Cardiac complications after bone marrow transplantation. A report on a series of 63 consecutive transplantations.

ABSTRACT

Cardiac complications related to bone marrow grafting were investigated in a group of 63 patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (57 autologous, 6 allogeneic) in the transplant unit of Hôpital Saint-Antoine (Paris, France) between February 1977 and October 1983. The pregraft regimen was cyclophosphamide, 6-thioguanine, cytosine arabinoside, and CCNU (TACC) in 39 cases, cyclophosphamide (CY) associated with whole-body irradiation in 16 cases, and multiple chemotherapeutic agents in 8 cases. The study was retrospective in 49 patients, and prospective in 14. The morbidity was 43% and the mortality 9%. There were 6 fatal cases of cardiomyopathies and/or pericarditis, 14 nonfatal cases of heart failure, 7 nonfatal cases of pure pericarditis, and 32 arythmias including 14 bradycardias, diversely associated on a total of 27 patients. Cyclophosphamide and/or TACC/cyclophosphamide, 6-thioguanine, cytosine arabinoside, and BCNU (BACT) were the factors basically responsible for the cardiac toxicity. The best-defined entity was an acute fatal cardiomyopathy with associated pericarditis of which we report three additional cases. The best predictors of CY toxicity were the daily weight (a gain of more than 2 kg for more than 48 hours) and the electrocardiogram (a decrease of more than 14% in the sum of the QRS complexes in the standard leads on the fourth day of chemotherapy). Routine echocardiography confirmed the high incidence of subclinical cardiac abnormalities and their reversibility. It would seem that radiotherapy and anthracyclines play a secondary role. Currently, we consider that cardiac toxicity is one of the most important limiting factors for bone marrow transplantation. We suggest, therefore, that the transplantation should be done as early as possible and preference should be given whenever possible to whole-body irradiation over high-dose chemotherapy combinations such as TACC.