The Synergistic Effect of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Proteasome Inhibitor in the Induction of Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer Cell Lines.
Int J Mol Sci
; 25(10)2024 May 16.
Article
en En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-38791473
ABSTRACT
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and a proteasome inhibitor (MG-132) are some of the most commonly used compounds in various biomedical applications. However, the mechanisms of rGO- and MG-132-induced cytotoxicity remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effect of rGO and MG-132 against ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The results demonstrated that rGO, MG-132 or a mix (rGO + MG-132) induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Apart from that, we found that treatment with rGO and MG-132 or the mix increased apoptosis, necrosis and induction of caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity in both breast cancer cell lines. Apoptosis and caspase activation were accompanied by changes in the ultrastructure of mitochondria in ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells incubated with rGO. Additionally, in the analyzed cells, we observed the induction of oxidative stress, accompanied by increased apoptosis and cell necrosis. In conclusion, oxidative stress induces apoptosis in the tested cells. At the same time, both mitochondrial and receptor apoptosis pathways are activated. These studies provided new information on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in the ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines.
Palabras clave
Texto completo:
1
Colección:
01-internacional
Asunto principal:
Neoplasias de la Mama
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Apoptosis
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Estrés Oxidativo
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Inhibidores de Proteasoma
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Grafito
Límite:
Female
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Humans
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Int J Mol Sci
Año:
2024
Tipo del documento:
Article
País de afiliación:
Polonia