Epidemiology and management of Fusarium wilt of Eucalyptus camaldulensis through systemic acquired resistance.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis is a multifunctional tree and is globally used for the reclamation of problematic lands. Eucalyptus camaldulensis is prone to attack by a number of pathogens, but the most important threat is the Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum). Keeping in view the importance of E. camaldulensis and to manage this disease, five plant activators, i.e., salicylic acid (C7H6O3), benzoic acid (C7H6O2), citric acid (C6H8O7), dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) and nutritional mixture namely Compound (NPK) and nutriotop (Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Mn) were evaluated in the Fusarium infested field under RCBD in the Research Area, Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF). Among plant activators, salicylic acid and a combination of compound + nutriotop exhibited the lowest disease incidence and enhanced fresh and dry weight of leaves compared to other treatments and control. Results of the environmental study indicated maximum disease incidence between 35-40 °C (max. T), 6-25 °C (mini. T), 70-80% relative humidity and 1.5-2.5 km/h wind speed while pan evaporation expressed weak correlation with disease development. It was concluded that Fusarium wilt of Eucalyptus camaldulensis could be managed through activation of the basal defense system of the host plant with provision of salicylic acid and balanced nutrition by considering environmental factors. Recent exploration is expected to be helpful for future research efforts on epidemiology and ecologically sound intervention of Fusarium wilt of Eucalyptus camaldulensis.

Assessment of Genomic Diversity and Selective Pressures in Crossbred Dairy Cattle of Pakistan.

Improving the low productivity levels of native cattle breeds in smallholder farming systems is a pressing concern in Pakistan. Crossbreeding high milk-yielding holstein friesian (HF) breed with the adaptability and heat tolerance of Sahiwal cattle has resulted in offspring that are well-suited to local conditions and exhibit improved milk yield. The exploration of how desirable traits in crossbred dairy cattle are selected has not yet been investigated. This study aims to provide the first overview of the selective pressures on the genome of crossbred dairy cattle in Pakistan. A total of eighty-one crossbred, thirty-two HF and twenty-four Sahiwal cattle were genotyped, and additional SNP genotype data for HF and Sahiwal were collected from a public database to equate the sample size in each group. Within-breed selection signatures in crossbreds were investigated using the integrated haplotype score. Crossbreds were also compared to each of their parental breeds to discover between-population signatures of selection using two approaches: cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity and fixation index. We identified several overlapping genes associated with production, immunity, and adaptation traits, including U6, TMEM41B, B4GALT7, 5S_rRNA, RBM27, POU4F3, NSD1, PRELID1, RGS14, SLC34A1, TMED9, B4GALT7, OR2AK3, OR2T16, OR2T60, OR2L3, and CTNNA1. Our results suggest that regions responsible for milk traits have generally experienced stronger selective pressure than others.

Investigating capital flight in South Asian countries: The dual influence of terrorism and corruption.

This specific research initiative aims to intricately examine the intricate dynamics connecting terrorism, corruption, and capital flight within the context of South Asian economies, encompassing countries including Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The principal objectives of this study entail a comprehensive investigation into the synergistic impacts of terrorism and corruption on the prevalence of capital flight. To realize these objectives, the study employs longitudinal data from 1990 to 2019, adopting the portfolio choice framework as its theoretical underpinning. In terms of methodology, the empirical inquiry uses the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique. The empirical findings derived from this analysis distinctly establish a statistically noteworthy and positive correlation between terrorism, corruption, and the occurrence of capital flight across multiple South Asian nations. In light of these discerning outcomes, it is strongly recommended that the governments of South Asian countries prioritize and actively pursue the fortification of their institutional governance mechanisms. This strategic approach is deemed crucial in efficaciously counteracting the escalation of capital flight. Specifically, a targeted focus on augmenting institutional governance practices, fostering transparency, fortifying anti-corruption measures, and intensifying counterterrorism efforts could collectively contribute to reducing capital flight tendencies. By undertaking these recommendations, South Asian governments can foster an environment of enhanced economic stability, attractiveness for investment, and sustainable growth, thereby deterring the adverse impact of capital flight while concurrently combatting the underlying challenges posed by terrorism and corruption.

A low-cost unity-based virtual training simulator for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy using HTC Vive.

Laparoscopic education and surgery assessments increase the success rates and lower the risks during actual surgeries. Hospital residents need a secure setting, and trainees require a safe and controlled environment with cost-effective resources where they may hone their laparoscopic abilities. Thus, we have modeled and developed a surgical simulator to provide the initial training in Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy (LPN-a procedure to treat kidney cancer or renal masses). To achieve this, we created a virtual simulator using an open-source game engine that can be used with a commercially available, reasonably priced virtual reality (VR) device providing visual and haptic feedback. In this study, the proposed simulator's design is presented, costs are contrasted, and the simulator's performance is assessed using face and content validity measures. CPU- and GPU-based computers can run the novel simulation with a soft body deformation based on simplex meshes. With a reasonable trade-off between price and performance, the HTC Vive's controlled soft body effect, physics-based deformation, and haptic rendering offer the advantages of an excellent surgical simulator. The trials show that the medical volunteers who performed the initial LPN procedures for newbie surgeons received positive feedback.

Pakistan's Healthcare System: A Review of Major Challenges and the First Comprehensive Universal Health Coverage Initiative.

Each country's healthcare system has a different structure and functioning designed to meet the needs of its people utilizing the available resources. Due to ever-growing population needs and constantly emerging public health problems, it is vital for any healthcare system to be ready to adapt, recognize its limitations, and improve its flaws by learning from other healthcare models across the globe. In this article, we analyzed the significant challenges faced by Pakistan's healthcare system (PHS) and the first comprehensive initiative taken for universal health coverage in Pakistan. Inequitable distribution of resources, inadequate healthcare spending, non-adherence to preventative healthcare and brain drain are the major problems in the PHS. On the other hand, the recently introduced universal health coverage initiative, the Sehat Sahulat Program (SSP), can be considered one of the biggest achievements of the country's healthcare system.

Financial and social efficiency of microcredit programs of partner organizations of Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund.

This paper examines the financial and social efficiency of the microcredit programs offered by the Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund partner organizations. Panel data concerning variables of interest are collected from Pakistan Microfinance Network, covering a minimum of 14 partner organizations (in 2005) to a maximum of 35 partner organizations (in 2014). The data is analyzed using the Data Envelopment Analysis, assuming both constant and variable returns to scale scenarios and the operational scale of the partner organizations. Trends in average efficiency scores have been analyzed to assess the mission drift of the partner organizations. Results reveal that managerial inefficiency is more pronounced than the sub-optimal production scale in all three scenarios under consideration. Moreover, trends in the efficiency scores indicated a slight mission drift of the microfinance providers. About 77.5% of the partner organizations were financially sustainable over the entire study period. The study recommends providing objective-oriented training, workshops, and seminars for managing microfinance providers.

Production performance, protein digestibility, gut health and economic efficiency in sexed broilers with super dozing of lysine.

Modern commercial broiler is growing very rapidly and its amino acid requirement is not fulfilling. An experimental trial was conducted to study the effect of super-dosing of lysine in fish meal-based diets (50% fish meal and 50% SBM) on production performance, protein digestibility and economic efficiency in male and female broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty (480) one-day-old male and female broiler chicks were divided into forty experimental units of 12 birds each. Five levels of dietary lysine i.e. 90, 100, 110, 120 and 130% of Ross-308 recommendation in male and female birds were separately used. Weight gain and feed intake were higher (p < 0.05) in birds received 100 and 110% recommended lysine than other levels. Feed conversion ratio and EPEF were improved (p < 0.05) in birds received 100% recommended lysine than other levels. Higher (p < 0.05) CP digestibility and lower production cost per kg live weight were noted for birds fed diet containing lysine 100, 110 and 120% than 90 and 130%. Male birds had higher (p < 0.05) WG, FI, EPEF, protein digestibility and lower production cost per kg live weight than female birds. In conclusion, lysine levels below 100% and above 110% of Ross recommended levels had poor production performance, protein digestibility and economic efficiency.

Transcriptome diversity assessment of Gossypium arboreum (FDH228) leaves under control, drought and whitefly infestation using PacBio long reads.

Alternative splicing (AS) and alternative polyadenylation (APA) are common mechanisms in eukaryotes to increase the complexity of transcriptomes and subsequently proteomes. Analysis of long reads transcriptomics data can result in the discovery of novel transcripts, splice sites, AS or APA events. Gossypium arboreum is an important cultivated cotton species and a putative contributor of the A sub-genome to the modern tetraploid cotton; and inherently tolerant to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Specifically, its variety 'FDH228' is considered to be an important resistance source. In this study, we sequenced the G. arboreum (var. FDH228) transcriptome using PacBio IsoSeq and illumina short read sequencing under three different conditions i.e. untreated/healthy, treated with biotic stress through whitefly infestation, and treated with abiotic stress via water deprivation, for the discovery and surveying of canonical and non-canonical AS, APA and transcript fusion events. We were able to obtain 15,419 unique transcripts from all samples representing 11,343 genes, out of which 10,832 were annotated and 520 were novel with respect to the published reference genome. These transcripts were grouped into different structural categories including 60 Antisense, 11,959 having a full-splice match, 999 with incomplete-splice match, 30 fusion transcripts, 177 genic, 479 intergenic, 771 novels in the catalog, and 944 Novel but not found in the catalog. Subsequently, randomly selected candidate transcripts were experimentally validated using qRT-PCR. Our comprehensive identification of canonical and non-canonical splicing events, and novel and fusion transcripts aids in the understanding of the resistance mechanisms for this specific germplasm.

How do energy prices and climate shocks affect human health? Insights from BRICS.

The presented work analyzes the energy prices, climate shock, and health deprivation nexus in the BRICS economies for the period 1995-2020. Panel ARDL-PMG technique is used to reveal the underexplored linkages. The long-run estimates of energy prices are observed to be negatively significant to the health expenditure and life expectancy model, whereas, positively significant to the climate change model. These findings suggest that energy prices significantly reduce health expenditures and life expectancy and, thus, increase the death rate in the BRICS economies. The long-run country-wise estimate of energy prices is found negatively significant in case of Brazil, India, China, and South Africa. Alongside, the group-wise significance of CO2 emissions is discovered to be negatively, positively, and insignificant in the cases of life expectancy, death rate, and health expenditure models, respectively. Besides, country-wise long-run estimate of CO2 emissions witnesses negative significance for Russia, India, China, and South Africa.

Preclinical toxicological assessment of levothyroxine and liothyronine Maillard impurities.

Background: Following the introduction of new stability-indicating related substances methods, an unknown impurity was observed in levothyroxine (LeMI) and liothyronine (LiMI) tablets (ADVANZ PHARMA) in concentrations ≥1.0%, from 6 months of storage onwards. The impurity was identified as a Maillard condensation product between lactose and LeMI/LiMI in the LeMI and LiMI tablets, respectively. Materials and Methods: To establish the toxicity profile of LeMI and LiMI in humans and to define appropriate shelf-life specification limits, a comprehensive nonclinical toxicological assessment was performed, including in silico (Leadscope and Derek Nexus analyses), in vitro (Ames test), and in vivo tests (7-day dose range finding and 90-day dose repeat studies in rats). In silico analyses indicated that potential LeMI and LiMI structures should not be considered bacterial mutagens or in vitro/in vivo clastogens, and that at the low oral exposure levels expected, the impurities are unlikely to cause harm. Results: In vitro testing showed that neither LeMI nor LiMI were cytotoxic or mutagenic at up to 5000 µg/plate, both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. The 2 in vivo studies further confirmed that no systemic toxicity or other notable negative effects were evident at up to 200 µg/kg/day for LeMI and 45 µg/kg/day for LiMI, the highest doses tested. These doses represent 120-122 times the maximum daily exposures of LeMI and LiMI, based on body surface area (µg/m2). Conclusions: Based on these results, a proposal has been formulated to increase the limits of Maillard condensation products to ≤8.0% for LeMI and ≤6.0% for LiMI at shelf life.

Controlling air pollution by lowering methane emissions, conserving natural resources, and slowing urbanization in a panel of selected Asian economies.

The destruction of the earth's ecosystems is the most pressing issue globally. Carbon emissions account for nearly half of global air pollution. Methane is the primary source of ground-level ozone and a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHGs), with greater warming potential than carbon dioxide emissions. The study examines the impact of the different methane emissions (released by agriculture, energy, and industrial sectors), urbanization, natural resource depletion, and livestock production on carbon emissions in the panel of selected Asian countries for the period of 1971 to 2020. The results show that energy associated methane emissions, livestock production, natural resource depletion, and urbanization are the main detrimental factors of environmental degradation across countries. The causality estimates show the unidirectional relationship running from livestock production and agriculture methane emissions to carbon emissions, from total methane emissions and carbon emissions to urbanization and from urbanization to energy methane emissions and livestock production. The forecasting estimates suggest that total methane emissions, natural resource depletion, and urbanization will likely increase carbon emissions over the next ten years. The study concludes that the energy sector should adopt renewable energy sources in its production process to minimize carbon emissions. Urbanization and excessive resource exploitation must be curtailed to attain carbon neutrality.

Weekday and Weekend Physical Activity of Preschool Children in Relation to Selected Socioeconomic Indicators.

Physical activity (PA) is as vital for improving the health of young children as it is positively associated with a broad range of psychological, cognitive, and cardio-metabolic outcomes. The aims of this study were to: (1) to assess the level of PA and meeting the WHO recommendations: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and the number of steps in Polish preschool boys and girls on weekdays and on weekends; (2) to investigate the relationship between selected socioeconomic indicators (self-reported by parents) and PA, including meeting the WHO recommendation for daily MVPA and the number of steps on weekdays and on weekends among Polish preschoolers. Data were collected in the 2017/2018 school year. The study included a total of 522 boys and girls both aged between 5 and 6 years. The ActiGraph GT3X-BT tri-axial accelerometer was used to measure PA. Selected socioeconomic indicators as well as parental body weight and body height were self-reported by parents/caregivers using a questionnaire. In most of the PA indicators analyzed for girls (moderate, vigorous, total MVPA, and steps/day), the averages were higher during the week than during the weekend. Moreover, significantly more boys met the criteria of MVPA, both on weekdays and over the weekend (32.3% boys and 19.2% girls on weekdays and 31.1% boys and 18.1% girls on weekends). Additionally, more boys met the step recommendations, but only on weekends (15.5% boys and 6.6% girls). It was found that if there were two people in a household, there was an almost a three-fold greater chance (adj. OR = 2.94, p = 0.032) of meeting the MVPA criterion with an even stronger association (over fivefold greater chance) in meeting the step recommendation (adj. OR = 5.56, p = 0.033). The differences in the day schedule may potentially contribute with the level of PA in girls. Among the analyzed selected socioeconomic indicators, only the number of people in a household had a significant association on PA.

Socio-economic determinants of child mortality in Pakistan and the moderating role of household's wealth index.

BACKGROUND: Child mortality is an important social indicator that describes the health conditions of a country as well as determines the country's overall socio-economic development. The Government of Pakistan has been struggling to reduce child mortality (67.2 per thousand live births in 2019). Pakistan could not achieve the target set for Millennium Development Goals to reduce child mortality and still working to meet the target set by the Sustainable Development Goals. This study has investigated the socio-economic determinants of child mortality in Pakistan by using household-level data. Socio-economic characteristics related to women (mothers) and households have been considered as possible determinants of child mortality. The moderating role of a household's wealth index on the association between woman's education and child mortality has also been investigated. METHODS: The comprehensive dataset of the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18 has been used to explore the determinants of child mortality by using multivariable logistic regression. The interaction term of women's education and household wealth index has been used to investigate the moderating role of the household's wealth index. RESULTS: The results indicate that the likelihood of child mortality decreases with an increase in women's education, their empowerment, their husband's education, the wealth status of their households, access to clean drinking water, access to toilet facilities, and exposure to mass media. Whereas, an increase in unmet need for family planning increases the likelihood of child mortality. The study also identified the moderating role of a household's wealth index on the association between woman's education and child mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Household wealth status moderates the association between women's education and child mortality. The absolute slope of the curve showing the association of women's education and child mortality is higher (more negative) for richer households than poorer households. It implies that a household's wealth status strengthens the relationship between women's education and child mortality. With the increase in the household's wealth status, the effect of a mother's education on child mortality becomes more pronounced.

Morphological, physiological and molecular assessment of cotton for drought tolerance under field conditions.

Climate change could be an existential threat to many crops. Drought and heat stress are becoming harder for cultivated crops. Cotton in Pakistan is grown under natural high temperature and low moisture, could be used as a source of heat and drought tolerance. Therefore, the study was conducted to morphological, physiological and molecular characterization of cotton genotypes under field conditions. A total of 25 cotton genotypes were selected from the gene pool of Pakistan based on tolerance to heat and drought stress. In field trail, the stress related traits like boll retention percentage, plant height, number of nodes and inter-nodal distance were recorded. In physiological assessment, traits such as photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf temperature, relative water content and excised leaf water loss were observed. At molecular level, a set of 19 important transcription factors, controlling drought/heat stress tolerance (HSPCB, GHSP26, HSFA2, HSP101, HSP3, DREB1A, DREB2A, TPS, GhNAC2, GbMYB5, GhWRKY41, GhMKK3, GhMPK17, GhMKK1, GhMPK2, APX1, HSC70, ANNAT8, and GhPP2A1) were analyzed from all genotypes. Data analyses depicted that boll retention percentage, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, relative water content under the stress conditions were associated with the presence of important drought & heat TF/genes which depicts high genetic potential of Pakistani cotton varieties against abiotic stress. The variety MNH-886 appeared in medium plant height, high boll retention percentage, high relative water content, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and with maximum number transcription factors under study. The variety may be used as source material for heat and drought tolerant cotton breeding. The results of this study may be useful for the cotton breeders to develop genotype adoptable to environmental stresses under climate change scenario.

Assessment of empagliflozin add-on therapy to metformin and glimepiride in patients with inadequately controlled type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a multifaceted metabolic disorder, which often required frequent blood glucose monitoring, poly-pharmacy and timely adjustments for its management. The present study focuses to check the effectiveness of empagliflozin add-on therapy in diabetic patients already taking metformin and glimepiride. This was observational, comparative and follow-up cohort study, conducted in a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. Ninety subjects were enrolled and evenly distributed in Group A (patients on oral therapy of Metformin & Glimepiride) and Group B (patients on oral therapy of metformin, glimepiride and empagliflozin) randomly. The results showed that the addition of empagliflozin to metformin and glimepiride standard therapy provided better control over blood sugar with a significant decrease in HbA1c (16.1% decrease in HbA1c for Group B patients against 8.2% in Group A patients), FBS (23.8% decrease as compared to 14.6% decrease) and BMI (1.5% decrease in Group B patients against 0.06% increase in Group A). The addition of empagliflozin did not exacerbate the toxicity of the existing regimen and is safe to be included in multiple drug regimens. Empagliflozin addition to standard antidiabetic therapy might possess beneficial impacts in managing poorly controlled Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Pakistani population.

Fresh insight through the VAR approach to investigate the effects of fiscal policy on environmental pollution in Pakistan.

This study explores the impact of fiscal policy on environmental pollution, employing the vector autoregressive (VAR) model on annual data from 1976 to 2018 in Pakistan. We estimate the effect of total expenditure, total revenue, education expenditures, health expenditures, and other dynamic determinants such as gross domestic product (GDP), private investment, market rate, and crude oil price on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in particular. Further, this study creates impulse response functions to check the fiscal shocks, coordinating with five scenarios of public expenditures, segregated into government revenue, and education and health expenditures. The outcomes indicate that government spending in the public sectors (education and health) had a diminishing effect on CO2 emissions, whereas government revenue that was collected from taxes improved economic growth but at a cost of environmental pollution. In Pakistan, a fiscal policy scenario has been implemented that increases government expenditures to alleviate the effects of CO2 emissions. Therefore, policymakers should provide the right direction for the feasible distribution of resources in every public sector through a powerful structure, which will ultimately reduce the overall level of environmental deficit.

Development of a LAMP assay using a portable device for the real-time detection of cotton leaf curl disease in field conditions.

Cotton production is seriously affected by the prevalent cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) that originated from Nigeria (Africa) to various parts of Asia including Pakistan, India, China and Philippines. Due to CLCuD, Pakistan suffers heavy losses approximately 2 billion USD per annum. Numerous reports showed that CLCuD is associated with multiple species of begomoviruses, alphasatellites and a single species of betasatellite, that is 'Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite' (CLCuMuB). The most prevalent form of CLCuD is the combination of 'Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus'-Burewala strain (CLCuKoV-Bur) and CLCuMuB. Thus, the availability of an in-field assay for the timely detection of CLCuD is important for the control and management of the disease. In this study, a robust method using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the detection of CLCuD. Multiple sets of six primers were designed based on the conserved regions of CLCuKoV-Bur and CLCuMuB-ßC1 genes. The results showed that the primer set targeting the CLCuMuB-ßC1 gene performed best when the LAMP assay was performed at 58°C using 100 ng of total plant tissue DNA as a template in a 25 µl reaction volume. The limit of detection for the assay was as low as 22 copies of total purified DNA template per reaction. This assay was further adapted to perform as a colorimetric and real-time LAMP assay which proved to be advantageously applied for the rapid and early point-of-care detection of CLCuD in the field. Application of the assay could help to prevent the huge economic losses caused by the disease and contribute to the socio-economic development of underdeveloped countries.

Assessment of clinical variables as predictive markers in the development and progression of colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is graded as one of the most common cancer. It accounts for the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The present study intends to investigate the role and importance of different biochemical variables in the development of colorectal cancer.In this cross-sectional study we recruited ninety-one patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer and fifty-three age-sex matched controls from June 2017 to June 2018. Different variables i.e. SOD, GSH, CAT, MDA, TGF, VEGF, TNF, ILs, MMPs, etc., were estimated with the help of their respective methods. Our findings suggest a significant increase in the levels of different inflammatory and stress-related markers. The NFκB, TGF-ß, VEGFß, 8OHdG, IsoP-2α were significantly found to be increased in patients with colon cancer (0.945 ± 0.067 µg/ml, 18.59 ± 1.53 pg/ml, 99.35 ± 4.29 pg/ml, 21.26 ± 1.29 pg/ml, 102.25 ± 4.25 pg/ml) as compared to controls (0.124 ± 0.024 µg/ml, 8.26 ± 0.88 pg/ml, 49.58 ± 2.62 pg/ml, 0.93 ± 0.29 pg/ml, 19.65 ± 3.19 pg/ml). Notably, the levels of different antioxidants were shown to be significantly lower in patients of colon cancer. The present study concluded that excessive oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation result in a decrease in the antioxidative capacity of cells which may influence diverse signaling cascades including NF-KB, which results in DNA modification and gene transcription that ultimately involved in the progression of colon cancer.

Impact of non-renewable and renewable energy consumption on economic growth: evidence from income and regional groups of countries.

The motivation behind this study is to investigate the impact of non-renewable and renewable energy consumption on economic growth for a panel of 99 world countries with energy inclusive production function and then finding the empirical evidences for income and regional classification of world economies. To accomplish this purpose, the study has employed panel estimation techniques of dynamic and fully modified ordinary least square and fixed effects model after confirming Hausman test over the period of 1995-2017. For overall sample, the impact of non-renewable and renewable energy consumption on economic growth is found to be significantly positive while this relationship of energy-growth varies at income and regional classification. To incorporate the omitted variable biasness, capital and labor were included in the model. Thus, it is evident from the results that in the presence of non-renewable and renewable energy consumption, capital and labor have significant positive impact on economic growth. It is concluded that although energy consumption has a vital importance in boosting growth and development of the economies but heavily focusing on non-renewable energy cause environmental problems therefore, it is suggested to promote renewable energy sector for efficient and environment friendly use of energy.