Epidemiology and Management of invasive infections among people who Use drugs (EMU): protocol for a prospective, multicentre cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: People who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk of invasive infections such as bloodstream infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Such infections require prolonged antibiotic therapy, but there is limited evidence about the optimal care model to deliver to this population. The Epidemiology and Management of invasive infections among people who Use drugs (EMU) study aims to (1) describe the current burden, clinical spectrum, management and outcomes of invasive infections in PWID; (2) determine the impact of currently available models of care on completion of planned antimicrobials for PWID admitted to hospital with invasive infections and (3) determine postdischarge outcomes of PWID admitted with invasive infections at 30 and 90 days. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: EMU is a prospective multicentre cohort study of Australian public hospitals who provide care to PWIDs with invasive infections. All patients who have injected drugs in the previous six months and are admitted to a participating site for management of an invasive infection are eligible. EMU has two components: (1) EMU-Audit will collect information from medical records, including demographics, clinical presentation, management and outcomes; (2) EMU-Cohort will augment this with interviews at baseline, 30 and 90 days post-discharge, and data linkage examining readmission rates and mortality. The primary exposure is antimicrobial treatment modality, categorised as inpatient intravenous antimicrobials, outpatient antimicrobial therapy, early oral antibiotics or lipoglycopeptide. The primary outcome is confirmed completion of planned antimicrobials. We aim to recruit 146 participants over a 2-year period. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: EMU has been approved by the Alfred Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (Project number 78815.) EMU-Audit will collect non-identifiable data with a waiver of consent. EMU-Cohort will collect identifiable data with informed consent. Findings will be presented at scientific conferences and disseminated by peer-review publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12622001173785; Pre-results.

Review of management priorities for invasive infections in people who inject drugs: highlighting the need for patient-centred multidisciplinary care.

There has been a global increase in the burden of invasive infections in people who inject drugs (PWID). It is essential that patient-centred multidisciplinary care is provided in the management of these infections to engage PWID in care and deliver evidence-based management and preventive strategies. The multidisciplinary team should include infectious diseases, addictions medicine (inclusive of alcohol and other drug services), surgery, psychiatry, pain specialists, pharmacy, nursing staff, social work and peer support workers (where available) to help address the comorbid conditions that may have contributed to the patient's presentation. PWID have a range of antimicrobial delivery options that can be tailored in a patient-centred manner and thus are not limited to prolonged hospital admissions to receive intravenous antimicrobials for invasive infections. These options include discharge with outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy, long-acting lipoglycopeptides (dalbavancin and oritavancin) and early oral antimicrobials. Open and respectful discussion with PWID including around harm reduction strategies may decrease the risk of repeat presentations with injecting-related harms.

Clinical and financial burden of spinal infections in people who inject drugs.

BACKGROUND: People who inject drugs (PWID) are known to be at increased risk of infectious diseases including bacterial and blood-borne viral infections. However, there is limited literature surrounding the burden of spinal infections as a complication of injecting drug use (IDU). AIMS: To quantify the clinical and financial burden of IDU-related spinal infections. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of adult PWID with spinal infections requiring hospital admission to a tertiary health service in Melbourne, Australia between 2011 and 2019. RESULTS: Fifty-seven PWID with 63 episodes of spinal infections were identified with a median hospital stay of 47 days (interquartile range (IQR) 16; range 4-243 days). One-third of episodes required neurosurgical intervention and 11 (17%) episodes required intensive care unit admission (range 2-17 days). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common causative pathogen, present in three-quarters of all episodes (n = 47). The median duration of antibiotic regime was 59 days (IQR 42) and longer courses were associated with known bacteraemia (P = 0.048), polymicrobial infections (P = 0.001) and active IDU (P = 0.066). Predictors of surgery include neurological symptoms at presentation (relative risk (RR) 2.6; P = 0.010), inactive IDU status (RR 3.0; P = 0.002), a diagnosis of epidural abscess (RR 4.1; P = 0.001) and spinal abscess (RR ∞; P < 0.001). Completion of planned antimicrobial therapy was reported in 51 (82%) episodes. Average expenditure per episode was  A$61 577. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal infections in PWID are an underreported serious medical complication of IDU. Although mortality is low, there is significant morbidity with prolonged admissions, large antimicrobial requirements and surgical interventions generating a substantial cost to the health system.