Immunohistochemical Assessment of GDNF and Chromogranin A Expression in Erosive and Granulomatous Lesions in Glandular Region of Equine Stomach.

The equine stomach consists of two separate non-glandular and glandular sections. Despite the incidence of most lesions in the non-glandular region, both stomach parts are prone to lesions. In this study, 41 hybrid-native horses, including 24 stallions and 17 mares, were examined over five years. In total, 27 horses (65.85%) that were sampled had lesions, including erosion, granuloma, or both on the glandular region of the stomach. Occurrence of gastric erosive and granulomatous lesions had no significant relationship with the age and gender of horses or the sampling season (P>0.05). Moreover, parasites Gastrophilus and Habronema were mainly the primary cause of gastric erosive and granulomatous lesions respectively. In Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stained tissue sections, the inflammation severity in granulomatous lesions was higher and statistically significant, compared to erosive lesions (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry revealed negative expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in gastric lesions, while its expression was relatively positive in normal stomachs. Interestingly, based on counting cells and evaluation of expression intensity, Chromogranin A expression in neuroendocrine glandular cells had a significant relationship with the increase of severity and depth of the lesions (P<0.05). The results indicated that the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor does not affect the pathogenesis of equine gastric lesions while confirming the role of increment of gastric neuroendocrine cells in lesion progress. Furthermore, the increased expression of Ki67 and p53 proteins in granulomatous lesions, compared to other groups, may be associated with the proliferation and control process of the cells in measures regarding the formation and healing of the lesion.

Illuminating Mexican Migrant Adolescents' Dental Access and Utilization Experiences.

OBJECTIVE: To illuminate Mexican migrant adolescents' dental access and utilization experiences. RESEARCH DESIGN: Qualitative focus groups were conducted in English between July 2015 and March 2016 as part of a community-based participatory research project. PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents (n=61) aged 12-19 years, from Mexican migrant worker families, who sought healthcare services at a federally-qualified migrant health clinic in San Diego County, California. METHOD: Seven focus groups, with different sessions for 12-14, 15-16, and 17-19 year olds. Group size ranged from 4-14. Groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, then analyzed using content and general thematic analyses by two researchers using Dedoose qualitative analysis software. Analysis was guided by the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations. RESULTS: Multiple themes emerged: dental fear, difficulty with scheduling dental appointments, competing with family demands, family income and dental tourism, home remedies, lack of direct adolescent-provider communication, and negative dental visit experiences. Adolescents expressed high levels of dental fear and expressed negative dental visit experiences. Cost was a top barrier to care, despite most having dental insurance. Some described seeking dental services and braces in Mexico due to cost. Adolescents wanted providers to discuss their oral health and treatment needs with them directly as patients, rather than with their parents. CONCLUSION: Adolescents identified structural and communication barriers that impede access to dental care. Improved patient-provider communication may help build rapport, mitigate dental fear, and facilitate adolescents' understanding of needed dental treatment and their oral health status. Dental providers may benefit from training to enhance culturally competent communication with Mexican migrant adolescents, and should discuss treatment plans with adolescent patients directly.

Child, caregiver, and family factors associated with child dental utilization among Mexican migrant families in California.

OBJECTIVE: To identify associations between child, caregiver, and family-level factors and child dental utilization. RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional oral health survey. PARTICIPANTS: Caregivers and one study child (ages 0-17) from Mexican migrant families in northern San Diego county, CA (n=142). METHODS: Caregivers reported on child's dental care utilization history and related factors, including: child (age, gender, dental insurance, source of care, believed to have cavities), caregiver (marital status, income, education, acculturation level, depressive symptoms), and family cohesion. Descriptive and logistic regression models identified predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with child dental utilization during the past year. RESULTS: Most (76%) children had visited the dentist in the past year, while 8.6% had never been. Child factors (gender, insurance), caregiver factors (education, depressive symptoms), and family cohesion were each associated with child dental utilization in the bivariate analyses. In the final adjusted model, uninsured children were less likely to have a past year dental visit compared to insured children (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.23, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.06-0.96). Children whose caregivers visited the dentist were 4.29 times more likely to visit the dentist in the past year (CI=1.36-13.61). Higher caregiver education was positively associated with child dental utilization (OR=4.50, CI=1.50-13.55). CONCLUSION: Child age and dental insurance, and caregiver education and dental utilization history were associated with whether or not a child had a past year dental visit. Ensuring child dental coverage and caregiver access to dental care may promote regular dental utilization by children.