the first examination. RESULTS: The participants had a median age of 22.4 years and 88% were nulliparous. Lesions were frequent; 34% seen with the naked eye, 49% seen with colposcopy and 52% seen with toluidine blue dye and subsequent colposcopy. The lesions lasted for several days; the median survival times for lacerations were 24, 40 and 80 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The legal implications of these findings are that genital lesions by themselves do not corroborate a rape complaint. Genital lesions may, however, corroborate specific details of a case and should be documented as carefully as any other lesion in rape complaints.

Hidrosadenite da vulva: caso exuberante com resolução cirúrgica / Hidradenitis suppurativa of the vulva: case lush with surgical resolution

Contexto: A hidrosadenite é uma doença cutânea crônica e recorrente, com prevalência estimada de 1% e mais comum no sexo feminino. Apesar de se tratar de entidade há muito tempo conhecida, a dificuldade terapêutica ainda é uma realidade. Relato de caso: Apresenta-se um caso de hidrosadenite em paciente de 49 anos envolvendo os grandes lábios bilateralmente, a qual foi submetida à exérese ampla com fechamento por primeira intenção, obtendo-se excelente resultado terapêutico e estético. Discussão: A hidrosadenite é causa de grande transtorno psicológico e social, com prejuízo na qualidade de vida. As possibilidades terapêuticas variam desde antibióticos tópicos e sistêmicos, medicamentos com ação antiandrogênica, retinoides sistêmicos, imunossupressores e, mais recentemente, os antagonistas do fator de necrose tumoral, o uso de tecnologias como o laser e a terapia fotodinâmica até drenagens intermitentes, exéreses parciais e cirurgia radical. A abordagem cirúrgica ampla com margens, associada à cicatrização por segunda intenção, é a preferida de vários autores, porém, o fechamento primário pode estar indicado em casos selecionados.Conclusões: Apesar dos diversos estudos, ainda não existem tratamentos padronizados e com resposta clínica previsível. Cabe ao médico conseguir individualizar cada paciente na busca do melhor tratamento, baseando-se nas evidências existentes até hoje na literatura.

Pre-ramus passage of inside-out transobturator sling.

Groin pain after transobturator tape is not uncommon. Differential diagnosis and treatment strategies are becoming elaborated in the literature. A patient presented with partial improvement in her stress incontinence and persistent groin and vulvar discomfort for 3 months after "inside-out" transobturator tape. The sling was removed secondary to malposition anterior to the inferior pubic ramus, i.e., a trans-vulvar passage. Her vulvar and groin complaints resolved. Recommendations are made to facilitate the "inside to out" transobturator dissection and trocar passage to prevent this complication.

Fibrin sealant for management of complicated obstetric lacerations.

BACKGROUND: Fibrin sealant commonly is used topically for hemostasis in cardiovascular surgery. Complicated vulvar and vaginal bleeding after vaginal delivery can be difficult to manage using traditional techniques. CASE: A 21-year-old primipara, after a spontaneous vaginal delivery of a twin gestation, was found to have expanding right labial swelling and ecchymosis extending from the superior part of the labia majora to the ischial fossa that was approximately 10 cm wide. Surgical exploration was pursued, but poor tissue quality limited the effectiveness of traditional hemostatic techniques. Prompt hemostasis was achieved with application of fibrin sealant. CONCLUSION: Fibrin sealant may be useful for hemostasis when traditional techniques fail in complicated lacerations of the vulva and vagina associated with obstetric delivery.

[Differential diagnosis of child sexual abuse]. / A fiatalkorúakkal szemben elkövetett szexuális bántalmazás elkülöníto diagnosztikája.

The evaluation of a child presenting with an anogenital complaint or lesion can be challenging for both the clinician and the patient. The doctor met the real possibility that a diagnosis of a condition caused by sexual abuse will affect significantly the child and the family. A misdiagnosis of abuse or failure to recognize a treatable condition can also have detrimental consequences. Most primary care physicians are not trained to recognize the variety of systemic and dermatologic problems that affect the anogenital area. Dermatologists and other specialists often do not appreciate the possibility of sexual abuse. In this article we present a systematic approach to the child with anogenital complaints which may mimic sexual abuse.

Gynecologic emergencies.

Gynecologic emergencies are relatively common and include ectopic pregnancies, adnexal torsion, tubo-ovarian abscess, hemorrhagic ovarian cysts, gynecologic hemorrhage, and vulvovaginal trauma. The purpose of this article is to provide a concise review of these emergencies, focusing on the evaluation and treatment options for the patient. In many cases, other causes of an acute abdomen are in the differential diagnosis. Understanding the tenets of diagnosis helps the surgeon narrow the etiology and guide appropriate treatment.

Patient presentation and management of labial ulceration following uterine artery embolization.

Uterine artery embolization is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids. Nontarget embolization of adjacent internal iliac artery branches is a reported complication of uterine artery embolization. The following report describes the presentation and management of ulcerations of the labium minora due to nontarget embolization of the internal pudendal artery.

Simetrização estético funcional da vulva com retalho tubular de coxa interna / Aesthetic and functional vulvar simetrization with tubular flap of the internal thigh

O estudo demonstra a técnica proposta pelos autores na resolução de um quadro dramático de seqüela pubiana pós-traumática, causando assimetria pubiana e desconforto social. Isto porque durante o ato da micção o jato urinário era ejetado na coxa esquerda da paciente. O tratamento consistiu na confecção de um retalho na coxa interna, que após ser desepidermizado e tubulizado e foi introduzido na intimidade do arcabouço cutâneo da labia major. A tática proporcionou além da simetrização anatômica com a lábia major contra-lateral, também a medianização do jato urinário.

In this study a successfully resolution of a pos- traumatic deformity of the unilateral lábia major in a 20 year old woman is demonstrated. The strategy based in a pre-delayd cutaneous flap of the inner thigh that was deepitelized and introduced into the inner part of the labia major cutaneous tunnel. The result showed a good symmetry of the pubis with medianization of the urinary stream. The authors proposed this technique to treat similar deformity and as an option to threat the natural senile labia major atrophy in post-menopause women.

Aspectos de imagem das lesões vulvo-vaginais / Imaging of the vagina and vulva

Na pratica ginecológica diária, a vulva e a vagina são examinadas durante inspeção visual, entretanto, há situações em que isso não é possível ou que se necessita determinar a extensão de umalesão através de métodos de imagem. A ressonância magnética é um método excelente e cada vez é mais indicado na avaliação de alterações da vulva e vagina, em virtude da sua capacidade deavaliação multiplanar e alto contraste tecidual, fornecendo informações que auxiliam o ginecologista. Outros métodos de imagem que podem ser indicados são a ultra-sonografia e a tomografia computadorizada da pelve. Este trabalho pretende, de forma sintética, analisar as principais alterações vulvo-vaginais que podem ser identificadas e diagnosticadas pelo radiologista.

In gynecological daily practices, the vulva and vagina are examined during physical examination, however there are situations where this is not possible or it is needed to determine the extension of an injury through imaging methods. The magnetic resonanceimaging is an excellent cross-sectional modality for evaluation the alterations of vulva and vagina due its multiplanar evaluation and high tecidual contrast. Other cross-sectional modalities are ultrasound and enhanced computed tomography. This paper intends togive an overview of vaginal and vulvar pathology that can be identifiedby the radiologist.