Modulation of the cytotoxic effect of cyclopentenylcytosine by its primary metabolite, cyclopentenyluridine.

ABSTRACT

Cyclopentenylcytosine (CPE-C), a synthetic cytidine analogue with significant preclinical antitumor activity against both solid tumor xenografts and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine resistant murine leukemia cell lines, will soon enter phase I clinical trials. Unlike 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine which is activated by deoxycytidine kinase, the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of CPE-C is uridine/cytidine kinase. Preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of CPE-C in nonhuman primates revealed that the primary route of elimination in this species was deamination to cyclopentenyluridine (CPE-U), an inhibitor of uridine/cytidine kinase. Since CPE-C is likely to be deaminated in humans, we investigated the modulating effect of CPE-U on the in vitro cytotoxicity of CPE-C in Molt-4 lymphoblasts. Concurrent exposure of cells to cytotoxic concentrations of CPE-C and 50 microM CPE-U resulted in the rescue of 50% of cells and exposure to CPE-U concentrations in excess of 100 microM resulted in the rescue of greater than 90% of cells. Progressive attenuation of the rescue effect was observed with delayed administration of CPE-U and no cells were rescued when addition of CPE-C was delayed for more than 2 h. At the intracellular level it was observed that the formation of the cytotoxic metabolite, cyclopentenylcytosine triphosphate, was blocked by increasing concentrations of CPE-U presumably secondary to inhibition of uridine/cytidine kinase by CPE-U. Although CPE-U can modulate the cytotoxic effects of CPE-C in vitro, the minimum CPE-U levels that are required for modulation coupled with the available preclinical pharmacokinetic data from nonhuman primates suggests that this modulation is not likely to impact on the antitumor effects of CPE-C in humans.