Pressure Injury Risk Assessment in Pediatric Intensive Care: A Prospective Validation Study of the Glamorgan Scale and Predictive Comparison with the Braden Q Scale.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the Glamorgan Scale and compare its predictive ability in assessing pressure injury risk among patients in a pediatric ICU (PICU) with that of the Braden Q Scale. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed to validate the Glamorgan Scale and compare its predictive ability with the Braden Q Scale in a PICU population. A total of 83 patients admitted in the PICU between February and July 2020 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study, leading to 639 measurements. The authors tested the psychometric properties of the Glamorgan Scale to validate whether the characteristics of the original version were preserved. To this end, reliability (internal consistency) and concurrent and predictive validity (sensitivity and specificity) were assessed. For the predictive comparison, the authors performed the same tests with the Braden Q Scale. RESULTS: The predictive validity, as assessed by the receiver operator characteristic curve and calculation of the area under the curve, showed satisfactory performance for the Glamorgan Scale (0.77; CI, 0.72-0.82); the Braden Q Scale values were similar (0.78; CI 0.73-0.84). The Spearman correlation coefficient showed a strong correlation between the total scores of the Glamorgan Scale (ρ = -0.76; P < .01), corroborating its validation. CONCLUSIONS: The Glamorgan Scale was validated and showed good accuracy and consistency for pressure injury risk assessment in critically ill pediatric patients in Brazil. Its accuracy was similar to that of the Braden Q Scale.

ONE21 technique for an individualized assessment and treatment of upper face wrinkles in five pairs of identical twins with IncobotulinumtoxinA.

BACKGROUND: Facial aging is a complex process, which, beyond a genetic predisposition, involves both physical and environmental factors. Even identical twins with the same genetic load may differ substantially in facial wrinkles and aging, demanding a personalized treatment approach. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the ONE21 technique as an excellent tool to a customized assessment and IncobotulinuntoxinA treatment to address phenotype discordances and epigenetic drifts in identical twins, expressed by different patterns of upper face muscle contractions and wrinkles intensity. PATIENTS/METHODS: Five pairs of identical Caucasian twin sisters, from 30 to 45 years of age, were evaluated for hyperfunctional upper facial wrinkles (forehead, glabella, and periorbital), assessing the individual anatomy, muscle function and habitual facial movements of each patient. All the subjects were treated with the ONE21 technique using IncobotulinumtoxinA and reevaluated 30 days after the procedure. RESULTS: Though the clinical-anatomical pattern of the forehead contraction was similar between the pairs, the strength of the muscles, the number and depth of wrinkles differed. This varied presentation demanded distinct points of distribution and dosages of incobotulinumtoxinA for all the twins, according to the ONE21 approach. The results 30 days after treatment were satisfactory in all the subjects. CONCLUSION: The ONE21 technique allows an objective and careful evaluation of the wrinkles of the upper face, based on an individualized assessment, which may vary even in identical twins.

In vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy for intrinsic aging and photoaging assessment.

BACKGROUND: In vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy is a non-invasive method to assess either the epidermis or the dermis composition. Few studies have focused on dermis collagen alterations through intrinsic aging and photoaging. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the in vivo Raman spectra from the dermis of a photoexposed site versus a non-photoexposed region in different age groups, and evaluated the correlation between peak intensities and age, photoaging score and the amount of collagen assessed with histology and high frequency ultrasound (HFUS). METHODS: Fifteen volunteers aged 28-82 years were divided into three groups according to forearm photoaging degree. In vivo Raman spectra from the dermis were collected on the dorsal forearm (chronically photoexposed skin) and on the proximal medial arm (non-photoexposed skin). Cross-sectional images of the skin were obtained using a 20MHz ultrasound unit exactly on the same sites, which were further submitted to punch biopsies for histologic study (collagen I immunohistochemistry, picrosirius red staining and Verhoeff). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) were taken in the spectral region of 796cm-1-996cm-1 to determine its potential to discriminate between different groups. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient of individual peak intensities and ratios with age, clinical score and the amount of collagen assessed by ultrasound and histology were calculated. RESULTS: PCA of pairs of groups and OPLS-DA could discriminate the intrinsically from the photoaged skin and the young group from the elderly one, with important contribution of the 938cm-1 and 855cm-1 peaks intensities. The intensity of the peaks in 855cm-1 and/or 938cm-1 presented moderate correlation with age (rho=0.579, p=0.049) and moderate to high inverse correlation with HFUS echogenicity (rho=-0.710, p=0.010) and collagen I immunohistochemistry (rho=-0.833, p=0.005) in the non-photoexposed region. The I1275/I1450 intensities ratio presented moderate to high correlation coefficients with age (rho=-0.730, p=0.007), photoaging score (rho=-0.594, p=0.042), HFUS echogenicity (rho=0.760, p<0.001) and histology (collagen I immunohistochemistry (rho=0.643, p=0.024), picrosirius (rho=0.773, p=0.005) and Verhoeff (rho=-0.727, p=0.011)) in the photoexposed site. CONCLUSION: The wavenumber region between 798 and 994cm-1 is useful for the analysis of dermal collagen alterations through the intrinsic aging process, while photoaging is better assessed by the I1275/I1450 intensities ratio. This is the first skin aging study to show a correlation between Raman peaks and the amount of collagen assessed by HFUS and histology.