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1.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 30(60): 125570-125584, 2023 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38001298

RESUMO

The energy sector represents one of the key contributors to environmental degradation. In this context, actions taken within the energy sector are paramount in the global effort to combat climate change. This study aims to investigate the impacts of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, energy technology investment, and green technological innovation on environmental sustainability in the context of EKC and LCC hypotheses in the USA from 1980 to 2015. While many studies in the literature focus on the EKC hypothesis, this study offers a comparative analysis of the EKC and LCC hypotheses with relevant variables. For this aim, the study uses the novel Fourier estimation methods. According to the results, the EKC and the LCC hypotheses are valid in the USA. Moreover, non-renewable energy consumption increases the ecological footprint. On the other hand, non-renewable energy consumption decreases the load capacity factor while renewable energy consumption increases it. Finally, energy technology investment and green technological innovation have an insignificant impact on the ecological footprint and the load capacity factor in both models. All results except energy technology investment and green technological innovation are consistent with our expectations. The USA has the potential to realize green growth. Policymakers should support the green technological innovation process and increase green investments.


Assuntos
Invenções , Energia Renovável , Estados Unidos , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Investimentos em Saúde , Tecnologia
2.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 30(47): 104223-104232, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37698789

RESUMO

This study investigates a modified version of the Okun's Law that incorporates energy consumption and temperature for five Central Asian countries, while it employs the ARDL methodology, spanning the period 1995-2018. While the original Okun's Law is not supported, the analysis does find support for the modified Law, suggesting the importance of regional specific factors. The results document the presence of a negative association between unemployment and real GNP both in the short and in the long run. The impact of energy consumption on unemployment is positive in the long run, while the temperature impacts unemployment both in the short and in the long run.


Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Ásia , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Temperatura , Energia Renovável
3.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 30(14): 39666-39679, 2023 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36596974

RESUMO

This paper examines for the first time the relationship between CO2 emissions and the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy in Uzbekistan, spanning the period 1985-2020. The analysis uses the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model to estimate the long-run dynamic multipliers and short-run elasticity coefficients of energy consumption variables. Economic factors, such as GDP, are excluded in the analysis as they may cause multicollinearity problems. The empirical results document that in the short- and long-run, hydropower (renewable) energy consumption negatively impacts CO2 emissions per capita, showing a unidirectional causal effect. As regards with non-renewable energy consumption, natural gas and oil energy consumption have a positive impact on CO2 emissions per capita both in the short and long run. Coal consumption positively impacts CO2 emissions in the short run, while it is negative in the long run. Policy measures to enhance the collection of energy from additional renewable energy sources, in particular hydropower, should be taken into account in order to increase the share of renewable energy, and thus, to compensate non-renewable energy consumption which is the main contributor to CO2 emissions. Moreover, solar and wind energy should be explicitly taken into consideration as an additional renewable energy source, which has the lack of attention by policymakers. Furthermore, policy actions, such as the involvement of the private sector into renewable energy projects and the implementation of effective carbon tax policies, could be further options to reduce CO2 emissions.


Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Uzbequistão , Energia Renovável , Carvão Mineral
4.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 30(6): 14680-14692, 2023 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36163571

RESUMO

Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from developed to developing countries may increase carbon emissions in developing countries as developing countries are seen as pollution havens due to their lenient environmental regulations. On the other hand, FDI flows from the developed world may improve management practices and advanced technologies in developing countries, and an increase in FDI flows reduces carbon emissions. Most of the existing studies examine the relationship between FDI flows and carbon emissions by using aggregate FDI flows; however, this paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the impact of FDI flows on carbon emissions in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) between 1993 and 2012 using bilateral FDI flows from eleven OECD countries. According to our empirical results, from which OECD country FDI flows to BRICS countries matters for carbon emissions in BRICS countries. Our results confirm that FDI flows to BRICS countries from Denmark and the UK increase carbon emissions in BRICS countries, confirming the pollution haven hypothesis. On the other hand, FDI that flows from France, Germany, and Italy reduced carbon emissions in the BRICS countries, confirming the pollution halo effect. FDI flows from Austria, Finland, Japan, Netherlands, Portugal, and Switzerland have no significant impact on carbon emissions in BRICS countries. The BRICS countries should promote clean FDI flows by reducing environmental damages, and investing countries should be rated based on their environmental damage in the host countries.


Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Carbono , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico , Investimentos em Saúde , Poluição Ambiental/análise , China
5.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 30(2): 3016-3026, 2023 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35941496

RESUMO

The objective of this paper is to examine, for a panel of seven countries from the European Union, spanning the period 1986-2015, whether the use of renewable energy impacts their output elasticities of capital and labor and, thereby, influences the factor shares. By applying a set of models from threshold analysis, the analysis detects-for the first time-the presence of thresholds in the use of renewable energy with nontrivial consequences; notably, once the thresholds are crossed, the output elasticity of capital declines, while the output elasticity of labor rises. These changes in the elasticities indicate substantial changes in factor shares triggered by the identified threshold level of renewable energy consumption. This paper also finds changes in output elasticities of factors of production for other threshold variables including energy production from oil and gas or coal. These findings portray a complex and non-linear relationship between energy sources (e.g., renewables and non-renewables) vis-à-vis the economic growth level (e.g., GDP), with far-reaching consequences for factor shares from using renewables vis-à-vis non-renewables. Accordingly, it can be assumed that the changes in factor shares can, in turn, shape the incentives for the adoption of renewables within the selected European nations. Hence, future economic policies should emphasize the augmentation of renewable energy in the national energy system in order to sustain the rate of economic growth.


Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Energia Renovável , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Fontes Geradoras de Energia , Desenvolvimento Econômico , União Europeia
6.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 29(45): 68776-68795, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35554811

RESUMO

This study investigates the co-movements of gasoline and diesel prices in three European countries (i.e. Germany, France, and Italy) with different fuel tax systems in place. The methodology follows a time-frequency approach, allowing us to analyse the co-movements at different frequencies and moments in time. As a novelty, we study the impact of fuel tax systems and international oil price dynamics on gasoline and diesel price co-movement. Using weekly data spanning the period from January 2005 to June 2021, the wavelet coherence analysis shows co-movements between gasoline and diesel at all frequencies, as well as during specific periods, but stronger in the long run. This evidence is recorded across all three countries, regardless of their tax systems. However, in decoupling the effect of international oil prices, the partial wavelet coherence analysis shows co-movements emerging also in the short run, with them being stronger around the global financial crisis (2008-2009). Although gasoline taxes are generally higher than diesel taxes, the analysis highlights that fuel tax systems do not influence the co-movements of fuel prices. Thus, shedding new light on the co-movement between commodity prices is fundamental, particularly in light of the current international geopolitical scene.


Assuntos
Gasolina , Impostos , Europa (Continente) , França , Alemanha
7.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 29(10): 14914-14928, 2022 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34622412

RESUMO

It is well known that unemployment and environmental degradation are two critical issues across the globe. However, there is an extended dearth of literature that explores the nexus between unemployment and environmental degradation. Kashem and Rahman (Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27(101): 31153-31170, 2020) put forward the Environmental Phillips Curve (EPC) hypothesis, which depicts a negative relationship between unemployment and environmental degradation. This study further explores the validity of the EPC hypothesis in the case of the USA. It also investigates the impact of monetary policy uncertainty (MU), fiscal policy uncertainty (FU), and trade policy uncertainty (TU) on carbon dioxide emissions. To this end, the analysis employs the novel methodology of the dynamic ARDL model. The results document that EPC does not hold in the short run, but it does in the long run. Furthermore, both in the short and long run, MU escalates CO2 emissions, while FU plunges emissions in both the short and long run. Finally, TU does not alter the level of CO2 emissions.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Econômico , Política Fiscal , Dióxido de Carbono , Políticas , Incerteza
9.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 28(37): 52547-52564, 2021 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34018105

RESUMO

Determine the main factors affecting carbon emissions of the Chinese steel industry is indispensable commitments to achieve the sustainable development of China. Hereby, based on the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIPRAT) model, this paper combines the economic growth function, carbon emission production function, and the FDI function of the Chinese steel industry, and uses the three-stage least square equation model (3SLS) to analyze the relationship between China's economic growth, carbon emissions in the steel industry, and FDI (foreign direct investment) inflows. The results document a complete two-way causal relationship of three variables in the whole country and the Western region, while the relationship in the Eastern region and the Central region is not complete. Moreover, there are no bidirectional causal relationship between carbon emissions and FDI in the Eastern region, while only bidirectional causality between carbon emissions and FDI in the Central region. These findings are of great significance for the Chinese steel industry to formulate effective emission reduction policies.


Assuntos
Carbono , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , China , Investimentos em Saúde , Aço
10.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 28(35): 48011-48021, 2021 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33900560

RESUMO

High levels of CO2 emissions are extensively cited as one of the main global concerns nowadays. Therefore, researchers have been investigating the factors that affect CO2 emissions. In the prior literature, several social, economic, and political drivers of CO2 emissions have been investigated; however, there is a dearth of the literature on the impact of geopolitical risks (GPR) on CO2 emissions. Hence, the objective of this study is to explore the impact of GPR on CO2 emissions in the case of the BRICS countries while controlling the effects of population, GDP, non-renewable energy, and renewable energy consumption. The study uses the recently developed GPR index, proposed by Caldara and Iacoviello (2018), and the AMG (augmented mean group) estimator method. The findings document that GPR escalates CO2 emissions. That is, a 1% increase in GPR escalates CO2 emissions by 13%. Moreover, it also reports that renewable energy consumption impedes CO2 emissions. In contrast, GDP, population, and non-renewable energy consumption surge CO2 emissions. The study also proposes a few policy implications based on the findings: (1) policymakers and government officials should try to limit GPR through peace treaties, agreements, and negotiations; (2) share of renewable energy in total energy consumption should be increased in order to plunge CO2 emissions.


Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Cooperação Internacional , Políticas , Energia Renovável
11.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 28(35): 48112-48122, 2021 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33900561

RESUMO

Considering that the rigor of economic activities has widely been linked with the turbulent nature of the increasing global atmospheric and environmental hazards thus hampering environmental sustainability, it then presented a suggestive dilemma realizing that increasing unemployment, i.e., de-economizing human activities posit a desirable environmental quality effect. Given this backdrop, and employing the more recent estimation techniques, the current study probes the validity of the novel environmental Phillips curve (i.e., negative relationship between unemployment and environmental degradation) opined by Kashem and Rahman (Environ Sci Pollut Res 1-18, 2020). In this case, the panel of BRICST (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Turkey) economies for the selected data set over the experimental period 1992-2016 is analyzed. After using related approaches that are designed to account for probable country-specific factors, i.e., the cross-sectional dependence concern, the findings from the PMG-ARDL model affirmed the validity of the environmental Phillips curve for the BRICST countries. Thus, there is a significant trade-off between unemployment and environmental degradation. Moreover, this study concludes that renewable energy consumption improves the environmental quality, while conventional energy sources remained detrimental factors to environmental quality in the panel of the examined countries. Therefore, the study identified that the share of renewable energy in the energy mix should be escalated to improve environmental quality and maintain or improve the employment level, thus advancing the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the BRICST countries.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Econômico , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Dióxido de Carbono , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Energia Renovável
12.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 28(23): 29369-29378, 2021 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33555468

RESUMO

Over the last few decades, economic policy uncertainty (EPU) has surged across the globe. Furthermore, EPU affects economic activities, which may also generate strong CO2 emissions. The goal of this study is to explore the impact of EPU (measured by the world uncertainty index) on CO2 emissions in the case of the top ten carbon emitter countries, spanning the period 1990 to 2015. The findings from the PMG-ARDL modelling approach document that the world uncertainty index (WUI) affects CO2 emissions in both the short and the long run. In the short run, a 1% increase in WUI mitigates CO2 emissions by 0.11%, while a 1% rise in WUI escalates CO2 emissions by 0.12% in the long run. The findings could have some substantial practical effects on economic policies through which policy makers try to shrink any uncertainty by organizing and participating in international summits and treaties. In addition, international organizations could also launch certain programs to shrink uncertainties associated with economic policy. Finally, these countries should introduce innovation, renewable energy, and enforce alternative technologies that are environment friendly. Overall, governments must provide strong tax exemptions on the use of clean energy, while R&D budgets should also expand.


Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Carbono , Energia Renovável , Incerteza
13.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 28(26): 33751-33763, 2021 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32556995

RESUMO

This exploratory study extends the literature on the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in analyzing stochastic and club convergence within a panel framework for developing countries. The results from Pesaran (Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312, 2007) and Bai and Carrion-i-Silvestre (Review of Economic Studies, 76(2), 471-501, 2009) panel unit root tests with allowance for cross-sectional dependence confirm stochastic convergence for low-income, lower middle-income, and combined country panels. Further analysis using the nonlinear time-varying factor model of Phillips and Sul (Econometrica, 75(6), 1771-1855, 2007; Journal of Applied Econometrics, 24(7), 1153-1185, 2009) to test for convergence reveals the emergence of multiple convergence clubs within each of the three country panels examined. We observe geographic proximity among many of the countries within the respective convergence clubs.


Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono , Países em Desenvolvimento , Estudos Transversais , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Renda , Organizações
14.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 27(25): 31892-31904, 2020 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32506403

RESUMO

This study inspects the empirical association between inflation instability, GDP growth volatility, and the environmental quality in Pakistan, covering the period 1975-2018 by using an asymmetric autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodological approach. The asymmetric ARDL results document that positive and negative shocks of inflation instability have different effects on environmental quality. Negative shocks of inflation instability have a positive influence on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) and nitrous oxide emissions (N2O), while positive shocks of inflation instability have insignificant effects in the long run. Asymmetric findings also suggest that positive and negative fluctuations in GDP growth volatility affect CO2 and N2O emissions differently, while they have insignificant results on methane emissions (CH4) in the long run. Additionally, in the short run, positive and negative shocks of inflation instability and GDP growth volatility behave differently in terms of their impact on pollution emissions. Based on these findings, the study opens up innovative intuitions for policymakers to support a robust role of economic stability in attaining targets relevant to pollution reduction.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Econômico , Gases de Efeito Estufa , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Poluição Ambiental/análise , Paquistão , Volatilização
15.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 27(8): 8142-8156, 2020 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31897990

RESUMO

This paper investigates the long-run dynamics between health care expenditure and environmental pollution across four global income groups. The analysis uses data from 178 countries, spanning the period 1995-2017. Panel estimations are employed with unobserved heterogeneity, temporal persistence, and cross-sectional dependence using a model with common correlated effects. The findings document that the health care expenditure is a necessity for all sub-groups. We established that a 1% increase in national income increased health expenditure by 7.2% in the full sample, and 9.3%, 8.6%, 6.8% and 2.9% for low, low-middle, upper-middle and high-income groups, respectively, while a 1% increase in CO2 emissions increased health expenditure by 2.5% in the full sample, and 2.9%, 1.2%, 2.3% and 2.6% across these four income groups. We recommend that coordinated approach is needed in setting policy goals both in energy and health sectors in mitigating the negative effects of pollution. Our findings indicate that low-carbon emissions and energy efficient health care services will significantly reduce future health care expenses.


Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Gastos em Saúde , Renda , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Estudos Transversais , Poluição Ambiental , Políticas
16.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 26(36): 37012-37025, 2019 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31745791

RESUMO

Environmental policies are a significant cornerstone of a developed economy, but the question that arises is whether such policies lead to a sustainable growth path. It is clear that the energy sector plays a pivotal role in environmental policies, and although the current literature has focused on examining the link between energy consumption and economic growth through an abundance of studies, it does not explicitly consider the role of institutional or governance quality variables in the process. Both globalization and democracy are important drivers of sustainability, while environmentalism is essential for the objective of gaining a "better world." Governance quality is expected to be the key, not only for economic purposes but also for the efficiency of environmental policies. To that end, the analysis in this paper explores the link between governance quality and energy efficiency for the EU-28 countries, spanning the period 1995 to 2014. The findings document that there is a nexus between energy efficiency and income they move together: the most efficient countries are in the group with higher GDP per capita. Furthermore, the results show that governance quality is an important driver of energy efficiency and, hence, of environmental policies.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Econômico , Política Ambiental , Internacionalidade , Governo , Políticas
17.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 26(9): 8525-8532, 2019 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30706267

RESUMO

The goal of this paper is to identify, for the first time, the role of solar production in driving silver prices. The empirical analysis makes use of the ARDL model and the combined cointegration. The results, spanning the period 1990-2016, document that stronger solar installed capacities, as well as higher gross electricity production from solar sources, lead to higher silver prices. The findings could be of great importance to silver suppliers and to energy policymakers and regulators, as well as to solar panel manufacturers.


Assuntos
Prata/economia , Energia Solar , Eletricidade
18.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 25(32): 32381-32394, 2018 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30229495

RESUMO

This study aims at analyzing the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for Turkey, spanning the period of 1961-2013. Unlike previous studies, instead of carbon emissions, the ecological footprint is used as a proxy for environmental degradation. Moreover, a bootstrap time-varying causality approach is used to detect the possible changes in causal relations and to obtain the parameters across subsample periods. The results clearly indicate that there are feedback relationships between economic growth and the ecological footprint in some subsample periods. In addition, the impact of economic growth on environmental degradation is positive and has a slowly increasing trend in all subsample periods. Therefore, the EKC hypothesis is not confirmed for the Turkish economy. Based on these results, some crucial policy implications are suggested.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Carbono , Dióxido de Carbono , Causalidade , Ecologia , Meio Ambiente , Retroalimentação , Humanos , Turquia
19.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 25(14): 14106-14116, 2018 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29520551

RESUMO

This paper provides the evidence on the short- and the long-run effects of the export product concentration on the level of CO2 emissions in 19 developed (high-income) economies, spanning the period 1962-2010. To this end, the paper makes use of the nonlinear panel unit root and cointegration tests with multiple endogenous structural breaks. It also considers the mean group estimations, the autoregressive distributed lag model, and the panel quantile regression estimations. The findings illustrate that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid in the panel dataset of 19 developed economies. In addition, it documents that a higher level of the product concentration of exports leads to lower CO2 emissions. The results from the panel quantile regressions also indicate that the effect of the export product concentration upon the per capita CO2 emissions is relatively high at the higher quantiles.


Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Países Desenvolvidos/economia , Desenvolvimento Econômico/tendências , Modelos Teóricos , Países Desenvolvidos/estatística & dados numéricos , Desenvolvimento Econômico/estatística & dados numéricos , Pesquisa Empírica , Aquecimento Global , Renda
20.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 25(5): 4174-4189, 2018 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29209968

RESUMO

The goal of this study is to analyze the impact of Internet use, employed as a proxy for information and communications technologies (ICTs), on CO2 emissions. Using a panel of 20 emerging economies spanning the period 1990 to 2015, this paper finds that increased Internet access results in lower levels of air pollution. Moreover, panel causality test results highlight a unidirectional causality running from Internet use to CO2 emissions. This result also has crucial policy implications for the governments in emerging markets. For instance, increased investment in the ICT sector could be a plausible channel to reduce air pollution level.


Assuntos
Poluição do Ar , Internet , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/economia , Poluição do Ar/economia , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Internet/economia , Investimentos em Saúde
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