Beyond tokenism in quality management policy and programming: moving from participation to meaningful involvement of people with HIV in New York State.

BACKGROUND: Consumer involvement in health-care policy and quality management (QM) programming is a key element in making health systems people-centered. Involvement of health-care consumers in these areas, however, remains underdeveloped and under-prioritized. When consumer involvement is actively realized, few mechanisms for assessing its impact have been developed. The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) embraces consumer involvement of people with HIV in QM as a guiding principle, informed by early HIV/AIDS advocacy and a framework of people-centered quality care. METHOD: HIV consumer involvement is implemented statewide and informs all quality of care programming as a standard for QM in health-care organizations, implemented through four key several initiatives: (i) a statewide HIV Consumer Quality Advisory Committee; (ii) leadership and QM trainings for consumers; (iii) specific tools and activities to engage consumers in QM activities at state, regional and health-care facility levels and (iv) formal organizational assessments of consumer involvement in health-care facility QM programs. RESULTS: We review the literature on this topic and place the methods used by the NYSDOH within a theoretical framework for consumer involvement. CONCLUSION: We present a model that offers a paradigm for practical implementation of routine consumer involvement in QM programs that can be replicated in other health-care settings, both disease-specific and general, reflecting the priority of active participation of consumers in QM activities at all levels of the health system.

Management of sexually transmitted infections in New York State health care organizations: who is thinking about the quality of STI care?

BACKGROUND: Rising rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) warrant a renewed focus on the management of STIs in health care organizations. The extent to which hospitals and community health centers (CHCs) have established processes and allocated staff for the management of STIs within their organizations remains poorly understood. METHODS: A New York State Department of Health survey was distributed electronically through a closed state communication network to targeted administrators at New York State hospitals and CHCs. The survey asked if STI management in their facilities included the following: the ability to measure and report rates of STIs, a process to assess the quality of STI care and treatment outcomes, and a centralized person/unit to coordinate its work throughout the facility. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify whether organizational characteristics were associated with survey findings. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent (243/256) of hospitals and CHCs responded to the survey. Fifty percent of respondents had a person or unit to report rates of STIs; 30% reported an organization-wide process for monitoring the quality of STI care, which, according to the multivariate analysis, was associated with CHCs; only 23% reported having a centralized person or unit for coordinating STI management. CONCLUSIONS: Most facilities report STI cases to comply with public health surveillance requirements but do not measure infection rates, assess the quality of STI care, or coordinate its work throughout the facility. The development of this organizational capacity would likely decrease STI rates, improve treatment outcomes, and address local public health goals.

Factors associated with returning to HIV care after a gap in care in New York State.

BACKGROUND: Retention in HIV care has important implications. Few studies examining retention include comprehensive and heterogeneous populations, and few examine factors associated with returning to care after gaps in care. We identified reasons for gaps in care and factors associated with returning to care. METHODS: We extracted medical record and state-wide reporting data from 1865 patients with 1 HIV visit to a New York facility in 2008 and subsequent 6-month gap in care. Using mixed effect logistic regression, we examined sociodemographic, clinical, and facility characteristics associated with returning to care. RESULTS: Most patients were men (63.2%), black (51.4%), had Medicaid (53.9%). Many had CD4 counts >500 cells per cubic millimeter (34.4%) and undetectable viral loads (45.0%). Most (55.9%) had unknown reasons for gaps in care; of those with known reasons, reasons varied considerably. After a gap, 54.6% returned to care. Patients who did (vs. did not) return to care were more likely to have stable housing, longer duration of HIV, high CD4 count, suppressed viral load, antiretroviral medications, and had facilities attempt to contact them. Those who returned to care were less likely to be uninsured and have mental health problems or substance use histories. CONCLUSION: Over half of our sample of patients in New York with 1 HIV visit and subsequent 6-month gap in care returned to care; no major reasons for gaps emerged. Nevertheless, our findings emphasize that stabilizing patients' psychosocial factors and contacting patients after a gap in care are key strategies to retain HIV-positive patients in care in New York.

Using computer-based monitoring and intervention to prevent harmful combinations of antiretroviral drugs in the New York State AIDS Drug Assistance Program.

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing number of HIV-infected people and the acknowledged complexity of HIV therapy, there are no standard safeguards in the outpatient setting against dangerous antiretroviral (ARV) therapy combinations in the publicly financed arena. METHODS: Using quarterly pharmacy claims data from the New York State AIDS Drug Assistance Program, a three-phase approach was developed: The extent of contraindicated ARV combinations was ascertained; prescriber alerts were developed; and, finally, the reimbursement of contraindicated ARV combinations was blocked at pharmacy. ARV dosages, the number of ARV medications in a regimen, clinical adequacy of the regimen, medication claim denials, clinician adjudication, and subsequent clinician prescribing patterns were analyzed. RESULTS: For the 27-month study period (October 1, 2006-December 31, 2009), 112,383 ARV regimens involving 396,303 ARV medications for 25,463 unique recipients were individually analyzed. A total of 1,089 interventions occurred; denials and interventions increased per quarter from a baseline of 129 to 217 by the study's end. All contraindicated combinations referred for adjudication during the study were upheld. More than 88.3% (range, 87.1% to 89.9%) of regimens per quarter were consistent with effective ARV as promulgated by current guidelines. The targeted dissemination of ARV drug interaction safety alerts to previous prescribers of contraindicated combinations during the first year of the review curtailed the practice by 77.3%. CONCLUSION: A systems-level intervention can be used on a state level to reduce ARV contraindicated medication errors in the outpatient setting through a coordinated approach of prescriber clinical education and electronic pharmacy and billing systems and provides an effective safety and quality monitoring model.

Training HIV clinicians and building a clinical workforce: the experience in New York State.

In the late 1980s, New York State faced projected shortages in the supply of clinicians to meet the burgeoning HIV epidemic. In 1990, the New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute (AI), in collaboration with selected academic, medical center-based Designated AIDS Centers, responded by developing a two-year fellowship training program that provides skills training in the management of HIV disease and the public health aspects of the HIV epidemic. Its primary goal is to increase the number of highly qualified, broadly trained physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and dentists who can assume leadership roles in HIV-related direct care and program administration in New York State. In May 2002, each of the 74 scholars who had completed the full two-year program was mailed a survey that assessed the degree to which program goals had been met. Of the 48 survey respondents, 96 percent (46) had worked in HIV care at some time after completing the program and 90 percent were employed in HIV clinical settings. Of the 25 respondents with no HIV care experience prior to entering the program, 22 (88 percent) pursued careers in the field of HIV care after completing the program and remained in those jobs at the time of the survey. Of the 48 respondents, 42 (88 percent) held leadership positions (as program directors or medical directors), filled leadership roles as members of advisory boards, had published articles in professional journals, or had made presentations at national and international HIV/AIDS conferences; 91 percent of the respondents rated the overall quality of their training experience as "good" or "very good," the highest possible rating. The survey results indicate that this clinical training and leadership development program successfully met its primary goal of building the HIV/AIDS clinical healthcare workforce in New York State. Its success demonstrates that a state-funded, targeted clinical education program can address acute shortages in the public healthcare professional workforce in the absence of other privately or publicly funded professional development initiatives.