Cholangiocarcinomes avancés et gènes de fusion.

ABSTRACT

Advanced cholangiocarcinoma and gene fusions Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are rare digestive tumors classified as intrahepatic (iCCA), perihilar (pCCA), and distal (dCCA) CCAs. These tumors are most often diagnosed at an advanced stage, unresectable or metastatic, and associated with a poor prognosis. The identification in recent years of multiple molecular alterations of interest, particularly in iCCA, has nevertheless allowed the development of new targeted therapeutic options for a significant proportion of patients. Gene fusions are among the most frequent alterations, involving FGFR2 in 10-15% of iCCAs in particular, and NTRK genes at a lower frequency (<1%). A dedicated analysis, most often based on RNA sequencing, is required to identify such alterations. Three FGFR inhibitors, pemigatinib, infigratinib and futinatinib, have recently received FDA approval for use in pre-treated patients. These compounds are currently being evaluated as first-line therapy in several phase III trials. Promising results have also been reported with new-generation inhibitors such as RLY-4008, which may soon constitute new therapeutic options. In the case of NTRK fusion, larotrectinib and entrectinib have also demonstrated their efficacy. The objectives of this review are to clarify the specific diagnostic modalities for gene fusions and to summarize the results of the main trials and developments underway for the management of advanced CCA with gene fusions.