RESUMO
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has proven to be particularly useful due to its inexpensive and rapid assessment of total body water and body density. However, recent fluid intake may confound BIA results since equilibration of fluid between intra- and extracellular spaces may take several hours and furthermore, ingested fluids may not be fully absorbed. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the impact of different fluid compositions on the BIA. A total of eighteen healthy individuals (10 females, mean ± SD age of 23.1 ± 1.8 years) performed a baseline measurement of body composition before they consumed isotonic 0.9% sodium-chloride (ISO), 5% glucose (GLU) or Ringer (RIN) solutions. During the visit of the control arm (CON), no fluid was consumed. Further impedance analyses were conducted every 10 min after the fluid consumption for 120 min. We found statistically significant interactions between the effects of solution ingestion and time for intra- (ICW, p < 0.01) and extracellular water (ECW, p < 0.0001), skeletal muscle mass (SMM, p < 0.001) and body fat mass (FM, p < 0.01), respectively. Simple main effects analysis showed that time had a statistically significant effect on changes in ICW (p < 0.01), ECW (p < 0.01), SMM (p < 0.01) and FM (p < 0.01), while fluid intake did not have a significant effect. Our results highlight the importance of a standardized pre-measurement nutrition, with particular attention to hydration status when using a BIA for the evaluation of body composition.
RESUMO
AIMS: To assess the impact of characteristics and comorbidities on the hospitalization rate and 30- and 90-days all-cause mortality after hospitalization for influenza-related illness (IRI) in individuals with diabetes. METHODS: Data of 507,184 individuals with diabetes enrolled in the national Austrian Health Insurance database during 2013-2017 were analyzed. Hospitalization for IRI was defined as per International Classification of Disease 10 codes (J09, J10, J11). All-cause mortality was calculated for 30- and 90-days post-hospitalization. RESULTS: Of the total diabetes population, 1994 (0.4%) were hospitalized for IRI during 2013-2017. The rate of comorbidities was higher in individiuals who were hospitalized due to IRI as compared with the general diabetes population. Overall 30-days cumulative mortality following hospitalization for IRI was 7.9% and 90-days mortality was 10.3%. The risk (adjusted Hazard Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval) of IRI related 90-days mortality increased with age (50-59: 3.00, 0.65-13.94; 60-69: 4.16, 0.99-17.55; 70-79: 4.79, 1.16-19.76; 80+: 7.15, 1.74-29.46), heart failure (1.97, 1.31-2.98), renal disease (1.50, 1.05-2.14), and Charlson comorbidity index (1.14, 1.08-1.19). CONCLUSIONS: Older age, heart failure, renal disease, and Charlson comorbidity index were significant predictors of mortality following hospitalization for IRI in individuals with diabetes. These findings could help in improving the clinical management and performance of surveillance and health systems concerning IRI in Austria.
