Technical issues and conservation conditions of medicines in the primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the technical issues and conditions of medicines conservation in Primary Health Care of Brazilian regions, responsible for pharmacy/dispensing unit profile; environmental, storage, and dose fractioning conditions; inventory control and waste management; fire and electrical failure safety items; transportation problems; advertising regulation; and pharmacovigilance. METHODS: This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços (National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services)-, a cross-sectional and exploratory study, of evaluative nature, consisting of an information survey within a representative sample of municipalities, stratified by Brazilian regions, which constitute the study domains, and a sample of Primary Health Care services. Pharmaceutical services (PS) were directly observed with photographic record and face-to-face interviews with those responsible for the dispensing of medicines and over the telephone with those responsible for pharmaceutical services. Data were processed with the SPSS® software version 21. RESULTS: The investigated dimensions showed relevant deficiencies and inequalities between the regions, generally more favorable in the Southeast and Midwest regions and weaker in the Northeast and North regions. We verified non-compliance with technical requirements and conditions essential to the conservation of medicines, which may interfere with the maintenance of stability and, thus, on their quality, efficacy, and safety. The regulation of advertising/promotion of medicines is still incipient and there is some progress in the structuring of mechanisms regarding pharmacovigilance. CONCLUSIONS: The sanitary situation of medicines in Brazilian Primary Health Care is alarming due to the violation of the specific sanitary legislation for dispensing establishments and due to a wide range of requirements essential to the conservation of medicines. We observed a disconnection between the efforts made in the Brazilian Unified Health System to promote access to medicines for all population and the organization and qualification of pharmaceutical services.

Pharmaceutical care in Brazil's primary health care.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the activities of clinical nature developed by pharmacists in basic health units and their participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion. METHODS: This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015), a cross-sectional and exploratory study, of evaluative nature, consisting of a survey of information in a representative sample of cities, stratified by the Brazilian regions that constitute domains of study, and a subsample of primary health care services. The interviewed pharmacists (n=285) were responsible for the delivery of medicines and were interviewed in person with the use of a script. The characterization of the activities of clinical nature was based on information from pharmacists who declared to perform them, and on participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion, according to information from all pharmacists. The results are presented in frequency and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: From the interviewed subjects, 21.3% said they perform activities of clinical nature. Of these, more than 80% considered them very important; the majority does not dispose of specific places to perform them, which hinders privacy and confidentiality in these activities. The main denominations were "pharmaceutical guidance" and "pharmaceutical care." The registration of activities is mainly made in the users' medical records, computerized system, and in a specific document filed at the pharmacy, impairing the circulation of information among professionals. Most pharmacists performed these activities mainly along with physicians and nurses; 24.7% rarely participated in meetings with the health team, and 19.7% have never participated. CONCLUSIONS: Activities of clinical nature performed by pharmacists in Brazil are still incipient. The difficulties found point out to the professionals' improvisation and effort. The small participation in educational activities of health promotion indicates little integration of pharmacists with the health team and of pharmaceutical services with other health actions.

Conceptions on pharmaceutical services in Brazilian primary health care.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and discuss the conceptions of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian Primary Health Care, according to different subjects. METHODS: This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015), which is composed of an information survey in a representative sample of cities, stratified according to Brazilian regions, and a subsample of primary health care services. Municipal secretaries of health, those responsible for pharmaceutical services, and those responsible for medicine delivery in pharmacies/dispensing units of the selected services were interviewed. The questionnaires included one question about the understanding of the interviewee regarding pharmaceutical services. The content analysis technique was used to apprehend, in the statements, the meanings attributed to pharmaceutical services, which were subsequently classified into categories according to their main conceptions. RESULTS: Among the wide diversity of conceptions on pharmaceutical services (PS), we highlight the ones focused on 1) logistic control of medicines with activities concerning guidance or information on their use and 2) guidance or information to users on the use of medicine. The findings reveal a shifting tendency from a medicine-focused conception to one that considers the users and their needs as the final recipient of these actions. However, the lack of references to conceptions regarding care management and integrality point out the slowness of this change; after all, this is a social and historical process that comprises the production of meanings that transcend legal, logistic, and technical arrangements in pharmaceutical services. CONCLUSIONS: The diversity of conceptions expresses the several meanings attributed to pharmaceutical services; we also identified, in their reorientation process, a movement that reflects a gradual shift in the technical paradigm, from the focus on medicine logistics to a user-oriented approach of health services.

Technical issues and conservation conditions of medicines in the primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System / Situação sanitária dos medicamentos na atenção básica no Sistema Único de Saúde

OBJECTIVE To characterize the technical issues and conditions of medicines conservation in Primary Health Care of Brazilian regions, responsible for pharmacy/dispensing unit profile; environmental, storage, and dose fractioning conditions; inventory control and waste management; fire and electrical failure safety items; transportation problems; advertising regulation; and pharmacovigilance. METHODS This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços (National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services)-, a cross-sectional and exploratory study, of evaluative nature, consisting of an information survey within a representative sample of municipalities, stratified by Brazilian regions, which constitute the study domains, and a sample of Primary Health Care services. Pharmaceutical services (PS) were directly observed with photographic record and face-to-face interviews with those responsible for the dispensing of medicines and over the telephone with those responsible for pharmaceutical services. Data were processed with the SPSS® software version 21. RESULTS The investigated dimensions showed relevant deficiencies and inequalities between the regions, generally more favorable in the Southeast and Midwest regions and weaker in the Northeast and North regions. We verified non-compliance with technical requirements and conditions essential to the conservation of medicines, which may interfere with the maintenance of stability and, thus, on their quality, efficacy, and safety. The regulation of advertising/promotion of medicines is still incipient and there is some progress in the structuring of mechanisms regarding pharmacovigilance. CONCLUSIONS The sanitary situation of medicines in Brazilian Primary Health Care is alarming due to the violation of the specific sanitary legislation for dispensing establishments and due to a wide range of requirements essential to the conservation of medicines. We observed a disconnection between the efforts made in the Brazilian Unified Health System to promote access to medicines for all population and the organization and qualification of pharmaceutical services.

OBJETIVO Caracterizar a situação sanitária dos medicamentos na Atenção Básica, nas regiões brasileiras, quanto a requisitos técnico-sanitários, responsável pela farmácia/unidade de dispensação, condições ambientais, de armazenamento, e de fracionamento, controle de estoque e gerenciamento de resíduos, itens de segurança contra incêndio e pane elétrica, problemas no transporte, regulamentação da propaganda e farmacovigilância. MÉTODOS Artigo integrante da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, um estudo transversal, exploratório, de natureza avaliativa, composto por um levantamento de informações numa amostra representativa de municípios, estratificada pelas regiões brasileiras, que constituem domínios do Estudo, e uma amostra de serviços de Atenção Básica. Realizou-se observação direta dos serviços farmacêuticos com registro fotográfico e entrevistas presenciais com os responsáveis pela entrega de medicamentos e por telefone com o responsável pela assistência farmacêutica. Os dados foram processados com o software SPSS® versão 21. RESULTADOS As dimensões investigadas mostraram deficiências relevantes e desigualdades entre as regiões, em geral mais favoráveis nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste e mais deficitárias nas regiões Nordeste e Norte. Constatou-se descumprimento de requisitos técnicos e sanitários imprescindíveis à conservação dos medicamentos que podem interferir na manutenção da estabilidade e, assim, na sua qualidade, eficácia e segurança. A regulação da propaganda/promoção de medicamentos ainda é incipiente e existe algum avanço na estruturação de mecanismos em relação à farmacovigilância. CONCLUSÕES A situação sanitária dos medicamentos na Atenção Básica no Brasil desperta preocupações pelo descumprimento da legislação sanitária específica para os estabelecimentos de dispensação e de um amplo conjunto de requisitos imprescindíveis à conservação dos medicamentos. Constatou-se um descompasso entre os esforços no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde para promover o acesso aos medicamentos para toda a população e a organização e qualificação dos serviços farmacêuticos.

Pharmaceutical care in Brazil's primary health care / Atividades farmacêuticas de natureza clínica na atenção básica no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize the activities of clinical nature developed by pharmacists in basic health units and their participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion. METHODS This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015), a cross-sectional and exploratory study, of evaluative nature, consisting of a survey of information in a representative sample of cities, stratified by the Brazilian regions that constitute domains of study, and a subsample of primary health care services. The interviewed pharmacists (n=285) were responsible for the delivery of medicines and were interviewed in person with the use of a script. The characterization of the activities of clinical nature was based on information from pharmacists who declared to perform them, and on participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion, according to information from all pharmacists. The results are presented in frequency and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS From the interviewed subjects, 21.3% said they perform activities of clinical nature. Of these, more than 80% considered them very important; the majority does not dispose of specific places to perform them, which hinders privacy and confidentiality in these activities. The main denominations were "pharmaceutical guidance" and "pharmaceutical care." The registration of activities is mainly made in the users' medical records, computerized system, and in a specific document filed at the pharmacy, impairing the circulation of information among professionals. Most pharmacists performed these activities mainly along with physicians and nurses; 24.7% rarely participated in meetings with the health team, and 19.7% have never participated. CONCLUSIONS Activities of clinical nature performed by pharmacists in Brazil are still incipient. The difficulties found point out to the professionals' improvisation and effort. The small participation in educational activities of health promotion indicates little integration of pharmacists with the health team and of pharmaceutical services with other health actions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Caracterizar as atividades de natureza clínica desenvolvidas pelos farmacêuticos nas unidades básicas de saúde e sua participação em atividades educativas de promoção da saúde. MÉTODOS O artigo integra a Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços 2015, estudo transversal, exploratório, de natureza avaliativa, composto por levantamento de informações numa amostra representativa de municípios, estratificada pelas regiões do Brasil que constituem domínios do estudo, e sub-amostra de serviços de atenção básica. Os farmacêuticos entrevistados (n = 285) eram responsáveis pela entrega de medicamentos e foram entrevistados pessoalmente com uso de roteiro. A caracterização das atividades de natureza clínica baseou-se em informações dos farmacêuticos que declararam realizá-las, e a participação em atividades educativas e voltadas à promoção da saúde, em informações de todos os farmacêuticos. Os resultados são apresentados em frequência e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS Dos entrevistados, 21,3% afirmaram realizar atividades de natureza clínica. Destes, mais de 80% as consideram muito importante; a maioria não dispõe de local específico para realizá-las, prejudicando a privacidade e confidencialidade nessas atividades. As principais denominações foram orientação farmacêutica e atenção farmacêutica. O registro das atividades é feito principalmente em prontuário do usuário, sistema informatizado e documento próprio arquivado na farmácia, o que dificulta a circulação das informações entre os profissionais. A maioria realiza as atividades principalmente em conjunto com médicos e enfermeiros; 24,7% raramente participam de reuniões com a equipe de saúde e 19,7% nunca participou. CONCLUSÕES As atividades de natureza clínica desempenhadas por farmacêuticos no Brasil ainda são incipientes. As dificuldades encontradas apontam improvisação e esforço dos profissionais. A pequena participação em atividades educativas de promoção da saúde indica pouca integração dos farmacêuticos na equipe de saúde e da assistência farmacêutica nas demais ações de saúde.

Conceptions on pharmaceutical services in Brazilian primary health care / Concepções de assistência farmacêutica na atenção primária à saúde, Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify and discuss the conceptions of pharmaceutical services in Brazilian Primary Health Care, according to different subjects. METHODS This study is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM - National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines - Services, 2015), which is composed of an information survey in a representative sample of cities, stratified according to Brazilian regions, and a subsample of primary health care services. Municipal secretaries of health, those responsible for pharmaceutical services, and those responsible for medicine delivery in pharmacies/dispensing units of the selected services were interviewed. The questionnaires included one question about the understanding of the interviewee regarding pharmaceutical services. The content analysis technique was used to apprehend, in the statements, the meanings attributed to pharmaceutical services, which were subsequently classified into categories according to their main conceptions. RESULTS Among the wide diversity of conceptions on pharmaceutical services (PS), we highlight the ones focused on 1) logistic control of medicines with activities concerning guidance or information on their use and 2) guidance or information to users on the use of medicine. The findings reveal a shifting tendency from a medicine-focused conception to one that considers the users and their needs as the final recipient of these actions. However, the lack of references to conceptions regarding care management and integrality point out the slowness of this change; after all, this is a social and historical process that comprises the production of meanings that transcend legal, logistic, and technical arrangements in pharmaceutical services. CONCLUSIONS The diversity of conceptions expresses the several meanings attributed to pharmaceutical services; we also identified, in their reorientation process, a movement that reflects a gradual shift in the technical paradigm, from the focus on medicine logistics to a user-oriented approach of health services.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar e discutir as concepções de assistência farmacêutica segundo distintos atores, na Atenção Primária à Saúde, no Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo integrante da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos - Serviços, 2015, composta por levantamento de informações numa amostra representativa de municípios, estratificada pelas regiões do Brasil, e sub-amostra de serviços de atenção básica. Entrevistaram-se os secretários municipais de saúde, os responsáveis pela assistência farmacêutica e os responsáveis pela entrega de medicamentos nas farmácias/unidades de dispensação dos serviços selecionados. Os questionários incluíram uma pergunta acerca do entendimento dos entrevistados sobre assistência farmacêutica. Utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo, buscando-se apreender nos enunciados os sentidos atribuídos à assistência farmacêutica, que posteriormente foram classificados em categorias com as principais concepções. RESULTADOS Entre a grande diversidade de entendimentos sobre AF destacaram-se as concepções centradas 1) no controle logístico dos medicamentos com atividades de orientação ou informação sobre o uso e 2) na orientação ou informação ao usuário sobre o uso do medicamento. Os achados revelam tendência de deslocamento de uma centralidade no medicamento para uma concepção mais ampliada que inclui o usuário e suas necessidades como o destinatário final dessas ações. Entretanto, a pouca referência a concepções relacionadas à gestão e integralidade da atenção apontam a lentidão da mudança; afinal trata-se de um processo social e histórico que envolve a produção de sentidos que transcendem os arranjos legais, logísticos e técnicos na organização da assistência farmacêutica. CONCLUSÕES A diversidade de concepções expressa os muitos sentidos atribuídos à assistência farmacêutica; identificando-se também, no processo de sua reorientação, um movimento que reflete uma mudança gradual do paradigma técnico, centrado na logística de medicamentos, para uma abordagem orientada ao usuário dos serviços de saúde.

Vigilância epidemiológica da violência e dos acidentes: experiência de um município do interior da Bahia / Epidemiological surveillance of violence and injuries: the experience of a municipality in Bahia / Vigilancia epidemiólogica de la violencia y de los accidentes: experiencia en un municipio del interior de la Bahia

Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (VIVA) objetiva facilitar a coleta de dados e divulgação de informações sobre a violência e os acidentes, propor ações para a prevenção da violência, promoção da saúde e cultura de paz. Estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa que teve como objetivo descrever a experiência de implantação da VIVA no município de Feira de Santana (BA) e confrontar a experiência com as proposições políticas do Ministério da Saúde (MS). Participaram deste estudo, profissionais que trabalham em atividades técnicas e de gestão do programa. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. O material empírico foi organizado de modo a possibilitar o relato da experiência, atendendo a uma sequência cronológica, confrontando-a com as proposições políticas sobre o tema, utilizando-se um suporte teórico apoiado em documentos oficiais que embasaram a discussão. Os resultados mostram que, a despeito de a política elaborada pelo MS para monitorar as violências e acidentes por causas externas que não geram óbitos e internações ser relevante e abrangente, a vontade política dos gestores é condição determinante para que a vigilância dessas ocorrências seja realmente realizada. Concluiu-se que o suporte financeiro e logístico inicial, disponibilizado pelo MS e pelas Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde, por meio das suas divisões de Vigilância Epidemiológica, certamente contribuiu significantemente para a criação do núcleo VIVA em Feira de Santana, mas não garantiu sua efetivação nos moldes definidos pelo MS. A participação dos movimentos sociais e o controle exercido pelas representações sociais no conselho municipal de saúde poderão reverter essa realidade.

Surveillance of Violence and Accidents (VIVA) aims to facilitate data collection and dissemination of information about violence and accidents, as well as propose actions to prevent violence, promote health and peace. This is a qualitative exploratory study that aimed to describe the experience of implementing the VIVA in Feira de Santana (BA), Brazil, and confront the experience with the policy proposals of the Ministry of Health. The study comprised of professionals working in technical activities and program management. The data were collected through semi-structured interview. The empirical material was organized to enable the reporting of experience serving a chronological sequence, comparing it with the policy proposals on the subject, using a theoretical framework supported by official documents that support the discussion. The results show that despite the policy prepared by the Ministry of Health to monitor the violence and accidents by external causes that do not generate hospitalizations and deaths, being relevant and comprehensive, political will of managers is a determinant aspect for the supervision of these occurrences. The initial financial and logistical support provided by the Ministry of Health and State Health Departments, through its surveillance divisions certainly contributed significantly to the creation of VIVA in Feira de Santana, but did not guarantee its effectiveness in a manner established by The Ministry of health. The participation of social movements and the control exerted by social representations in municipal health council may reverse this reality.

La Vigilancia de Violencias y Accidentes (VIVA) objetiva facilitar la recolecta y difusión de informaciones sobre la violencia y los accidentes, proponer acciones para la prevención de la violencia y promover la salud y la cultura de la paz. Estudio exploratorio de enfoque cualitativo que tuvo como objetivo describir la experiencia de la implementación de la VIVA en el municipio de Feira de Santana (BA) y confrontar la experiencia con las propuestas políticas del Ministerio de Salud (MS). Participaron de este estudio profesionales que trabajan en actividades técnicas y en la gestión del programa. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. El material empírico fue organizado para permitir el relato de experiencia atendiendo a una secuencia cronológica, confrontándolas con las propuestas políticas sobre el tema, utilizando una base teórica apoyada en documentos oficiales que respaldan la discusión. Los resultados muestran que a pesar de la política elaborada por el Ministerio de Salud para el monitoreo de la violencia y los accidentes provocados por causas externas, los cuales no generan hospitalizaciones y muertes, es relevante e extenso, la voluntad política de los gestores es condición determinante para que la vigilancia de esas ocurrencias sea efectivamente realzada. Se concluye que el apoyo financiero y logístico inicial proporcionada por el Ministerio de Salud y las Secretarias Estaduales de Salud, a través de su división de Vigilancia epidemiológica, sin duda contribuyó significativamente para la creación del núcleo VIVA en Feira de Santana, pero sin garantizar su eficacia dentro de las pautas definidas por el MS. La participación de los movimientos sociales y el control ejercido por las representaciones sociales en el Consejo Municipal de Salud podrán revertir esa realidad.