Clinical Applications of PSMA PET Examination in Patients with Prostate Cancer.

With the progressive aging of the population in industrially developed countries, as well as advances in diagnostic and biopsy techniques and improvements in patient awareness, the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) is continuously increasing worldwide. Therefore, PCa is currently considered as the second leading cause of tumor-related death. Early detection of the tumor and its metastasis is essential, as the rate of disease recurrence is high and occurs in 27% to 53% of all patients who underwent curative therapy with radical prostatectomy or local radiotherapy. In this regard, the prostate specific membrane antigens, abbreviated as PSMAs, are type II membrane proteins that are highly expressed on the surface of malignant prostate tissue in PCa, particularly in aggressive, androgen-deprived, metastatic, and hormone-refractory PCa, and they are inversely associated with the androgen level. Up to 95% of adenocarcinomas of the prostate express PSMA receptors on their surface. Today, radionuclides that bind to these PSMA peptides are widely accepted for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes to specifically image and target prostate tumor cells at the molecular level, a process referred to as targeted theranostics. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the integration of these peptides into diagnostic and therapeutic procedures plays a critical role in the primary staging and treatment decisions of especially high-risk PCa, expands therapeutic options for patients with advanced stage of prostate tumor, and prolongs patients' survival rate. In this review article, we intend to briefly spotlight the latest clinical utilization of the PSMA-targeted radioligand PET imaging modality in patients with different stages of PCa. Furthermore, limitations and pitfalls of this diagnostic technique are presented.