Investigation of the electrochemical properties of edoxaban using glassy carbon and boron-doped diamond electrodes and development of an eco-friendly and cost effective voltammetric method for its determination.

In this study, the highly risky drug Edoxaban (EDX), which can threaten life and cause bleeding, was electro analytically evaluated. The electrochemical behavior of EDX was investigated using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE). In this study, for the first time, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and selective voltammetric technique was developed by using different electrodes for the electrochemical characterization and detection of EDX. The optimized voltammetric technique showed anodic signals of EDX at +1.09 V and +1.08 V on GCE and BDDE, respectively, in BR (pH 5.0) solution. The developed voltammetric method provided a very good analytical working range for EDX in BR (pH 5.0) solution on GCE and BDDE, covering concentration ranges from 1.84 µM to 12.88 µM and from 3.68 µM to 14.72 µM, respectively. The limits of detection for EDX on GCE and BDDE under these experimental conditions were calculated as 0.24 µM and 0.57 µM, respectively. The developed voltammetric methods on both electrodes were successfully applied to urine and tablet samples. Additionally, the obtained voltammetric results were compared with UV-Vis spectroscopy results.

Firstly electrochemical investigetions and determination of anticoagulant drug edoxaban at single-use pencil graphite electrode: an eco-friendly and cost effective voltammetric method.

OBJECTIVES: The anticoagulant drug edoxaban has a blood thinning mechanism of action. In this study, a pencil graphite electrode was electrochemically activated at + 1.4 V for 60 s. in a Britton-Robinson (pH 9.0) supporting electrolyte solution. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A simple, fast, and sensitive electrochemical procedure was developed using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry techniques. It was observed that edoxaban gave a good oxidation signal with cyclic voltammetry technique at a potential of + 0.98 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). RESULTS: This procedure showed a linear response in a Britton-Robinson (pH 9.0) media within the concentration range of 0.2-1.8 µM and limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) values were determined to be 0.073 µM (0.133 µg mL-1) and 0.243 µM (0.443 µg mL-1), respectively. CONCLUSION: The method developed in this study was successfully applied to drug and urine samples. The developed voltammetric method was highly selective and gave satisfactory recovery results in urine and pharmaceutical samples. The results of the voltammetric method were compared with the spectroscopic method and it was determined that the results were compatible.

Assessment of increased risk of arrhythmia in advanced age pregnancies.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular deaths usually occur in older pregnancies and arrhythmia is the third most common cause. Our study aimed to determine whether the risk of arrhythmia increases in pregnancy with advanced age. METHODS: In total, 280 pregnant women, of whom 98 were of advanced age and 182 were under 35 years of age were included in the study. The risk of arrhythmia was evaluated by calculating the electrocardiographic P-wave duration, QT interval, T peak-to-end interval, and the Tp-e/QT ratio. RESULTS: Although there were no differences in the Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QTc ratio between the groups, the maximum QTc, minimum QTc, and QTc dispersion values were significantly higher in advanced-age pregnancies compared to the control group. In addition, the P dispersion was greater in advanced-age pregnancies. In correlation analysis, the increased dispersion of QTc and P were positively correlated with maternal age. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that QTc dispersion was independently associated with maternal age. CONCLUSION: Repolarization parameters increase in advanced-age pregnancies even though they remain in the normal range, which should lead to an investigation of whether this is a pathological condition.

Assessment of the serum paraoxonase activity and oxidant/antioxidant status in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

OBJECTIVES: Several studies have indicated that recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is associated with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate serum paraoxonase (PON) activity and oxidant/antioxidant status in patients with RAS. DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients with RAS and 31 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum PON1 and arylesterase activities, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index were determined. RESULTS: Serum total antioxidant capacity levels, PON1, and arylesterase activities were significantly lower in RAS than controls (P < 0.001), while total oxidant status levels and oxidative stress index were significantly higher (P < 0.001). PON1 activity had a significant correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol only (r = 0.482, P < 0.05), while there were no correlations with other lipids (P > 0.05) in patients with RAS. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that RAS is associated with decreased PON1 activity and increased oxidative stress that plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of RAS. Further studies on a larger number of patients are needed to verify these results.

Assessment of paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in patients with iron deficiency anemia.

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) associated enzyme with three activities which are paraoxonase, arylesterase and dyazoxonase. We aimed to determine serum (a) paraoxonase and arylesterase activities and, lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) levels in patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) (b) whether there is an association between the development of atherosclerosis and paraoxonase/arylesterase activities in patients with IDA. Twenty-five female with IDA and 22 healthy female as control were enrolled in the study. Serum basal/salt-stimulated paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were measured spectrophotometrically. LOOH levels were measured by ferrous oxidation with xylenol orange assay. Basal/salt-stimulated paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were significantly lower in patients with IDA than controls (p<0.001; for all), while LOOH levels were significantly higher (p<0.001). Our results show that paraoxonase and arylesterase activities, which have antiatherogenic capability, are decreased in patients with IDA. Reduced paraoxonase and arylesterase activities may play a role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through increased susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in patients with IDA.

Assessment of peripheral DNA damage by alkaline comet assay in maintenance hemodialysis subjects with hepatitis C infection.

Despite the high prevalence of hepatitis C infection among hemodialysis subjects, there is no information concerning the DNA damage of hepatitis C (+) hemodialysis subjects. We aimed to find out if there is any additional effect of hepatitis C infection on peripheral DNA damage in maintenance hemodialysis subjects. Fifteen hepatitis C (+) and 22 hepatitis C (-) hemodialysis subjects, 21 hepatitis C subjects without renal disease, and 22 healthy controls were enrolled. Peripheral DNA damage was assayed using alkaline comet assay. Median DNA damage levels of the study groups were as follows: hepatitis C (+) maintenance hemodialysis subjects, 88 (0-232); hepatitis C (-) maintenance hemodialysis subjects, 58 (0-228); hepatitis C (+) subjects without renal disease, 112 (44-252); controls, 26 (0-72). DNA damage level was significantly higher among hepatitis C (+) subjects without renal disease than hepatitis C (-) maintenance hemodialysis subjects and healthy controls (both p<0.05/6). Both maintenance hemodialysis subjects with and without HCV infection had significantly higher DNA damage level than healthy controls (both p<0.05/6). DNA damage level was comparable between hepatitis C (+) subjects without renal disease and HCV (+) hemodialysis subjects, and between hemodialysis subjects with and without hepatitis C infection (all p>0.05/6). Linear regression analysis revealed that hepatitis C infection was the only independent factor in predicting the peripheral DNA damage (p<0.05, beta=0.395). Each one of end-stage renal disease and hepatitis C infection significantly increases DNA damage level. However, in hemodialysis subjects, hepatitis C infection does not cause significant additional increase in DNA damage level, and it may be partly due to protective effect of hemodialysis on hepatitis C infection.