Como superar a cultura da imobilização física das parturientes? Resultados parciais de estudo de intervenção em São Paulo, SP, Brasil / ¿Cómo superar la cultura de la inmovilización física de las parturientas? Resultados parciales de estudio de intervención en São Paulo, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Overcoming the culture of physical immobilization of birthing women in Brazilian healthcare system? Findings of an intervention study in São Paulo, Brazil

Superar a cultura de imobilização física no trabalho de parto e no parto ainda é um desafio no Brasil. Este trabalho identificou facilitadores e obstáculos para a implementação de maior liberdade de posição, em projeto-piloto da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Mulher e da Criança numa maternidade do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de São Paulo, Brasil, usando metodologia orientada pelo Laboratório de Mudança (LM). A percepção de gestores e profissionais de saúde mostrou-se discrepante das opiniões das usuárias e do que foi observado. A liberdade de movimentação pareceu mais respeitada durante o trabalho de parto do que no parto. Frequentemente, as parturientes eram "posicionadas" em litotomia, considerada pelos profissionais "instintiva" ou "preferência" feminina, enquanto as mulheres relatavam não tomar iniciativas por temerem repreensões. Adequações simples da ambiência e treinamento dos profissionais para atender partos em posições não supinas podem contribuir para promover mudanças.

Superar la cultura de inmovilización física en el trabajo de parto y en el parto todavía constituye un desafío en Brasil. Este trabajo identificó facilitadores y obstáculos para la implementación de mayor libertad de posición, en proyecto piloto de la Iniciativa Hospital Amigo de la Mujer y del Niño en una maternidad del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) en São Paulo (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil) utilizando la metodología orientada por el Laboratorio de Cambio (LM, por sus siglas en portugués). La percepción de gestores y profesionales de salud se mostró discrepante de las opiniones de las usuarias y de lo observado. La libertad de movimiento pareció ser más respetada durante el trabajo de parto que en el parto. Frecuentemente, las parturientas eran "colocadas" en litotomía, considerada por los profesionales "instintiva" o "preferencia" femenina, mientras que las mujeres relataban que no tomaban iniciativas por miedo de reprensiones. Adecuaciones simples del ambiente y de la capacitación de los profesionales para atender partos en posiciones no supinas pueden contribuir para promover cambios.

Overcoming the culture of physical immobilization during labor and birth remains a challenge in Brazil. This study identified facilitators and barriers to implementing freedom of movement throughout labor and birth in a pilot project of the Mother-Baby Friendly Birthing Facilities Initiative in a public maternity facility in São Paulo, Brazil using the Change Laboratory methodology. There was a divergence between health managers' and professionals' perceptions of maternal care practice and those of the service users and the observations made in the facility. Freedom of movement seemed to be more respected during labor than at birth. Birthing mothers were regularly "positioned" in the lithotomy position, considered by health professionals to be an "instinctive" or "preferred" position. Women reported that they failed to take the initiative to move for fear of being reprimanded by health professionals. Simple changes to the ambience and professional training for health professionals in care provision in nonsupine positions could help foster change.

Caesarean birth rates in public and privately funded hospitals: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine maternal and obstetric factors influencing births by cesarean section according to health care funding. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with data from Southeastern Brazil. Caesarean section births from February 2011 to July 2012 were included. Data were obtained from interviews with women whose care was publicly or privately funded, and from their obstetric and neonatal records. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to generate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for caesarean section births. RESULTS: The overall caesarean section rate was 53% among 9,828 women for whom data were available, with the highest rates among women whose maternity care was privately funded. Reasons for performing a c-section were infrequently documented in women's maternity records. The variables that increased the likelihood of c-section regardless of health care funding were the following: paid employment, previous c-section, primiparity, antenatal and labor complications. Older maternal age, university education, and higher socioeconomic status were only associated with c-section in the public system. CONCLUSIONS: Higher maternal socioeconomic status was associated with greater likelihood of a caesarean section birth in publicly funded settings, but not in the private sector, where funding source alone determined the mode of birth rather than maternal or obstetric characteristics. Maternal socioeconomic status and private healthcare funding continue to drive high rates of caesarean section births in Brazil, with women who have a higher socioeconomic status more likely to have a caesarean section birth in all birth settings.

Caesarean birth rates in public and privately funded hospitals: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine maternal and obstetric factors influencing births by cesarean section according to health care funding. METHODS A cross-sectional study with data from Southeastern Brazil. Caesarean section births from February 2011 to July 2012 were included. Data were obtained from interviews with women whose care was publicly or privately funded, and from their obstetric and neonatal records. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to generate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for caesarean section births. RESULTS The overall caesarean section rate was 53% among 9,828 women for whom data were available, with the highest rates among women whose maternity care was privately funded. Reasons for performing a c-section were infrequently documented in women's maternity records. The variables that increased the likelihood of c-section regardless of health care funding were the following: paid employment, previous c-section, primiparity, antenatal and labor complications. Older maternal age, university education, and higher socioeconomic status were only associated with c-section in the public system. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal socioeconomic status was associated with greater likelihood of a caesarean section birth in publicly funded settings, but not in the private sector, where funding source alone determined the mode of birth rather than maternal or obstetric characteristics. Maternal socioeconomic status and private healthcare funding continue to drive high rates of caesarean section births in Brazil, with women who have a higher socioeconomic status more likely to have a caesarean section birth in all birth settings.

Fatores associados à cesariana segundo fonte de financiamento na Região Sudeste: estudo transversal a partir dos dados de pesquisa Nascer no Brasil Inquérito Nacional sobre Parto e Nascimento / Factors associated with caesarean section according to funding source in the Southeast cross-sectional study from the survey data Birth in Brazil National Survey on Childbirth and Birth

Introdução: Sabe-se que a cesariana sem indicação clínica está associada a desfechos adversos para a saúde da mulher e de seus filhos a curto e longo prazos. A variação da proporção de cesáreas entre serviços e países não pode ser explicada somente por características inerentes à mulher. Fatores como a fonte de financiamento da assistência também têm forte influência sobre a via de nascimento. Objetivo: Descrever e comparar os fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos, clínicos e obstétricos associados à cesariana entre mulheres assistidas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e no setor de saúde suplementar (SSS). Método: Estudo transversal, a partir dos dados do inquérito Nascer no Brasil, referentes à Região Sudeste. A amostra foi composta por puérperas que tiveram recém-nascidos vivos, natimortos (peso 500 gramas e-ou idade gestacional 22 semanas) e parto normal ou cesariana, em hospitais com 500 partos em 2007. A associação entre a cesariana e as variáveis estudadas foi verificada por meio de regressão logística binária univariada e múltipla. Calcularam-se odds ratios (OR) brutas e ajustadas e intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95 por cento. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 9.828 mulheres. A taxa de cesariana foi de 52,9 por cento , com proporção maior no SSS (84,0 por cento).

Introduction: Caesarean section without clinical reason is associated with women and their children adverse outcomes at short and long term. Variation of caesarean section rates among services and countries can not be explained only by women´s characteristics. Payment source has strong influence on the decision of mode of birth. Objective: To describe and compare socioeconomic, demographic, clinical and obstetric factors associated with caesarean section among women in public health system (SUS) and private health care sector (SSS). Methods: Cross-sectional study with Southeast´ data of "Born in Brazil" national survey. The sample included women who had live births or stillbirths (weighing 500 g and-or gestational age 22 weeks) and normal or caesarean deliveries, in hospitals with 500 births in 2007. The association between caesarean section and other variables was verified by univariate and multiple binary logistic regression, on which crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) of 95 per cent were calculated. Results: The sample comprised 9,828 women. The caesarean section rate was 52.9 per cent , with higher proportion in SSS (84.0 per cent).